Y%S ,xld nexl=lrejkaf.

a wdh;kh
kj wOHhk mdGud,dj

jHjydßl nexl= iy uQ,H wka;¾ mdGud,dj

(IABF)

iy

jHjydßl nexl= iy uQ,H ämaf,daud mdGud,dj

(DABF)

nexl= iy uQ,H kjHlrKh fjkqfjka

oekqu .fõIKh lr fnodoSfï fufyjr Wfoid

1
kj wOHhk mdGud,dj ( 2017

Y%S ,xld nexl=lrejkaf.a wdh;kh

uqøKh ( ;s,l ms%kag¾ia

2
 mdGud,dj ye`Èkaùu

nexl=j,;a" fjk;a uQ,Hdh;k iy fjf<`o fmd<j,;a" kshduk wdh;k j,;a

fiajfha kshq;= jQjkago tlS wxYj, /lshd wfmaCId lrkakkago" wdh;ksl
wxYfha jD;a;slhskago nexl= iy uQ,H lghq;= iïnkaOj m%dfhda.sl oekqu
,ndoSfï wruqKska fuu kj wOHhk jevigyk ks¾udKh lrk ,os¡ uE;
ld,fha foaYSh fukau f.da,Sh jYfhkao nexl= iy uQ,H wxYhka ys isÿ jQ
fjkialï iy oekgu;a isÿ fjñka mj;sk ixj¾Okhka .ek ie,lSfï §
oekg mj;sk wOHhk jevigykg we;=<;a nexl= iy uQ,H iy;sl m;% (CBF)
mdGud,dj iy nexl= iy uQ,H ämaf,daud (DBF) mdGud,dj hk mdGud,djka
foflys we;s wka;¾.; úIh m:h iSñ; neúka" tu mdGud,d fjkqjg fuu
kj mdGud,dj y`ÿkajd § we;' tlai;a rdcOdksfha jr,;a nexl=lrejkaf.a
wdh;kh (IFS) úiska YS% ,xld nexl=lrejkaf.a wdh;kh (IBSL) ms<s.ekSug
,la lsrSfuka wk;=rej 2000 jif¾oS iy;sl m;% ^CBF& iy ämaf,daud ^DBF&
mdGud,d" y`ÿkajd fokq ,eìKs¡ 2007 jif¾§ úIhhka iïnkaO we;eï
ixfYdaOkhka isÿ l< o" foaYSh iy f.da,Sh jYfhka uQ,H wxYfha isÿ fjñka
we;s kj ixj¾Okhka iy úfYaIfhkau" 2007 ueo ld,fhka miq f.da,Sh
wd¾Ól iy uQ,H w¾nqo fya;=fldgf.k isÿfjñka mj;sk f.da,Sh
m%;sixialrK l%shdj,sh ie,ls,a,g .ekSfï §" tlS mdGud,djka u.ska
wdjrKh jk oekqu m%udKj;a fkdjk nj kSÍCIKh l< yels úh' ;jo" YS%
,xld nexl=lrejkaf.a wdh;kh (IBSL) úiska foaYSh iy úfoaYSh hk
fowxYfhau fiajd kshqla;slhskag iy /lshd wfmaCIs;hskag Wmdê uÜgfï
wOHhk iy mqyqKq wjia:d i,id §fï wruqfKka" nexl= iy uQ,H lghq;=
iïnkaO Wmdê mdGud,djla y`ÿkajd §ug fïjk úg lghq;= flfrñka mj;S'
Y%S ,xld nexl=lrejkaf.a wdh;k mk;ska ,eî we;s n,;, wkqj YS% ,xld
nexl=lrejkaf.a wdh;kfhys (IBSL) md,l uKav,h úiska" iy;slm;%
mdGud,dj ^CBF& iy ämaf,daud mdGud,dj ^DBF& fjkqjg" fuu kj wOHhk
jevigyk" tkï"

1' jHjydßl nexl= iy uQ,H wka;¾ mdGud,dj ^IABF& iy

2' jHjydßl nexl= iy uQ,H ämaf,daud mdGud,dj ^DABF& hk

kj mdGud,d y`ÿkajd §ug ;SrKh lrk ,oafoa tjeks oelaula iys;jh'

nexl=" uQ,H iy wdh;ksl wxYfha fiajfha ksr; fiajl msßi" wdh;ksl
wxYfha jD;a;slhska iy fuu wxYhka g m%úIaG ùug wjYH iqÿiqlï imqrd
.ekSug wfmaCId lrk YsIH YsIHdjka fuys ,d wmf.a b,lal lKavdhï fõ'

3
 mdGud,d úIhhka
fuu mdGud,dj" fldgia follska iy úfYaIs; úIhhka 17 lska iukaú; fõ'
tu fldgia fol jkqfha —jHjydßl nexl= iy uQ,H wka;¾ mdGud,dj
(IABF) ˜" m<uq uÜgu iy —jHjydßl nexl= iy uQ,H ämaf,daud mdGud,dj
(DABF) ˜" ämaf,daud uÜgu fõ' fuu mdGud,djg wksjd¾h úIhhka 8 la
iy ffjl,amsl úIhhka 9 la we;=<;a jk w;r ffjl,amsl úIhhkaf.ka 5
la wksjd¾fhkau f;dard .; hq;=h' fï wkqj whÿïlrefjl= úiska mdGud,dj
iïmQ¾K lsÍu msKsi úIhhka 13 la iu;a úh hq;= h' fuu mdGud,dfõ
ish¨u úIhhka iDcqju nexl= iy uQ,H fCIa;%h ksfhdackh flfrk w;r"
tajd fjf<`ofmdf<a nexl= iy uQ,H jD;a;Ska i`oyd m%ñ;s.; úIhhka f,i
y|qkajd fokq ,efí¡ fjk;a jD;a;Shuh mdGud,d iy jevigyka i`oyd nexl=
iy uQ,H wxYhg wod< uQ,sl úIhhka fuu jevigykska f;dard .; yelsh'
jD;a;Shuh l=i,;d iy m%ùK;ajh hdj;ald,Sk lrkq jia nexl= iy uQ,H
lghq;=j, kj j¾Okhka o ie,ls,a,g .ksñka iEu jir follg jrla
fuu úIh ud,djka ixfYdaOkh iy hdj;ald,Sk lrkq we;' fuu mdGud,d
folg iïnkaO úIhhka my; oelafõ'

^1& jHjydßl nexl= iy uQ,H wka;¾ mdGud,dj

Intermediate in Applied Banking and Finance
^wksjd¾h úIhhka 4 la iy ffjl,amsl úIhhka 4 ka 2 la we;=¿j
úIhhka 6 ls&

wksjd¾h úIhhka
1' uQ,H moaO;sh ióCIKh
2' jdKsc nexl= lghq;=
3' jHdmdr .sKqïlrKh
4' nexl= iy uQ,H kS;sh ye`Èkaùu
(Survey of Financial System)
(Commercial Banking)
(Business Accounting)
(Introducation to
Banking and Financial Law)

ffjl,amsl úIhhka
1' wd¾Ól úoHd uQ,O¾u
2' nexl= fkdjk uQ,H jHdmdr lghq;=
3' uQ,H .kqfokqlrejka l<ukdlrKh
4' jHdmdr .Ks;h iy ixLHdkh
(Principles of Economics)
(Non - Banking Financial
Business)
(Financial Clients Management)
(Business Mathematics and
Statistics)

4
^11& jHjydßl nexl= iy uQ,H ämaf,daud mdGud,dj
Diploma in Applied Banking and Finance
^ wksjd¾h úIhhka 4 la iy ffjl,amsl úIhhka 5 ka 3 la we;=¿j
úIhhka 7 ls &

wksjd¾h úIhhka

1' uqo,a iy uQ,H m%;sm;a;s wd¾Ól úoHdj (Economics of Money and

Monetary Policy)
2' uQ,H l<ukdlrKh (Financial Management)
3' cd;Hka;r fjf<`odu iy uQ,Hh (International Trade and Finance)
4' Kh l<ukdlrKh (Credit Management)

ffjl,amsl úIhhka

1' uQ,H wdh;k l<ukdlrKh (Financial Institutions Management)

2' uQ,H fjf<`ofmd< lghq;= (Financial Markets Operations)
3' wdfhdack nexl= lghq;= (Investment Banking)
4' ixj¾Ok uQ,Hh (Development Finance)
5' uy nexl= lghq;= (Central Banking)

l=i,;d iy yelshdjka j¾Okh

nexl= iy uQ,H wxYfha jD;a;slhskaf.a l=i,;d iy yelshdjka m%Odk fCIa;%

;=kla Tiafia j¾Okh lsÍu kj mdGud,dfõ wruqK ù we;¡ ^úia;r i`oyd
6jk msgqfjys we;s igyk n,kak&' jHdmdr lghq;=" wdh;k l<ukdlrKh"
nexl= iy uQ,H m%;sm;a;s$kshduk mßirh fuys§ wdjrKh lrkq ,nhs' iEu
úIh fCIa;%hla i`oyd u ksYaÑ; úIhhka y`ÿkdf.k we;s w;r" tu ish¨u
úIhhka by; fCIa;% ;=k ;=< úúO uÜgïj,ska wdjrKh lrkq ,nhs'
l=i,;d iy yelshdjka j¾Okh lsÍfuka tajd jD;a;Sh lghq;= i`oyd M,odhS
f,i Wmfhda.S lr .ekSug m%ñ;s.; m%dfhda.sl yd kHdhd;aul oekqu ,nd
§u fuu úIhhka ;=<ska wfmaCId flf¾' tu ksid" fuu mdGud,dfjka
iqÿiqlï ,nk nexl= iy uQ,H jD;a;slhskaf.a jD;a;Sh ;;a;ajh fnfyúka
M,odhS yd fõ.j;a f,i j¾Okh jkq we;' ;j o Tjqka g kqÿre wkd.;fha
§ Y%s ,xld nexl=lrejkaf.a wdh;kh úiska y`ÿkajd §ug kshñ; nexl= iy
uQ,H Wmdê mdGud,djg we;=<;aùfï wjia:dj o ie,fikq we;'

5
6
 mdGud,dj l%shd;aul lsÍfï kS;s Í;s

^і& 2014 ckjdrs ui m<uqjk osk isg jHjydrsl nexl= iy uQ,H wka;¾
mdGud,dj (IABF) ioyd kj isiqka ,shdmosxÑ lr.kq ,nk w;r" 2014
ckjdß 1 fjks osk isg nexl= iy uQ,H iy;sl m;% ^CBF& mdGud,dj
i|yd kj YsIHhska ,shdmosxÑh w;aysgqjd we;'

^іi& 2013 foieïn¾ ui 31 fjks osk fyda Bg fmr ,shdmosxÑ jQ YsHIhkag

iy nexl= iy uQ,H iy;sl m;% mdGud,dj oekgu;a iïmQ¾K lrkq
,enQ YsIHhskag ;u ukdmh mrsos jHjydrsl nexl= iy uQ,H ämaf,daud
mdGud,dj ^DABF& fyda nexl= iy uQ,H ämaf,daudj ^DBF& ioyd fmkS
isàug yelsfõ'

^iii& 2013 foieïn¾ 31 Èkg fmr nexl= iy uQ,H iy;sl m;% ^CBF&
úNd.fhka ksoyia jQ YsIH idudðlhska i`oyd Tjqkaf.a ukdmh wkqj
jHjydßl nexl= iy uQ,H ämaf,daud ^DABF& fyda nexl= iy uQ,H
ämaf,daud ^DBF& úNd.h i`oyd ;u ksoyia ùfï moku u; bosrsm;a úh
yelsh'

^іv& jHjydßl nexl= iy uQ,H wka;¾ mdGud,d (IABF) úNd.fhka f;dard

.;a úIhhka i`oyd ksoyia lsÍu i|yd i,ld n,kqfha Wmdê
mdGud,dj, iy Y%S ,xld nexl=lrejkaf.a wdh;kh ^IBSL& úiska
ms<s.kq ,nk jD;a;Sh iqÿiqlï j, m%Odk úIhh muKla jk w;r" tu
úIhh wka;¾ mdGud,d ^IABF& úIh ks¾foaYfha we;=<;a úIhhla o úh
hq;=h' kj ämaf,daud ^DABF& úNd.fha lsisÿ úIhhla i`oyd ksoyia
lsÍï i,ld n,kq fkd,efí'

^v& merKs mdGud,d ^CBF iy DBF& úNd.hka 2016 iema;eïn¾ jk f;la

mj;ajkq ,nk w;r idudðlhskaf.a b,a,Su u; ;j;a jirla fyda
folla olajd §¾> lsÍug o i,ld n,kq ,efí'

^vі& oekgu;a nexl= iy uQ,H iy;sl m;% mdGud,dj ^CBF& i`oyd

,sxhdmÈxÑ ù we;s YsIH idudðlhskag iy;sl m;% mdGud,dfõ ^CBF&
isg ish wNsu;h mßÈ ´kEu fõ,djl wka;¾ mdGud,dj ^IABF& fj;
udre úh yelsh' tfia jqj;a" iy;slm;a mdGud,d ^CBF& úNd.fha úIh
idud¾:hka fyda merKs nexl= yd uQ,H ämaf,daud ^DBF& úNd.fha úIh

7
 idud¾:hka u; wka;¾ mdGud,d ^IABF& úNd.fha fyda nexl= yd uQ,H
ämaf,daud ^DABF& úNd.fha úIhhkaf.ka ksoyia ùug wjir fokq
fkd,efí'

^vіi& 2014 iema;eïn¾ udifha isg wka;¾ mdGud,dfõ ^IABF& iy kj

ämaf,daud mdGud,dfõ ^DABF& úNd. wdrïN ù we;s w;r" jirlg
foj;djla isxy," fou< iy bx.%Sis NdId udOHhkaf.ka" ud¾;= iy
iema;eïn¾ udihkays §" wod< úNd. meje;afjkq we;' iEu úIhla
i|ydu jk úNd." meh 3 l ,sÅ; m%Yak m;%hla iys;j fld<U oS iy
whÿïlrejkaf.a Èia;%slal jHdma;sh wkqj f;dard.;a msg m<d;a
uOHia:dkj, oS meje;afjkq we;'

(viii) ta wkqj" msrskukq ,nk ld¾h idOk fYa%Ks my; oelafjk mßÈ fõ'

A - úYsIag idud¾:h - 85 iy Bg jeä

B - l=i,;d idud¾:h - 75 -84
C - iïudk idud¾:h - 65 -74
S - idudkH idud¾:h - 45 -64
F - wiu;a - 45 g wvq

iEu wjia:djlu W;a;r m;%j, wjika uq¿ ,l=Kq m%udKh .Kkh

lsÍfï § oYuia:dk iys;j we;s úg tajd wdikak w.hg jghkq ,efí'

(ix) úNd. l%shdj,sfha wNHka;r md,kh iy .=Kd;aulNdjfha wkql+,;dj

ms<sn`o j iajdêk ndysr ú.Kkhlska o" ishqï wëlaIKhlska o miq
md,l uKav,h úiska m%;sM, ksl=;a flfrkqq we;'

(x) iEu úNd.hlg u miq ks, wOHhk m%;sM, f,aLk fY%aKs iys;j
idudðlhskag ksl=;a flfrkq we;¡ jHjydßl nexl= iy uQ,H wka;¾
mdGud,dj (IABF) fyda jHjydßl nexl= iy uQ,H ämaf,daud mdGud,dj
^DABF& iïmQ¾K lsÍfuka wk;=rej wjika wOHhk m%;sM, f,aLkh
iy ks, iy;sl m;% ksl=;a lrkq ,efí¡

(xi) Y%S ,xld nexl=lrejkaf.a wdh;kfha ^IBSL& ys jd¾Isl Wmdê

m%odfkda;aijfha § jHjydßl nexl= iy uQ,H ämaf,daud ^DABF&
mdGud,dfõ iy;slm;a m%odkh flf¾'

8
(xii) úNd. m%;sM, ksl=;a lsrSfuka wk;=rej W;a;r m;% kej; mÍlaId lsÍu
ioyd lrkq ,nk b,a,Sï i|yd fiajd .dia;=jlg hg;aj wjir fokq
,efí'

mdGud,dj i`oyd ,shdmÈxÑ ùu

wka;¾ mdGud,d ^IABF& úNd.h i`oyd YsIH idudðlfhl= f,i ,shdmÈxÑ
ùug my; i`oyka iqÿiqlï imqrd,sh hq;=h'

^i& Y%S ,xldj ;=< fyda úfoaYhl" ljr fyda jHjia:djla hgf;a n,m;%hla
fyda wkque;shla ,nd we;s n,m;%,dNS nexl=jl fyda uQ,H wdh;khl
fiajlfhl= ùu fyda

^ii& iud.ï mk; hgf;a ixia:dms; iud.ul fiajlfhl= ùu fyda

Y%S ,xldfõ fyda úfoaYhl iïu;lr we;s kS;shlg wkqj ixia:dmkh
lrk ,o iud.ul fiajlfhl= ùu fyda

^iii& Y%S ,xldfõ fyda úfoaYhl ms<s.;a úYaj úoHd,hl Wmdê,dNsfhl= fyda
Wmdê wfmalaIlfhl= ùu¡

^iv& Y%S ,xldfõ fyda úfoaYhl" jD;a;Sh wdh;khla u.ska wfmalaIs; nexl="
uQ,H" ú.Kkh" l<ukdlrKh iy wf,úlrKh hk úIhhka
iïnkaOj wOHhk uÜgï iïmQ¾K lr ;sîu fyda

^v& Y%S ,xldfõ § fyda úfoaYhl § wfmdi ^W'fm<& fyda ta yd iudk

úNd.hlska úIhhka 3 la iïudk idud¾: 2 la iys;j iu;a ù ;sîu
iy Y%S ,xldfõ § fyda úfoaYhl § wfmdi ^id'fm<& fyda ta yd iudk
úNd.hlska .Ks;h úIhhg iïudk idud¾:hla ,nd ;sîu fyda

^vi& Y%S ,xldfõ oS fyda úfoaYhl oS wfmdi ^W'fm<& fyda ta yd iudk

úNd.hlska úIhhka folla iu;a ù ;sîu iy Y%S ,xldfõ oS fyda
úfoaYhl oS wfmdi ^id'fm<& fyda ta yd iudk úNd.hlska fojrl §
j;a .Ks;h o we;=¿j úIhhka 5 lg iïudk idud¾: iys;j úIhhka
6 lska iu;a ù ;sîu fyda

^vii& Y%s ,xldfõ § fyda úfoaYhl § wfmdi ^id'fm<& fyda ta yd iudk

úNd.hlska tla jrl§ .Ks;h o we;=¿j úIhhka 5 lg iïudk
idud¾: iys;j úIhhka 6 lska iu;a ù ;sîu'

9
10
 jHdydßl nexl=
iy
uQ,H wka;¾ mdGud,dj

jHjydßl nexl=
iy uQ,H wka;¾
mdGud,dj

11
fuu mdGud,dfjka" YsIH idudðlhkg Y%S ,xld nexl=lrejkaf.a
wdh;kfhys ^IBSL& ys úfYAIs; Wiia mdGud,djka yd bÈßhg hkq msKsi
tkï¦ jHjydßl nexl= iy uQ,H ämaf,daud mdGud,dj" iy fhdað; wNHka;r
Wmdê mdGud,dj —jHjydßl nexl= iy uQ,H Wmdê mdGud,dj˜ yeoEÍu msKsi
wjYH nexl= iy uq,H uQ,O¾u iy mßphka iïnkaO moku ilialr oSu
wruqKq lrkq ,nhs' tu ksid" fuu mdGud,dfjka wdjrKh jk úIhhka
ie,iqï lr we;af;a nexl= iy uQ,H jD;a;slhska iy YsIHhka i`oyd uQ,O¾u
iy mßphka ms<sn`oj mq¿,a fCIa;%hla wdjrKh flfrk miqìï oekqu ,nd
§u i|ydh' fuys§ uQ,H moaO;sh iólaIKh" jdKsc nexl= lghq;=" jHdmdßl
.sKqïlrKh" nexl= iy uQ,H kS;sh ye`Èkaùu" wd¾Ól úoHd uQ,O¾u" nexl=
fkdjk uQ,H jHdmdr" uQ,H .kqfokqlrejka l<ukdlrKh" jHdmdßl
.Ks;h iy ixLHdkh hk úIhhka wdjrKh lrkq ,efí' fuu fCIa;%fha
oekgu;a kshe,S isák jD;a;slhskag Tjqkaf.a oekqu j¾Okhg iy h<s
ixúOdkh lr .ekSug;a" l%udkql+, iy meyeÈ,s u. fmkaùï hgf;a ish
bf.kqu wdrïN lsÍug;a yelshdj ,efí' fuu mdGud,dfõ oS wksjd¾h
úIhhka 4 la iu. ffjl,amsl úIhhka 4 ka 2 lao iu;a úh hq;=h' úIhhka
ye|skaùu" wruqKq iy úIh wka;¾.;hka my; oelafõ'

1' uQ,H moaO;sh ióCIKh

І' úIh ye|skaùu iy wruqKq

nexl= iy uQ,H fufyhqï isÿ jkqfha uQ,H moaO;sh" tkï uqo,a .kqfokq
moaO;sh ;=<h¡ uQ,H moaO;sfha mokï ixrplhka iuqodh" uqo,a" uy nexl=j"
uQ,H wdh;k" uQ,H fjf<`ofmd<" f.ùï moaO;s iy uQ,H wdrCIl cd, j,ska
iukaú; fõ' uQ,H moaO;sh" uQ,H fiajd imhñka wd¾:sl l%shdj,Ska i`oyd
myiqlï iïmdokh lrhs' tneúka" uQ¾; ^NdKav" fiajd" idOl& m%jdyhka iy
uQ,H m%jdyhka w;r mj;akd wka;¾ l%shdldrS;ajh rgl iuia; id¾j wd¾Ól
ld¾h idOkh ;SrKh lrkq ,nk m%Odk idOlhls' ta wkqj" nexl= iy uQ,H
lafIa;%fha YsIHhska yg Tjqkaf.a jD;a;Sh Ôú;h ;=< úfYaIs; úIh m:hla
f;dard .ekSfï yelshdj ,eîug kï m%:ufhka u uQ,H moaO;sfha fufyhqï

12
hka;%Kh ms<sn`o wjfndaOh ;sìh hq;= h' tu ksid nexl= iy uQ,H wxYhka ys
jD;a;slhskag hym;a ld¾h idOkhla mj;ajd .ekSug;a jD;a;Sh wNsjDoaêh
<`.d lr .ekSug;a yelsjk mrsos iqÿiq úfYaIs; úIh m:hla f;areï .ekSug
yd f;dard .ekSug fukau wd¾Ólhl uQ,H moaO;sfha mq¿,a l%shdldß;ajfha
jHqyh y|qkd.ekSug o wjYH oekqu ,nd §u i`oyd fuu úIhh ie,iqï
fldg we;'

ІІ ' ks¾foaY;
s úIh wka;¾.;h

^i& wd¾Ólh ;=< uQ,H moaO;sfha N+ñldj

^ii& uqo,a( úldYkh" ld¾hhka" uqøKh" uqo,a iemhqu iy uqo,g we;s

b,a¨u

^iii& f.ùï WmlrK iy mshjqï moaO;s( jHjydr uqo,a" fplam;a" f.ùï

ldâm;a" Y%S ,xld wka;¾ nexl= f.ùï moaO;sh (SLIPS)" fplam;a
ksIaldYkh iy ms<sìUq" ;;ald,Sk o< f.ùï moaO;sh (RTGS)"
cd;Hka;r wruqo,a$fm%aIKh" mejreï moaO;s" ^SWIFT" uks .%Eï"
fjiagka hQkshka wd§& úoHq;a$cx.u f.ùï

^iv& uQ,H fjf<`ofmd< iy iq/l=ïm;a$ksmehqï( ;ekam;=" iud.ï

fldgia" ne`ÿïlr" m%;s ñ,§ .ekqï iy m%;s úl=Kqï" úfoaY úksuh"
jHqy.; uQ,H" uQ,H jHq;amkakhka" tall" jHjidhl;aj m%d.aOk
wdh;k

^v& uQ,H wdh;k( uy nexl=j" uQ,H w;rueÈhka ^jdKsc nexl=" uqo,a

iud.ï" l,anÿ uQ,HlrK iud.ï" rCIK iud.ï" l%udfrdams;lrK
iud.ï" iuQmdldr&" uQ,H fiajd iïmdolhka ^wdfhdack nexl="
wruqo,a l<ukdlrK iud.ï" f.ùï fiajd iïmdolhka" uqo,a
yqjudre lrkakka" wf,úlrejka" ;e/õlrejka" yqjudrefmd,j,a"
iq/l=ïm;a ;ekam;alrejka&

13
^vi& uQ,H moaO;sfha ia:djr;ajh ( uQ,H w¾nqo ^nexl==" fjf<`o fmd< iy
Kh w¾nqo&" wdishdkq uQ,H w¾nqoh ms<sn| úYaf,aIKh iy uE;
ld,Sk f.da,Sh uQ,H w¾nqo ^iajNdjh" fya;= idOl" n,mEï iy
úi`ÿï&" uQ,H moaO;shg iïnkaO jeo.;a uQ,H wdh;k ^úYd,
wdh;k wid¾:l fkdù mj;ajdf.k hdu&" Pdhdia: nexl=lrKh
iy wjodkï" uQ,H ia:djr;aj rduq

^vii& uQ,H wdrCIs; cd, hdka;%Khka( uQ,H wxYh fr.=,dis iïmdolhska

^m%d.aOk fjf<`ofmd<" nexl=" nexl= fkdjk uQ,H wdh;k iy
rCIK& uQ,H ia:djr;ajh i`oyd kshdulhka iy Tjqkaf.a m%Odk
ld¾hNdrh iy m%Odk WmlrK

2' jdKsc nexl= lghq;=

І' úIh ye|skaùu iy wruqKq

jdKsc nexl= lghq;= fmdÿ ck;djf.a ffoksl Ôú;fha foaYSh iy úfoaYSh

wd¾Ól .kqfokqj,§ úúO wdldrhkaf.ka iïnkaO fjñka myiqlï
iïmdokh lrkq ,nhs' jdKsc nexl= uqof,a wd¾Ól l%shdj,sh M,odhSj iy
fõ.j;aj mj;ajdf.k hdu i`oyd uqo,a myiqlï iemhSfuka ;u fufyjr
bgq lrkq ,nhs' jdKsc nexl= fkdue;s ù kï" uqof,a ld¾hhka w;sYhska
m%d:ñl iy uqo,a u;u mokï tajd jk w;r tjeks ;;a;ajhla kQ;k f,dj
;=< is;Sug mjd fkdyel' idïm%odhslj .;a l< jdKsc nexl= wd¾Ól l%ufha
uQ,H lghq;= ;=< flakaøSh ixrplhla fõ' jdKsc nexl= fmdÿ ck;djf.a
tÈfkod wd¾Ól lghq;= i`oyd myiqlï i,iñka" kjH ksmhqï y`ÿkajd
foñka l%ufhka úldYkh fjñka mj;S' fuu ksmehqï" uQ,H lghq;=j,
ish¨u wxYhkag uq¿ukskau iïnkaO ù we;' tkï b;=reï /ia lsÍu" Kh
whÿïlrejkag iy wdfhdaclhkag wruqo,a iïmdokh lsÍu" iy foaYSh iy
cd;Hka;r jYfhka uQ,H .kqfokq fiajd iïmdokhka hkdosh u.sks' uQ,H
moaO;sfha l%udkql+,;ajh i`oyd jdksPH nexl=j, we;s jeo.;alu i,ld rch
úiska fuu ish¨ uQ,H fiajd iïmdokhka kshdukhg iy wëCIKhg hg;a

14
fldg we;' uQ,sl jYfhka rgl wd¾Ól ia:dhs;dj iy uQ,Huh ia:djr;ajh
hk wxY fol i`oyd jdKsc nexl= lghq;= ia:dhs;dj fnfyúka n,mdk w;r
tA i|yd myiqlï iïmdokh o jdksP nexl= u.ska lrkq ,nhs' tu ksid" nexl=
iy uQ,H wxYfha jD;a;slhkag nexl=jl ´kEu wxYhl iM,odhS f,i fiajd
iemhSu iy lghq;= lsÍu i`oyd jdKsc nexl= jHdmdßl fufyhqï lghq;=
ms<sn`oj wjYH uQ,sl oekqu iïmdokh lsÍfï wfmaCIdfjka fuu úIh
ie,iqï fldg we;'

ІІ ' ks¾foaY;
s úIh wka;¾.;h

^i& nexl= lghq;=j, mßKduh ( rkalrejka" rka m%ñ;Ska iy nexl=

fkdaÜgq

^ii& nexl= jHdmdßl l%shdud¾. ( wruqo,a mdol iy fiajd .dia;= mdol

jHdmdr lghq;=

 wruqo,a mdol ( ;ekam;= /ia lsÍu ^cx.u" b;=reï" ld,Sk

;ekam;= .sKqï wdÈh&" fplam;a iy ksYaldYk fiajd" Kh
m%odkh ^whsrd" ld,Sk Kh" fjf<`o uQ,HlrKh" Kh ldâm;a
wdÈh&" Kh .ekSu ^wka;¾ nexl=" Kh m;%sld" m%;s ñ,§.ekSï&"
iy wdfhdack'
 fiajd .dia;= mdol ( j.lSï iy wúksYaÑ;;d" f.ùï iy
wdfhdack fiajdjka

^iii& n,h ,;a wf,úlrejka $úfoaYSh úksuh fufyhqï ( úfoaYSh

jHdmdßl lghq;= iïnkaOj fkajdisl iy wfkajdisl mqoa.,hska
i`oyd ;ekam;=" úfoaYSh jHjydr uqo,aj,ska Kh §u" ñ,§ .ekSu iy
úlsKSu ^ljqkagrh yryd" t;eka" bÈß" wdÈh& fma%aIK" fkdiafg%da
.sKqï

15
^iv& nexl= jHdmdr wdlD;s ( wdh;ksl nexl= lghq;=" idudkH nexl=
lghq;=" .kqfokq nexl= lghq;=" cd;Hka;r nexl= lghq;=$wla -fjr<
nexl= lghq;=" úYaj nexl= lghq;=" bia,dóh nexl= lghq;=

^v& nexl= fiajd fnodyeÍï ud¾. ( YdLd$fiajd uOHia:dk" iajhxl%Sh

fÜ,¾ hka;%" wka;¾cd, nexl= lghq;=" cx.u$ fg,s nexl= lghq;=

^vi& nexl= lghq;=j, Yla;su;aa nj we.hSu ( j;alïj, .=Kd;aul nj"

øjYS,;dj" ,dNodhS;ajh kqnqkaj;a nj$m%d.aOkh" ixfõ§;djh iy
Yla;su;a nj nj ks¾Khlrk uQ,sl o¾Yl wxl'

^vii& nexl= wjodkï l<ukdlrKh ( nexl=lrK wjodkï ^Kh"

øjYS,;d" fjf<`om," fufyhqï iy l%fudamdhh wjodkï iy
wjodkï ks¾Kdhlhka&" wjodkï l<ukdlrK l%fudamdhhka$ñkqï
^Kh §fï m%;sm;a;Ska - iSudjka" lñgq" iq/l=ï" m%;smdokhka$j;alï
ydkslrKh wdÈh' j;alï j.lSï mr;r l<ukdlrKh" øjYS,
j;alï" wúksYaÑ; wjia:djka i`oyd Kh iïmdok ud¾." wNHka;r
md,khka" jHdmdr wLKav meje;au i`oyd ie,iqï" m%d.aOkh&

^viii& úpCIK fr.=,dis iy nexl= wëCIKh( Y%S ,xldfõ m%Odk kshduk

iy wëCIK ñkqï iy l%ufõo - n,m;% ,nd §u" m%Odk kshduk
fr.=,dis ^m%d.aOk m%udKd;au;dj" øjYS, j;alï wkqmd;h" Kh
j¾.SlrKh iy fjka lsÍï " wOHCIjrekaf.a yd ks,OdÍkaf.a h:d
fhda.H;djh iy iqÿiqlï" wdh;ksl hymd,kh" fldgia
ysñldrS;ajfha iSud" fldgia ysñldr;ajhkays wdfhdackh lsÍfï
iSud" Kh myiqlï ,nd §fï iSud" ;ekam;= rCIKh" uQ,H m%ldY
iy ú.Kkfha wjYH;d& wëCIKh ^wjodkï - iïm;a mokï
lr.;a m%fõYhg tfrysj CAMELS, wLKav$ ÿria: wëCIKh"
mÍCIK$ ia:dkSh iqmßCIKhka" l,a ;nd olakg ,efnk
wjjdod;aul ix{d iy .eg¨ ksrdlrKh& ndi,a iïuq;Ska ^uQ,sl
16
 uQ,O¾u" ndi,a 111" m%d.aOk wkqmd;" øjYS,;d wkqmd;hka iy
f;da,k wkqmd;&
^ix& Y%S ,xldfõ uE; ld,Sk nexl= l%ufha m%jK;d iy l%shdldß;ajhka
^x& uE; ld,Sk f.da,Sh nexl=lrK jHdmdßl m%jk;djka " .eg¨ iy
f.da,Sh uQ,H w¾nqo j,ska jk n,mEu

3' jHdmdr .sKqïlrKh

І' úIh ye|skaùu iy wruqKq

ms<s.;a uQ,O¾u iy m%ñ;Skag wkql+,j jHdmdrj, uQ,H m%;sM,hka bÈßm;a

lsÍfï l%ufõoh .sKqïlrKh hs' ksjerÈ .sKqïlrK l%ufõohka Ndú; lsÍu
u`.ska jHdmdrj, h:d ;;a;ajhka fmkakqï flfrkq we;' jHdmdrhkays
uQ,H ;;a;ajhka iy .sKqïlrK m%ñ;Ska w;r fjki uQ,H m%ldYkj,
wka;¾.;hka iy bÈßm;a lsÍï u`.ska fmkakqï lrkq ,nhs' .sKqïlrKh
hkq jir .Kkdjl kHdhd;aul iy m%dfhda.sl mqyqKqjla wjYH úfYaIs; jQ
jD;a;Shuh /lshd fCIa;%hla fõ' nexl= iy uQ,H wdh;khkag o
.sKqïlrKfha jD;a;Sh iqÿiqlï ,;a" ta i`oyd lemjQ fiajlhska wjYHh' fuys
§ .sKqïlrKh jD;a;Shuh úIhhla f,i b.ekaùug n,dfmdfrd;a;= fkdfõ'
tfia jqj;a nexl= yd uQ,H jHdmdrj, ksr; jk jD;a;slhkag ish fiajdodhl
wdh;khkays iy wdh;ksl .kqfokqlrejkaf.a uQ,H m%ldYkj,
wka;¾.;hka wjfndaOlr .ekSug;a" iy ish fiajd odhl wdh;k j, uQ,H
;;a;ajhka w.hñka ish jevlghq;=j, n,mEu iy odhl;ajh" ish jHdmdßl
.kqfokqlrejkaf.aa Kh ,eîug we;s iqÿiqlï iy ld¾h idOkh hkdosh
wjfndaO lr .ekSug;a miqìula ilid oSu fuhska wfmalaIs;h'

jHdmdßl wdh;khka ys uQ,H m%ldYhka wjfndaO lr .ekSu ;=<ska

wdh;kfha uQ,Huh hym;a meje;au iy È.=ld,Sk ia:djr;ajh i`oyd ish
ld¾h Ndrfhys jeo.;alu ms<sn`oj fiajlhska oekqïj;a fõ' tu ksid" fuu
úIhh uQ,H iy wfkl=;a jHdmdr tallhka yd iïnkaO Y%s ,xld .sKqïlrK

17
m%ñ;Ska fukau wod< wfkl=;a m%Odk .sKqïlrK m%ñ;Ska iy kshduk
wjYH;d iïnkaO oekquo ,nd §u i`oyd ie,iqï lr we;'

ІІ ' ks¾foaY;
s úIh wka;¾.;h

^i& jHdmdßl wdh;k iy fjk;a md¾Yjhkag wod< jk .sKqïlrK

iy uq,H m%ldYhka ys uQ,sl ixl,am iy uQ,O¾u( uQ,H
.KldêlrKfha wruqK" uqo,a yd WmÑ; ixl,am

^ii& f,c¾ .sKqï iy wdOdrl f,aLk ilia lsÍu ( f,c¾ .sKqï" nexl=
iei`ÿï" fYAI msßlaiqï iy nÿlrKh jeks fjk;a ksYaÑ;
.KldêlrK fiajd lghq;=

^iii& uQ,H WmlrK y`ÿkd.ekSu iy .Kkh lsÍu Y%S ,xld

.KldêlrK m%ñ;s 39" fjk;a j;alï ^Y%S ,xld .KldêlrK m%ñ;s
16" 17 iy 40& ( ,dNd,dN wkqj idOdrK jákdlu ksYaph l< uQ,H
j;alï iy j.lSï" fjf<`odu msKsi r`ojdf.k we;s uQ,H j;alï
iy j.lSï" mßK;sh msKsi r`ojdf.k we;s wdfhdackhka" Kh iy
,eìh hq;= oE" wh úh hq;= l,a nÿ ^uq,H iy fufyhqï&" foam<"
hka;% iy WmlrK" wdfhdack foam<" ydks lrk ,o iy /ia l<
fkdyels uQ,H j;alï iy ydksldrlhka y`ÿkd .ekSfuka miqj jk
fmd,S wdodhï

^iv& uQ,H m%ldY ms<sfh, lsÍu y`ÿkajd §u iy uQ,H WmlrKj,

f;dr;=re fy<sorõ lsÍu ^uQ,H ;;a;aj m%ldYh" iuia; úia;SrK
wdodhu" uQ,H m%jdy iy ysñldß;ajfha fjkia ùï& flaj, iajdó
jHdmdr" yjq,a jHdmdr" iSñ; j.lSï iys; iud.ï" ksIamdok
iud.ï" fjk;a ^,dN msKsi fkdjk ixúOdk ^NPOs&" iudc Yd,d
iy ix.ï&

18
^v& uQ,H wdh;k j, uQ,H m%ldY ms<sfh, lsÍu" bÈßm;a lsÍu iy
wjfndaO lr .ekSu ^nexl=" uqo,a iud.ï" rCIK iud.ï&" nexl=
mk;" uqo,a jHdmdr mk;" rCIK jHdmdrhg wod< kshduk mk;"
iq/l=ïm;a iy úksuh fldñika iNd mk; iy iud.ï mk; wkqj
mkjd we;s jHjia:dms; wjYH;djka iy YS% ,xld .KldêlrK iy
ú.Kk m%ñ;s mkf;a oelafjk úê úOdkhka¡

4' nexl= iy uQ,H kS;sh ye`Èkaùu

І' úIh ye|skaùu iy wruqKq

nexl= iy uQ,H fCIa;%hg wod< kS;s úúOdldr fukau ixlS¾Ko jk w;r

fuu kS;s ms<sn`oj úYdro;ajh ,nkq msKsi kS;s jD;a;slhska Ôú; ld,h mqrd
wOHhkfha fhfoñka mßph ,eîu wjYHh' tu ksid nexl= iy uQ,H kS;s
flá ld,iSudjl § tla úIhhla jYfhka yeoEÍu wmyiq h' kS;s moaO;sh"
uQ,Huh .kqfokq$ksmehqïj,g wod< kS;s uQ,O¾u" uQ,H .kqfokqj,
iqrCIs;;djh iy uQ,H .kqfokqj, ffk;sl;ajh ish¨u uQ,H jHdmdrhkag
wod< jk fmdÿ ffk;sl lreKq fõ' ish rdcldÍ lghq;= wod< kS;Skag
wkql+,j bgq lrkq msKsi iy" jHdmdr fufyhqïj, § uqyqK §ug isÿ jk
.eg¿ i`oyd úfYaI{ kS;s Wmfoia ,nd .kq msKsi ish¨ nexl= iy uQ,H
jD;a;slhska" fuu ffk;sl lreKq ms<sn`oj oekqïj;a úh hq;=h' tu ksid
fuu úIhh nexl= iy uQ,H jHdmdr j,§ wjYH lrk uQ,sl kS;suh moku
,nd §u i`oyd ie,iqï fldg we;' nexl= iy uQ,H lghq;= i`oyd ksrka;rj
wod< jk kS;sj, jeo.;a wxY fuu mdGud,dfõ fjk;a wod< úIhhka
hgf;ao wdjrKh flfrkq we;'

ІІ ' ks¾foaY;
s úIh wka;¾.;h

^i& ye`Èkaùu ( Y%S ,xldfõ kS;s moaO;sh ^kS;s uQ,dY% - jHjia:dj" frdau
,kafoais kS;sh" bx.%Sis kS;sh iy pdß;%dkql+, kS;s" Widú moaO;sh"
wêlrK mQ¾jdo¾Y" jHjia:d w¾:l;khka&" .súiqï kS;sh ^.súiqul
iajNdjh iy ,CIK" .súiqula we;s ùu" .súiqu l uQ,sl lreKq"

19
 .súiqula wjika lsÍu& iy nexl=lre yd .kqfokqlre w;r
iïnkaO;dj" ks¾jpk" iïnkaO;d wdrïNh iy wjika lsÍu"
^ii& nexl=lref.a hq;=lï iy j.lSï ^ryiH;dj /lSfï hq;=lu o
we;=¿j&" .kqfokqlrejka hq;=lï iy j.lSï" ksfhdað;fhl="
Ndrlrefjl= iy nQo,a Ndrlrefjl=" wkqm%dma;slfhl= ^kï lsÍu"
wka;su leu;s m;% we;s iy ke;s& jYfhka nexl=lref.a N+ñldj

^iii& .kqfokq l< yels ,shú,s ( ks¾jpkhka" md¾Yj lrejkaf.a j.lSï

iy fplam;a ^.kqfokq l< yels nj" f¾Lk" wmj¾;kh wdÈh&

^iv& úoHq;a .kqfokq ( úoHq;a .kqfokq y`ÿkd .ekSu" fplam;a m%;srEmkh

iy ms<sìUq" is,a,r f.ùï moaO;s" úYd, jákdlu iys; f.ùï
moaO;s iy ks¾f,aLk iq/l=ïm;a

^v& iq/l=ï( j¾." ^pxp,$ksYap,& iy iq/l=ï ,shú,s

^vi& Kh wh lsÍu ( Wlia kvq Kh wh lsÍï ^úfYAI m%;smdok& mk;

iy nexl= u`.ska m%odks; Kh wh lsÍï ^úfYAI m%;smdok mk;&

^vii& mdßfNda.sl wdrCIKhka( jHjia:dms;uh m%;sl¾u" fmdÿ kS;sh

hgf;a m%;sl¾u iy wdh;ksl$mßmd,kuh úêúOdkhka

^viii& Tnf.a .kqfokqlre y`ÿkd.ekSfï ^KYC& wjYH;d ( uqo,a

úY=oaêlrK mßphka$o¾Yjdohka" uqo,a úY=oaêlrKhg tfrys kS;s
iy ;%ia;jdoh je<elaùfï uQ,H kS;s" uQ,H .kqfokq jd¾;dlrK
mkf;a jeo.;a m%;smdokhka" uQ,H nqoaêuh iy
l%shdj,Ska$l%shdoduhka iy KYC/CDD l%shdmámdá iy f.da,Sh
m%ñ;Ska iy fufyhqï ^FATF ks¾foaYhka&

20
5' wd¾Ól úoHd uQ,O¾u ^ffjl,amsl&

І' úIh ye|skaùu iy wruqKq

nexl= yd uQ,H jHdmdr iy wd¾Ól lghq;= w;r wka;¾ iïnkaO;djla iy

wka;¾ /|shdjla mj;sk fyhska nexl= iy uQ,H jD;a;slhkag
.kqfokqlrejkaf.a iy wd¾:sl l%ufha yeisÍu ms<sn`oj wjfndaOhla ;sìh
hq;=h' ;j o" nexl= iy uQ,H jHdmdr lghq;= wd¾:l úoHd uQ,O¾uhka wod<
jk wd¾Ól l%shdj,shka ys wxYhla o fõ'

flfia jqj;a" wd¾Ól úoHdj mq¿,a úIhhla fukau lem jqKq jD;a;shla o fõ'
jHdmdßl ;SrKhkag t<öfï § idudkHfhka isÿjkqfha wd¾Ól
m¾fhaIKhka u`.ska myiqlï iïmdokh msKsi úYd, nexl= iy uQ,Hdh;k
úiska w¾: Ydia;%d{hka lsysm fofkl=f.a fiajh ,nd .ekSuhs¡ tf,i
jeo.;a jk fuu úIhh" CIqø iy id¾j wd¾Ól úoHd isoaOdka;" cd;Hka;r
w¾:sl úoHdj" j¾Okh yd ixj¾Okh iy uQ,sl uÜgïj, wd¾Ól
úYaf,aIKhka jeks f;dard .;a uQ,sl uQ,O¾uhka ms<sn`o oekqu iïmdokh
lsÍu msKsi ie,iqï fldg we;' nexl= iy uQ,H jD;a;slhkaf.a /lshd ud¾.
m%j¾Okh msKsi wd¾: Ydia;%Sh uQ,O¾u ms<sn`o wjfndaOh fnfyúka WmldÍ
fõ'

ІІ ' ks¾foaY;
s úIh wka;¾.;h

^i& wd¾Ól úoHdfõ uQ,sl ixl,amhka ( wd¾Ól iïm;a" uQ,sl wd¾Ól

m%Yak ^ys`.lu iy f;dard .ekSu&" wdjiaÓl msßjeh" uQ,sl wd¾Ól
l%shdj,Ska ^ksIamdokh iy mßfNdaackh&

^ii& CIqø wd¾Ól úoHdj ( mdßfNda.sl yeisÍu ^Wmfhda.S;dj" WfmaCId pl%

úYaf,aIKh" m%ldYs; jrKh" b,a¨ï kHdh" b,a¨ï kuH;dj iy
tys m%dfhda.sl;ajh& ksIamdolhdf.a yeisÍu ^ksIamdokh" M,odhS;dj"
msßjeh iy ,dN Wmßuh" iemhqï kHdh&" fjf<`o fmd< hdka;%Kh

21
 iy rdcH ueÈy;aùu" fjf<`o fmd< jHqyh ^mQ¾K ;r.h"
taldêldrh" wmQ¾K ;r.h" taldêldÍ ;r.h iy l;smhdêldrh&

^iii& id¾j wd¾Ól úoHdj wdodhï jD;a; m%jdyh " ixl,am iy ksuejqï
weia;fïka;=" wdodhu iy úhou" mdßfNdackh" wdfhdackh" b;sß
lsÍï" rdcH whjeh

^iv& id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s;h ( cd;sl wdodhfï iajNdjh" wdodhï

iu;=,s;h iy wdodhï .=Klh" IS-LM rduqj iy wdodhu iy
úhou flfrys uQ,H iy rdcH uQ,H m%;sm;a;sj, n,mEu

^v& cd;Hka;r wd¾Ól úoHdj

cd;Hka;r fjf<`odï uQ,sl kHdhhka ^jdKscjdoh" ksrfmaCI jdis"
idfmaCI jdis iy Heckscher Ohlin Theory iy kj o¾Ykhka&"
f.jqï fYaIh úYaf,aIKh ^cx.u .sKqu" m%d.aOk yd uQ,H .sKqu iy
ys`.h uQ,HlrKh lsÍu& úksuh wkqmd; l%ufõo" cd;Hka;r ixÑ;"
cd;Hka;r m%d.aOk m%jdyhka" cx.u iy m%d.aOk .sKqï .kqfokq
iïnkaOj úksuh md,k ksoyia lr,Su

^vi& wd¾Ól j¾Okh iy ixj¾Okh( frdiafgda iy yer,aâ vqud¾" wd§

kHdh$ixl,am jHdmdr pl%" j¾Ok m%;sm;a;Ska iy l%fudamdhhka
^wmkhk m%j¾Okh" wdkhk wdfoaYkh" úfoaY wdfhdackhka"
jHdmdßl flakaø" wlafjr< uQ,H uOHia:dk&" f,dal nexl=fõ yd
wdishdkq ixj¾Ok nexl=fõ ld¾hNdrhka wd§ kHdhhka iy
ixl,amhka

^vii& m%Odk id¾j wd¾Ól o¾Ylhka WoaOukh" wd¾Ól j¾Ok wkqmd;h"

tal mqoa., wdodhu" b;sß lsÍï iy wdfhdack wkqmd;" whjeh ysÕh"
rdcH Kh wkqmd;h" Y%u n,ldh iy /lshd úhqla;sh" wdodhï
jHdma;sfha úIu;d" f.jqï fYaIfha cx.u .sKqï fYaIh" fjf<`o
22
 wkqmd;h" fmd,S wkqmd; ^mokï wkqmd;&" úksuh wkqmd;" uqo,a
iemhqfï j¾Okh iy tajdfha wka;¾ iïnkaO;djka

^viii& ksoyi ,eîfï isg Y%S ,xldfõ wd¾Ólh ms<sn| úYaf,aIKh" m%Odk
m%jk;d" m%;sm;a;suh fjkia ùï iy uOH ld,Sk o¾Ykhka iy
wNsfhda.hka

6' nexl= fkdjk uQ,H jHdmdr lghq;= ^ffjl,amsl&

І' úIh ye|skaùu iy wruqKq

nexl= fkdjk uQ,H jHdmdr lghq;= fyj;a Pdhdia: nexl= lghq;=j, fhfok
wdh;khka úfYaIs; uQ,H fiajdjka o we;=¿j" .kqfokqlrejkaf.a ish uQ,H
l<ukdlrKh fjkqfjka úúO wruqKq we;sj iy úúO uÜgïj, wjodkï
orñka uQ,H fiajdjka iïmdokh lrkq ,nhs' tajdg wod< uQ,Huh kS;s iy
mßphka wkqj fuu wdh;k j¾. ráka rgg úúO fõ' nexl= fuka fkdj"
úúO udÈ,sfha jHdmdr wdlD;Skag wkqj fuu uQ,H wdh;k úYd, ixLHdjla
l%shd;aul fõ' fuu wdh;k úiska .kqfokqlrejkag b;=reï" uQ,HlrKhka"
wdfhdackhka" f.ùï moaO;s" wdfhdack fiajdjka" fjf<`ofmd, fiajd iy
wjodkï wdjrKhka hkdoS fiajdjka iïmdokh lrkq ,nhs' tu ksid fuu
úIhh nexl= iy uQ,H jD;a;slhkag nexl= wkqmQrl fyda ;r`.ldÍ jk m%Odk
uQ,H jHdmdr fCIa;%hka ms<sn`o oekqu iïmdokh i`oyd ie,iqï fldg we;'
flfia jqj;a" wdfhdack nexl= lghq;=" tkï m%Odk nexl= fkdjk uQ,H
lghq;= iy ixj¾Ok uQ,H" tkï È.= ld,Sk Kh §fï jHdmD;s" fuu
mdGud,dfõ jHjydßl nexl= iy uQ,H ämaf,daud mdGud,dj ^DABF& hgf;a
fjku úIhhka jYfhka we;=<;a lr we;af;a tajdfha we;s úfYaIs; jHdmdßl
jeo.;alï fya;=fjks'

23
ІІ ' ks¾foaY;
s úIh wka;¾.;h

^i& uQ,H jHdmdr ( uqo,a iud.ï iy tajdfha jHdmdßl ksmehqï ^ld,Sk

iy b;=reï ;ekam;=" foam< fjf<`odu" l=,S iskaklalr" Wlia"
ld,Sk Kh& kshduk iy wëlaIK l%shdud¾.hka ^n,m;% ,nd §u"
m%d.aOk wruqo," wjodkï u; nr ;enQ m%d.aOk m%udKd;aul;d
wkqmd;h" wju uQ,sl m%d.aOkh" jHqyd;aul fjkialï iy wvudk
Kh fjka lsÍu" flaj, Kh iSud" Kh §u" wdfhdack" øjYS,
j;alï" ;ekam;=" wOHCIljreka iy Tjqkaf.a {d;Ska iu`. jHdmdr
.kqfokq" fmd<S wkqmd;" wdh;ksl hymd,kh" wOHCIjreka iy
ks,OdÍkaf.a fhda.H;dj ms<sn`o ;lafiare fjf<`o oekaùï" ;ekam;=
rCIKh&

^ii& l,anÿ uQ,HlrK jHdmdr ( l,anÿ uQ,H iud.ï l,anÿlrKfha

fufyhï lghq;= " fmdfrdkaÿ fkdaÜgq u`.ska Kh .ekSu" kshduk
iy wëCIK l%shdud¾.

^iii& f.ùï fiajd jHdmdr ( ldâm;a f.ùï" cx.u ÿrl;k f.ùï"

fm%aIK ksfhdað;hka" uqo,a udre lrkakka " úêu;alrK iy
wëCIK l%shdud¾.

^iv& iuQmldr ( ;ekam;= Ndr .ekSu" idudðlhskag Kh §u" iuqmldr

kS;sfha m%Odk m%;smdok iy wëCIK rduqj

^v& Wlia jHdmdr ( Wlia mßphka" ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍfï wjYH;d" rka

fjf<`ofmd< m%jk;d

^vi& iq/l=ïm;a fjf<`o fiajd jHdmdr ( yqjudre" uqo,a ;e/õlrejka"

fldgia ;e/õlrejka" wdfhdack l<ukdlrejka" wdka;sl
iïmdolhka" l%udfrdams;lrK iud.ï" m%drCIlhka" rdcH

24
 iq/l=ïm;aj, m%d:ñl wf,úlrejka" iq/l=ïm;a ;ekam;alrejka"
kshduk iy wëCIK l%shdoduhka ^n,m;% ,nd .ekSu" wju Y=oaO
m%d.aOkh iy úksuh i`oyd øjYS, m%d.aOk wjYH;d" fldgia
;/õlrejka" tall Ndr l<ukdlrK iud.ï" fjf<`ofmd<
w;rueÈlrejka iy Kh fY%aKs.; lsÍfï ksfhdað;hka" wNHka;r
fjf<`odï ydks mQrK wruqo,a" uqo,a ;e/õlrKhg wod<
kshdukhkaa&
^vii& rCIK jHdmdr ( fmdÿ" Ôú; iy taldnoaO ksuejqï" kshduk iy
wëCIK l%shd ms<sfj<" ^n,m;% ,nd §u" jHjia:dms; kqnqkaj;a
wdka;slhka" wju kshduk m%d.aOkh" idudkH rCIK jHdmdr i`oyd
;dlaIKsl ixÑ;" È.=ld,Sk rCIK wruqo,a" rcfha iqrl=ïm;aj,
wdfhdack&
^viii& jHjidhl;aj m%d.aOk iud.ï ( kj jHjidhl;ajhka i`oyd
wdrïNl$ îc m%d.aOk iïmdokh" jHdmdr l<ukdlrKh wjodkï
Ndr .ekSu iy ,dN ,nk wjÈfha § ,ehsia;= .; lr wdfhdackh
wh lr .ekSu" jHjidhl;aj m%d.aOk wdh;k j, id¾:l rgj,aj,
l;dka;r iy wd¾Ól jeo.;alu

7' uQ,H .kqfokqlrejka l<ukdlrKh ^ffjl,aml

s &

І' úIh ye|skaùu iy wruqKq

nexl= iy uQ,H jHdmdrj, meje;aug .kqfokqlrejkaf.a úYajdih iy ryiH

Ndjh ;SrKd;aul idOlhla fõ' .kqfokqlrejkaf.a úYajdih ì`o jeàu hï
wdh;khl lvd jeàug fukau tu wdh;kh yd iïnkaO wdh;k iuQyfha
u ì`o jeàug fya;= jk nj" nexl= iy uQ,H w¾nqoj, § olakg ,enqKs'
wfkla w;g" úúO wjodkï j,g .e<fmk whqßka úúO .kqfokqlrejkag
úfYaIs; jQ ksmehqï bÈßm;a lrñka jHdmdr m%j¾Ok lghq;= o lsÍu wjYH
fõ' tu ksid .kqfokqlrejkaf.a wjYH;d iemsÍfï § wf,úlrK" udkj
iïm;a-fiajl l<ukdlrK fukau .kqfokqlrejka wdrCId lr .ekSug
wod< jk iodpdrd;aul m%ñ;Ska iy mßphkao wjYH fõ' ,dNh m%uqL

25
lrf.k isÿflfrk ksIamdÈ; wf,úfha § /jàug ,la lr .kqfokqlrejka
yeisrùu wdh;kfha lS¾;shg ydks úhyels w;r kS;suh .eg¿
fndfyduhlgo u`. mdohs¡ fï iïnkaOfhka fndfyda .kqfokqlrejka
ie,ls,su;a fõ' tu ksid uQ,H wdh;khkays È.=ld,Sk ;sridr meje;au msKsi
.kqfokqlrejka flfrys jk fiajlhskaf.a hy meje;au m%j¾Okh l< hq;=h'
.kqfokqlrejka l<ukdlrKh i`oyd m%dfhda.slj fh§u" lemùu iy úúO
wjodkï iys; .kqfokqlrejkaf.a fiajd lghq;= flfrys m<mqreoao wjYH
jk w;r th iïmQ¾Kfhkau fm< fmd;a u`.ska bf.kSu wmyiq fõ' flfia
fj;;a" fm< fmd;a mokï lr.;a W.ekaùï ;=<ska uQ,O¾u" mßphka " .eg¨
wOHhkhka iy jD;a;slhkaf.a woyia wdÈh ,nd Èh yelsh' tu ksid" fuu
úIh ks¾udKh lr we;af;a uQ,H .kqfokqlrejka l<ukdlrKh lsÍu iy
Tjqkaf.a by< ld¾hidOkh;A" wdh;kfha fjf<`om, Nd.h m%j¾Okh lsÍu
i`oyd nexl= yd uQ,H fiajdodhlhkaf.a jD;a;slhskag wjYH oekqu ,nd
§ugh¡

ІІ ' ks¾foaY;
s úIh wka;¾.;h

^i& uQ,H .kqfokqlrejkaf.a j¾. ( ;ekam;alrejka" Khlrejka"

wdfhdaclhka" f.ùï fiajd .kqfokqlrejka" Tjqkaf.a wjodkï
reÑh ^wjodkug wleu;s" wjodkug leu;s& iy Tjqkaf.a nexl= iy
uQ,Hdh;k flfrys we;s j.lSï

^ii& .kqfokqlrejkaf.a úYajdih l<ukdlrKh ( .kqfokq w;r ryiH

nj$úYajdih uQ,H jHdmdrhkag iy uQ,H moaO;sfha ia:djr;ajhg
we;s jeo.;alu" ;r`.ldÍ fjf<`om,j, f;dard .ekSu iy
iajdêm;Hh" .kqfokqldr in`o;d f.dvke.Su iy mj;ajdf.k hdu"
úfYaIs; jQ uQ,H fiajd ^ljqkagrh yryd imhkq ,nk uQ,H fiajd&
újD;$fmdÿ uQ,H fiajd" kjH$ixlS¾K uQ,H fiajd" wjodkï iy
úia;r" ksmehqïj, úksúo nj iy ksmehqï wjodkï" .súiqï w;aika
lsÍu iy ,sms f,aLk mj;ajdf.k hdu

26
^iii& uQ,H ksmehqï wf,úlrKh ( wf,úlrK uQ,O¾u" wf,úlrK
ú.%yh" ^ksmehqï" m%j¾Ok" ñ," .kqfokqlrejka" fN!;sl fmkqu"
l%shdj,s" ia:dk wdÈh& wf,úlrK ie,eiaul uQ,sl lreKq ^wruqKq"
b,lal" mßir úYaf,aIK iy jákdlï odu úYaf,aIKh"
wf,úlrK Wmdhud¾." ie,iqï l%shd;aul lsÍu& wf,úlrK ud¾.
^;uka úiska" ndysr wdh;kj,ska iyh ,nd.ekSu" m%pdrKh" ñ,
úfYaIKh" jákdlï tl;= lsrSfï fiajd u`.ska .kqfokqlrejka ,nd
.ekSu" m%o¾Yk" ksfhdað;hka" fnodyßkakka" wka;¾cd,$úoHq;a
;eme,a" iudc cd, mokï lr .;a l%ufõo wdÈh'''& fjf<`o fmd<
ióCIK ^.kqfokqlrejkaf.a ;Dma;su;aNdjh ms<sn`oj" kj ksmehqï
iy fjf<`ofmd< Nd.h ms<sn`oj&" ióCIK l%ufõo iy ióCIK
jd¾;d¡

^iv& .kqfokqldr fiajdjka ld¾hCIu f,i iïmdokh lsrSu iy

úYajdih cks; lrñka nexl= iy fjk;a uQ,Hdh;kj, ia:djr;ajh
msKsi udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKh fhdod .ekSu ( wdh;kj,
.kqfokqldr m%uqL;ajh fyda fiajl m%uqL;ajh" .kqfokqlrejka
ioyd iy wdh;ksl l<ukdlrKh jHdmdr wxY wkqj udkj
iïm;a weia;fïka;= lsÍu" iodpdrd;aul uQ,H ksmehqï fnod yeÍu
i`oyd /lshd úia;r iy ld¾hh fnod §u" /lshd i`oyd f;dard
.ekSu iy n`ojd .ekSfï l%shdj,s" fiajl .súi.ekSï" wdfhdackh
^mqyqKq iy udkj iïm;a ixj¾Okh$oCI;d mr;rhka úYaf,aIKh
iy /lshd ie,iqï iydhhka&" fiajl §ukd l%u" ^jegqma ks¾Khka
iy Èß.ekaùï l%u& wkqm%dma;sl ie,iqïlrKh" ld¾h idOk
we.hSï l%u" M,odhS;d ixl,am" ñkqï iy ÿla .ekú,s iïnkaOj
lghq;= lsÍu iy WmfoaYk ld¾h mámdá" lKavdhï jev lghq;=
iy mqoa., j.lSï" /lshd wjxlNdjh iy wNHka;r md,k l%ufõo
iu`. wod<;ajh" úkh l%shdmámdá" úY%du iy úY%du m%;s,dN"
lïlre in`o;d iy ld¾ñl iduh msKsi jD;a;Sh iñ;s" uQ,H fiajd
l¾udka;hg wod<j tajd ys msßjeh iy m%;s,dN" uQ,sl lïlre

27
 wdrCIK kS;s" tajdfha hym;a cd;Hka;r mßphka" /lshd iqrCIs;
nj iy M,odhs;ajh" fiajdjka ndysr wdh;k u`.ska iïmdokh lsÍu

^v& .kqfokqlrejka iqrCIs; lr,Sfï kS;s iy mßphka ( úYajikSh

j.lSï" uQ,H ksmehqï j, wjodkï ms<sn`o wjfndaOh" ksmehqï jerÈ
f,i wf,ú lsÍu je<elaùu" .kqfokqlrejkaf.a f;dr;=rej,
ryiHNdjh" idOdrK fjf<`ofmd, mßphka" l;smhdêldÍ
fjf<`ofmd, jHqyhg tfrysj ;r`.ldß;ajh fyda taldnoaOùï"
mdrsfNda.sl iqrCIs;Ndjh ms<sn`o Í;s iy fhdackd l%u ^nexl= i`oyd
.kqfokqldr m%{ma;s" rdPH iqrl=ïm;a yiqrejk m%d:ñl fj<|qka"
;ekam;= rCIK" ydksmQrK wruqo,a" mdßfNda.sl wdrCIl mkf;a
uQ,sl m%;smdokhka" uQ,H$rCIK$Tïnqâiauka fhdackd l%uh" kS;suh
l%shdmámdá&

8' jHdmdr .Ks;h iy ixLHdkh ^ffjl,amsl&

І' úIh ye|skaùu iy wruqKq

.Ks;h iy ixLHdkh Ndú; lrñka lrkq ,nk ixLHd;aul .Kkh lsÍï

nexl= iy uQ,H .kqfokq i`oyd úYd, f,i Ndú; fõ' úfYAIfhkau .Ks;h
iy ixLHdkh" ksmehqï ñ, lsÍu iy wruqo,a fjf<`odu i`oyd Ndú; flf¾'
nexl=j, m%d.aOkh iïnkaOj kj .sKqïlrK m%ñ;Ska wkqj kshdukhkag
wkqj ;SrK .ekSfï§;a" jHdmdßl l%fudamdhhka ;SrKh lsÍfï § iy
wjodkï we.hSfï§;a wjodkï wdlD;s úYaf,aIKhka fnfyúka wjYH fõ'
;j o" nexl= iy uQ,Hdh;k úiska uQ,H fjf<`ofmd< iy wdfhdackhka
ms<sn`o ixLHd;aul l%ufõohka wvx.= m¾fhaIK ld¾hka ys jeä lemùulska
hq;=j ksr; úh hq;=h' flfia jqj;a" jHdmdr .Ks;h iy ixLHdkh w;sYhska
;dCIKsl iy ixlS¾K úIh lafIa;%hla neúka uQ,H lghq;= ms<sn`o ukd
mßphla we;s .Ks;{hkag muKla m%.=K l< yels fCIa;%hlao fõ' fuys
m%;sM,hla f,i" by< jegqma ysñ nexl= iy uQ,H wxY jD;a;Ska .Ks;
úfYaI{hska úiska ysñ lrf.k we;s w;r —uQ,H bxðfkare úoHdj˜ kue;s
úIhhla o ìys ù we;' tu ksid" uQ,H .kqfokqj, § .Ks;h iy ixLHdkh
28
ms<sn`o uQ,sl uQ,O¾u ms<sn`o j oekqula ,nd §fï iy nexl= iy uQ,H
jD;a;slhka g .Ks;h iy ixLHdkh ish jHdmdßl lghq;=j, § Ndú; lsÍu
iïnkaO idudkH yqrejla ,nd§fï wruqKq fmroersj fuu úIh ie,iqïfldg
we;'

ІІ ' ks¾foaY;
s úIh wka;¾.;h

^i& o;a; /ia lsÍfï l%ufõohka y`ÿkajd§u ( o;a; iy f;dr;=re" o;a;

j¾." o;a; uQ,dY%" ix.yKh iy ksheÈ" ksheÈ l%u

^ii& o;a; ksrEmkh" ixLHd; j.=" rEm igyka

^iii& ixLHd;aul iy úia;rd;aul ñkqï l%u" flakaøsl m%jK;djka iy

wm.ukhka

^iv& uQ,sl iïNdú;dj ( iïNdú;dj ye`Èkaùu" m%u; jHdma;sh

^v& idudkH jHdma;sh Ndú; lrk úYajikSh úrdu weia;fïka;=

^vi& l,ams; mÍCIKhka ys uQ,sl lreKq( l,ams; mÍCIK ye`Èkaùu"

is.aud okakd úg l,ams; mÍCIdj

^vii& f¾Çh iólrK úYaf,aIKh iy mqfrdal:k lsÍu( ir, f¾Çh

iólrK wdlD;Ska" nyqúO$ j¾. iólrK wdlD;s" ld, fYa%aKs
úYaf,aIKh iy iïnkaê; ú.%y lsÍï iy ñKqï

^viii& wdlD;slrKh ye`Èkaùu

^ix& o¾Yl wxl f.dvke.Su ( m%udKd;aul o¾Yl wxl" ñ, o¾Yl wxl"

o¾Yl wxl Ndú;h iy ta yd iïnkaê; .eg¿

^x& f;dard .;a uQ,H Ndú;hka ( ne`ÿïlr ñ,lrKh" M,odhs;d jl%hla

ks¾udKh lsÍu$weia;fïka;= lsÍu" j¾;udk jákdlu .Kkh
lsÍu" wdfhdack l<fò wfmaCIs; M,od wkqmd;h" ndi,a 111 Kh
wjodkï wdlD;sh" úl,am ñ,lrKh

29
^xi& úYaf,aIKd;aul jd¾;d ms<sfh< lsÍu( nexl= iy uQ,H fiajdjkag
wod< ud;Dld hgf;a ixLHdk l%ufõohka Ndú; lrñka .eg¿
wOHhkhka lsysmhla isÿ lsÍu

30
jHjydßl nexl= iy uQ,H
ämaf,daud mdGud,dj

31
jHjydßl nexl= iy uQ,H wka;¾ mdGud,dfjka ,nd fok ,o uQ,sl úIh
oekqu jvd;a iúia;rd;aulj m%.=K lsÍu Wfoid nexl= iy uQ,H wxYfha
úfYaIs; oekqu ,nd §u fuu mdGud,dfjka wfmaCId flf¾' fuu
mdGud,dfjka ,nd .kakd oekqu isiqkg iy jD;a;slhka yg ish Wmdê iy
mYapd;a Wmdê mdGud,d lrd hEug fukau" ish jD;a;Sh lghq;=j, § Wiiaùï
,nd .ekSu i|yd" wjYH jk fCIa;%hkaf.a ld¾hidOkh by, kxjd .ekSug
o WmldÍ jkq we;' tu úfYaIs; fCIa;%hka jkqfha uqo,a iy uQ,H m%;sm;a;sh"
cd;Hka;r fjf<`odu iy uQ,H" uQ,H wdh;k l<ukdlrKh" Kh
l<ukdlrKh" uQ,H l<ukdlrKh" uQ,H fjf<`ofmd< lghq;=" wdfhdack
nexl= lghq;=" uy nexl= lghq;= iy ixj¾Ok uQ,H fõ' nexl= iy uQ,H
wxYfha ´kEu /lshd lafIa;%hlg myiqfjka m%úIaG ùu i|yd o tajdg wkq.;
ùu i|yd o" kj ämaf,daud mdGud,dj ^DABF& iïmQ¾K lsÍu iqÿiqlula fõ'
fuu mdGud,dj wksjd¾h úIhka 4 lska iy ffjl,amsl úIhhka 5 lska
iukaú; jk w;r tu úIhhka 5 ka 3 la iu;a úh hq;=h' mdGud,dfõ tla
tla úIhkays ye|skaùu" wruqKq iy úIh wka;¾.;h my; oelafõ'

1' uqo,a yd uQ,H m%;sm;a;s wd¾Ól úoHdj

І' úIh ye|skaùu iy wruqKq

uQ,H m%;sm;a;sh hkq fmdÿfõ uy nexl=fõ uQ,H wêldÍka úiska wd¾Ólhg

n,mEï lrkq msKsi iuia; b,a¨ug$úhoug n,mEï we;slsrSu i`oyd .kq
,nk m%;sm;a;suh l%shdud¾. fõ' fuu m%;sm;a;s" wkql+, fjkialï" fmd,S
wkqmd;" Kh" úksuh wkqmd;" iq/l=ï ñ, iy uqo,a fjf<`ofmd, øjYS,;dj
wd§ uqo,a yd iïnkaO idOl lsysmhla u; r|d mj;S' id¾j wd¾Ól iy uQ,H
ia:dhS;d wruqKq wd§ jYfhka uQ,H m%;sm;a;sfha úúO me;slv oelsh yelsh'
uQ,H m%;sm;a;s uÕska fmd,S wkqmd;" fjf<`ofmd< øjYs,;dj iy fjk;a
úpCIKYS,S kshduk wjYH;d yryd nexl= iy uQ,H fjf<`ofmd< fj;
n,mEï flfrk w;ru tajdg u.fmkaùï o lrkq ,nhs' óg fya;=j " uqo,a
jeä fldgila ueùu iy ixirKh isÿjkafka nexl= iy uQ,H fjf<`ofmd<

32
jHdmdr lghq;= ;=<ska ùuh' uqo,a hkq nexl= iy uqo,a jHdmdrj, uQ,sl
fhojqï fõ' tu ksid uQ,H m%;sm;a;sh nexl= iy uqo,a jHdmdrj,g iDcqju
n,mEï isÿ lrhs' tys m%;sM,hla f,i" nexl= iy uQ,H fjf<`ofmd< l,ska
l, ish jHdmdßl fufyhqï lghq;= ie,iqï lsÍfï § uQ,H m%;sm;a;s
ls%hdoduhka fj; ksr;=reju ixfõ§ ùug isÿ fõ' tu ksid wd¾Ólh ;=<
uQ,H m%;sm;a;s l%shd;aul lsÍug wjYH kHdhd;aul oekqu iy mßphka ÈhqKq
lr .ekSu ;=<ska nexl= iy uQ,H jD;a;slhka yg ish fiajdodhl wdh;k
fj; úYd, odhl;ajhla iemhsh yels jk f,i fuu úIh ie,iqï fldg
we;'

ІІ ' ks¾foaY;
s úIh wka;¾.;h

^i& uqof,a úldYkh ( NdKav yqjudre ^ndg¾& l%uh" øjH uqo,a" rka
ñkqï" nexl= fkdaÜgq" w{d uqo,a" úoHq;a uqo,a " w;:H uqo,a

^ii& uqof,a ld¾hhka iy nexl= yd wfkl=;a uQ,Hdh;kj, uqo,a yd

iïnkaO jHdmdßl lghq;= ( yqjudre udOHhla f,i" .sKqï tallhla
f,i" jákdlfï øjYS,;d ikaksêhla f,i yd l,a miq jQ f.ùï
udOHhla f,i uqof,a ld¾hhka iy fuu lghq;= myiq lsÍu i|yd
uQ,H fiajd iemhSu

^iii& uqof,a wd¾Ól l%shd l,dmh ( iïm;a yqjudrej ^b;sßlrkakdf.ka

wdfhdaclhdg& uQ,HlrKh iy W;af;da,kh" ñ, hka;%Kh"
fjf<`ofmd< iy wd¾Ól ld¾hCIu;dj

^iv& uqo,a iemhqu .Kkh lsÍu ( M1 " M2" M2b iy M4 iy ta yd

iïnkaO lreKq

33
^v& uqo,a i`oyd we;s b,a¨u ( .kqfokq" wdrCIK iy iufmaCIK
fÉ;kdj" b,a¨u i|yd n,mdk idOl" ;=,s;;dj i`oyd jk b,a¨u"
øjYS,;d jrKh iy øjYS,;d m%fhda. ^W.=,&

^vi& uqo,a ueùu ( mokï uqo,a" ;ekam;= iy Kh" uqo,a$Kh .=Klh

ms<sn| úYaf,aIKh" uQ,H ióCIKh" uqo,a iemhqu ;SrKh jk
idOl

^vii& fmd<S wkqmd; ;SrKh lsÍu ( fmd<S wkqmd;fha l%shd l,dmh" Kh

wruqo,a kHdh" øjYS,;d jrK kHdh" fmd<S wkqmd; wjodkï iy
ld, jHqyh" fjf<`ofmd< fmd<S wkqmd; u; m%;sm;a;suh wkqmd;
j, n,mEu" fjf<`o fmd, fmd<S wkqmd; iy mdol wkqmd;

^viii& uqo,a m%udKjdoS kHdh iy wd¾Ólh u; uqof,a n,mEu

^ix& uQ,H m%;sm;a;s iy l%shd;aul lsÍu ( wruqKq ^flaj," oaú;aj iy

nyqúO&" ñ,$wd¾Ól ia:dhs;dj iy id¾j-úpCIKYS,S úYaf,aIKh"
uQ,H WmlrK" iïfm%aIK hka;%Kh" fjf<`ofmd, øjYS,;d
l<ukdlrKh" b,lal ^uqo,a" WoaOukh" kdñl o< foaYSh
ksIamdÈ;h wdÈh& bÈß u`. fmkaùu fj; msúiSu" iïm%odhsl iy
idïm%odhsl fkdjk m%;sm;a;s" ikaksfõok Wmdhud¾. iy WoaOuk
wfmalaId" uqo,a m%;sm;a;s iy rdcH uQ,H m%;sm;a;s w;r
iïnkaëlrKh

^x& uqo,a m%;sm;a;sfha n,mEu ( kdñl iy uQ¾; n,mEï" j;alï ñ,

nqnq¿ iy nexl=" iy uQ,H lafIa;%h flfrys tyss n,mEu'

^xi& Y%S ,xldfõ uqo,a m%;sm;a;sfha uE; ld,Sk m%jK;d ( uqo,a kS;s
mkf;a wod< úêúOdk" miq.sh oYl fol ;=< uqo,a m%;sm;a;sfha
plS%h yeisÍu" WmlrK iy wruqKq
34
^xii& tlai;a rdcOdksh" wefußld tlai;a ckmoh" hqfrdamd fldñiu iy
cmdkh hk rgj, uE; ld,Sk f.da,Sh uqo,a m%;sm;a;s m%jK;d (
miq.sh oYl fol ;=< uQ,H m%;sm;a;sfha plS%h yeisÍu" fmd<S
wkqmd; ilia lsÍfï hka;%Kh" rch uÕska neÿïlr ñ,§ .ekSu
;=<ska uqo,a iemhqu jeä lsSÍfï ^m%udKd;aul ,sys,a lsÍï& m%;sm;a;s
iy idïm%odhsl fkdjk uQ,H m%;sm;a;s yd Bg n,mdk idOl" uQ,H
m%;sm;a;sh u; j¾;udk fjf<`ofmd< wfmalaId

2' uQ,H l<ukdlrKh

І' úIh ye`Èkaùu iy wruqKq

wdh;khla úiska ish wruqo,a iy uqo,a m%jdyhka ,dNodhS" wdrCIdldÍ iy

b;d hym;a wdldrhg l<ukdlrKh lrkqfha ljr wkaoulg o hkak uQ,sl
jYfhka uQ,H l<ukdlrKh f,i ye`Èkafõ' fok ,o b,lal iy
bmhqï$m%;s,dNj,g wkqj iuia; wjodkï l<ukdlrKh thg wh;a h'
idudkHfhka taldnoaO wruqo,a l<ukdlrKh fyj;a NdKavd.dr wruqo,a
l<ukdlrKh fuu úIh hg;g we;=<;a fõ' j;auka uQ,H f,dalh ;=< uQ,H
ks¾udKlrKhg uQ,H l<ukdlrK fCIa;%h iïnkaO jeo.;a ;ekla ysñj
;sfí' wruqo,a /ia lsÍfï WmlrK" m%d.aOk iy øjYS, l<ukdlrKh"
wdfhdack" uQ,H ie,iqïlrKh iy mqfrdal:kh iy uQ,H jxpksl l%shd
j<lajd .ekSu i`oyd wf,ú lghq;= md,kh lsÍu fuu úIhfha m%Odk
fCIa;%hka fõ' nexl= iy uQ,H wdh;khka ys wid¾:lùï iy úúO
wdh;khkays jxpksl l%shd ms<sn| jd¾;djkag wkqj uQ,HlrKhka
úpCIKYS,S f,i l<ukdlrKh fkdl<fyd;a ´kEu jHdmdrhla tla
/hlska lvd jeàug bvlv we;' nexl= iy uQ,H wdh;khka ys jD;a;slhkag
ish wdh;khka l<ukdlrKh lsÍfï § fukau Tjqkaf.a wdh;khkag iy
jeo.;a .kqfokqlrejkag uQ,H l<ukdlrK fiajd iïmdokfha § fuu úIh
ms<sn`o oekqu wjYH fõ' uQ,H l<ukdlrK úIhg mq¿,a jYfhka
kHdhd;aul" ùc .Ks;uh" ixLHd;aul iy úYaf,aIKd;aul ud;Dld
wka;¾.; fõ'

35
flfia jqj;a" nexl= iy uQ,H wxYfha jD;a;slhkag uQ,H l<ukdlrKh
ms<sn`o uQ,sl oekqu ,nd §u msKsi iy úIh ms<sn`o ;j ÿrg;a m%dfhda.sl
oekqu iy úfYaI{;dj ,nd .; yelsjkq msKsi úIh ie,iqï fldg we;'

ІІ ' ks¾foaY;
s úIh wka;¾.;h

^i& wruqo,a jeä lr .ekSfï WmlrKhka iy msßjeh ( fldgia"

fjkiaùï iy n,m;%" Kh WmlrK" iq/l=ïlrKh$j;alï j,ska
wdjrKh jk iq/l=ïm;%" f;da,k .ekqï iy tajdfha l%shdmámdá
iy msßjeh

^ii& j;alï - j.lSï l<ukdlrKh ( øjYS,;d wjodku" mßK;s mr;r

úYaf,aIKh" uqo,a m%jdy l<ukdlrKh" øjYS, j;alï iy øjYS,;d
wkqmd;" øjYS,;d jeälr .ekSu ^j;alï l<ukdlrKh iy j.lSï
l<ukdlrKh& j;alï - j.lSï lñgq ^ALCO& hka;%Kh" ldrl
m%d.aOk l<ukdlrKh ^working capital management&" m%d.aOk
weia;fïka;= ^capital budgeting &
^iii& NdKavd.dr iy wdfhdack l<U l<ukdlrKh ( wruqo,a j¾. ^bÈß
/l=ï wruqo,a" úY%du wruqo,a" w¾:idOl wruqo,a" w;sßla; wruqo,a
wdÈh& wdfhdack l<U$ j;alï ñY%j f;dard .ekSfï l%fudamdhhka"
f.da,Sh iy foaYSh fjf<`ofmd< wdfhdack ksmehqï" j;alï
.sKqïlrKh ^,dNd,dNhka ys idOdrK jákdlï" mßK; jk f;la
r`ojd .ekSu" wf,úh i`oyd ùu wdÈh iy ydkslrK m%ñ;Ska&"
wjodku ñkqïlrKh iy l<ukdlrKh ^wjodkï w.h" mßk;ùï
mr;r" fmd<S wkqmd; mr;r" úl¾K mj;akd ld,h" wd;;s
úYaf,aIKh" jHq;amkakhkaf.a Ndú;hka" újD; ;;a;aj iSud&"
wruqo,a l<uKdlrKh iy fufyhqï jHQyh" ^bÈß fm<" uOH iy
miq fm< f,i ld¾hd, ld¾h fjka lr .ekSu& wdfhdack l<U u;
bmhqï ^m%d.aOk bmhqï" ,dNdxY$fmd<S" fjf<|fmd<g ,l=Kq
lsÍu$idOdrK jákdlï m%;s,dN wdÈh" bmhqï ñkqï m%ñ;slrKh&

36
^iv& uQ,H úYaf,aIKh" ie,iqïlrKh iy mqfrdal:kh ( wjodkï$bmhqï
yqjudre lr .ekSu" whjehlrK Ys,am l%uhka ^jHdmdr ud¾. mokï
lrf.k" ls%hd wkqj" jHdmdr$fufyhqï b,lal wdÈh wkqj& wkd.;
uQ,H m%jdy mqfrdal;kh" uqof,a ld, jákdlï $j;auka w.h iy
WÑ; uQ,H f;da,k uÜgu" uQ,H ld¾hidOk mqfrdal:khka ^w;S;
ld¾hidOkhkaf.a ixLHd;aul wdlD;Ska iy wfkl=;a wdlD;Ska fyda
úia;rd;aul úksYaphka mokï lr.;a mqfrdal:khka" wd;;s
fikdßfhda mÍlaIK" wdÈh&

3' cd;Hka;r fjf<`odu iy uQ,H

І' úIh ye`Èkaùu iy wruqKq

cd;Hka;r fjf<| jHdmdßl lghq;=j, fhfok ish .kqfokqlrejkag fiajd

iïmdokh lrk nexl=j,g th úfYaI nexl= fiajdjla fõ' cd;Hka;r
fjf<|du ´kEu újD; wd¾Ýlhl uQ,sl wd¾Ól lghq;a;ls' idïm%odhslj"
cd;Hka;r fjf<|dï lghq;= i|yd nexl= úiska wmkhk yd wdkhklrejka
w;r f.ùï iy mshjqï ksfhdað;fhl= f,i fjf<| mshjqï i`oyd wjYH
wruqo,a iy myiqlï iïmdokh lrkq ,nhs' wka;¾cd;sl fjf<|dfï § úúO
jHjydr uqo,aj,ska flfrk ,eîï iy f.ùï iïnkaO jk neúka nexl=
uÕska úfoaYSh úksuh fiajdjka o iemhSu wjYH fõ' ta wkqj" wka;¾cd;sl
fjf<| .kqfokqlrejkag nexl= úiska úúO uQ,H fiajdjka iïmdokh lrkq
,nhs' cd;Hka;r fjf<| lghq;= úêu;a l%shd mámdàkag;a" foaYSh yd f.da,Sh
wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;Skag;a hg;a fõ' tu ksid fjf<| uQ,HlrK fiajd iy
fjf<| lghq;= iïnkaO foAYSh yd f.da,Sh l%shd mámdàka iy moaO;Ska
ms<sn|j nexl= iy uQ,H wxYfha jD;a;slhkag fjf<| fiajd jD;a;Sh lghq;=
iy ld¾hidOkhkaj, ksr;ùfï § wjYH lrk mßmQ¾K ;dCIKsl oekqu
iïmdokh lrkq msKsi fuu úIh ie,iqïfldg we;'

37
ІІ ' ks¾foaY;
s úIh wka;¾.;h

^i& cd;Hka;r fj<odu yd uQ,HlrKh ms<sn|j uQ,sl wd¾Ól úoHdj (

f.jqï fYaIfha jHQyh iy f.jqï fYaIh uQ,HlrK úl,amhka ^uy
nexl= ixÑ;" úfoaYSh m%d.aOkh& úksuh wkqmd; hdka;%Kh" jHjydr
uqof,a mßj¾;H;dj iy úksuh md,khka ^m%d.aOk&" fjf<|
m%;sm;a;Ska" ^;Sre nÿ iys; iy rys; m%;sm;a;Ska" wmkhk m%j¾Okh
iy wdkhk wdfoaYkh& wd¾Ól j¾Okh i|yd cd;Hka;r
fjf<|dfï jeo.;alu" wdodhu" fiajd kshqla;sh iy
f.da,ShlrKfha hym;a m%;sM, i|yd m%fõY ùu

^ii& jdKsc f,aLk ( úksuh ì,am;a" fk!Ndr m;%h" kdu ud;%

bkafjdhsis" jdKsc bkafjdhsis" mÍlaIK iy;slh" m%Njia:dk
iy;slh" keõ l=,S rCIKh" m%;s,dNshd úiska ksl=;a l< iy;slh

^iii& fjf<| f.ùï l%ufõo iy moaO;s( f,aLk /ialsÍu ^Documentary

Collection& $^DP iy DA&" iy Khjr f,aLk (Documentary Credit)"
újD; .sKqï (Open Account)" ksfhdack .sKqï" w;a;sldrï f.ùï
(Advaned Payment)" SWIFT ksfhdað; nexl= iy
fkdiafg%da$fjdiafg%da .sKqï (Nostro & Vostro)

^iv& cd;Hka;r jdKsc uKav,h" ^ICC& fr.=,dis ^kj;u ixialrKh& (

Khjr ,sms i|yd tl yd iudk l%ufõo iy mßphka (UCP)" f,aLk
/ia lsÍï i|yd taldldÍ Í;s (URC)" foaYSh yd cd;Hka;r
fj<`odfï § Ndú; lrk fjf<| fldkafoais ^bkafldg¾ïia& f,aLk
Khjr hgf;a nexl= w;r m%;smQ¾Khka i|yd Í;s (URR)" b,a¨ï
wemlr i|yd taldldÍ Í;ska (URDG)

38
^v& f¾.= ld¾h mámdá ( NdKav j¾.SlrKh iy wkql+,;aj l%u" wjYH
,shú,s" wdkhk NdKav ksYaldYkh" nÿ $;Sre nÿ .Kkh iy
f.ùï" f¾.= .nvd nkAê; fjf<|dï" wka;rd, fj<odu (Entrepot
Trade) iy m%udoùï i|yd myiqlï

^vi& fjf<| uQ,HlrKh ( ì,am;a jÜgï lsÍu" ì,am;a ñ,hg .ekSu"

,eìh hq;= uqo,a i|yd uQ,HlrKh" mQ¾j keõ.; lsÍfï Kh"
^weyqreï Kh& mYapd;a keõ.; lsÍfï Kh" Tvmk (Pledge) Ndr
l=ú;dkais Kh" m%;s.%yKhka" .ekqïlrejkaf.a Kh" ldrl m%d.aOk
Kh" wmkhk Kh rCIKh" cd;Hka;r wemlr ^w;a;sldrï f.ùfï
wemldr" ,xiq ne÷ïlr" ld¾hidOk ne÷ïlr" uQ,H wemlr" Khjr
,sms" Wmia:" miqmi" mejßh yels" pl%Sh wdÈh" f*daf*aáka iy
wej,hsfiaIka (Forfaiting & Avalization)

^vii& úfoaYSh jHjydr uqo,a fiajd ( t;eka .eKqï iy úl=Kqï" bÈß

.eKqï iy úl=Kqï" bÈß úksuh wkqmd; ;SrKh ùu" /ia lsÍï iy
f.ùï nexl= fiajd" úfoaYSh jHjydr uqo,a .sKqï ^RFC ,NRFC, SIA,
FCCA fkdiafg%da wdÈh&

^viii& Y%S ,xldfõ wmkhk yd wdkhk lghq;= j,g iïnkaO kS;sÍ;s yd

nÿ$;Sre nÿ ( úksuh md,khka wkqj fmdÿfõ wkque;sh ,efnk
úksuh md,k f.ùï iy ,eîï" m%;swmkhkfha § flfrk ksoyia
lsÍï" wmkhk lghq;= i|yd" wmkhkhka iy wdkhkhka i|yd
nÿ wkqmd; fiia iy ;Sre .dia;= iy tajdfha wruqKq" wdkhkhka
i|yd w;a;sldrï f.ùï" bÈß .súiqï" wdkhk yd wmkhk ^md,k&
mkf;a m%;smdok iy úfYaI wdkhk n,m;% iy f.ùï Í;s

39
^ix& cd;Hka;r fjf<| úê úOdk iy m%ó;Ska ( cd;Hka;r ixúOdk iy
moaO;Ska" f,dal fjf<| ixúOdkfha ^.eÜ GATT& ixúOdkfha
m%Njh" úldYkh iy Wre.=fõ fjf<| idlÉPd jgfha mrud¾:"
m%md;kh iy iykdOdr ms<sn|j f,dal fjf<| ixúOdkfha (WTO)
.súiqï" wdkhk n,m;%" mQ¾j keõ .; lsÍï mÍCIK" fjf<|
ndOl" fjf<| wdrjq,a fíreï lsÍu" m%Njia:k Í;s" jrKSh$ksoyia
fjf<|du wdÈh" wka;¾ cd;sl uQ,H wruqo, ^m%Njh" fn%Ükajqâ
l%uh" úldYh" wruqKq" úfYaI yer .ekSfï whs;Ska ^SDR&" ia:dms;
.súiqï iy úia;SrK wruqo,a myiqlï& ksoyia fjf<| l,dm"
nyqmd¾Yùh iy oaù md¾Yùh fjf<| .súiqï" f¾.= iyfhda.s;d
wd¾Ól iyfhda.s;d" ^WodyrK - hqfrdamSh ix.uh& jrKSh
idOdrKSh l%uhka" hqfrdamSh ix.ufha fj<| jrKhka ms<sn|j jQ
fmdÿ l%uh G S P + iy tlai;a ckmo G S P

4' Kh l<ukdlrKh

І' úIh ye`Èkaùu iy wruqKq

Kh uqo,a m%odkh nexl= iy uQ,H w;rueoslrK wdh;kj, uQ,sl jHdmdßl

lghq;a;la jk w;r fl;rï ld¾hCIu f,i Kh lghq;= l<ukdlrKh
lrkafka o hkak u; tajdfha ld¾h idOkh iy jHdmdßl ;sridr;ajh
fndfyda ÿrg r`od mj;shs' Kh l<ukdlrKh iy Kh m%odkh i`oyd ;SrK
.ekSfï isg" Kh m%odkh iy wh lsÍu" Kh$Kh wjodkï l<ukdlrKh"
Kh md,kh" iy nexl=lre - Khlre w;r in`o;d f.dvkexùu f;la fuys
wka;¾.; fõ' tu ksid" nexl= iy uQ,Hdh;kj, Kh jHdmdßl lghq;=j,
;SrK .ekSfï iy fufyhqï uÜgïj, úYd, fiajl msßila fiajfha
kshqla;j isáhs' Kh l<udklrK l%ufõohka iy mßphka ;=<ska úYd,
f,i Kh jHdmdßl oekqula úldYkh ù we;' tu ksid" th ;dCIKsl iy
m%dfhda.sl hk fowxYfhau oekqfuka iukaú; úfYaIs; jD;a;suh úIhhla

40
fõ' ta wkqj" nexl= iy uQ,H wxYfha jD;a;slhska i`oyd Kh l<ukdlrKh
ms<sn`oj mßmQ¾K oekqula ,nd fokq msKsi fuu úIhh ie,iqïfldg we;'

ІІ ' ks¾foaY;
s úIh wka;¾.;h

^i& Kh ksmehqï ye`Èkaùu ( ks¾jpkhka iy nexl=$uQ,H wdh;khkays

jHdmdßl iy wd¾Ólh ;=, Kh m%odkfha N+ñldjka" Kh
ksmehqïj, fufyhqï lghq;= ^.kqfokqlrejkaf.a iajNdjh" ,CIK"
iq/l=ï" uQ,sl fldkafoais iy kshuhka wdÈh& wruqo,a mokï lr
.;a Kh myiqlï ^whsrd" Wlialrh" nkaOk" rka NdKav Wlia
.ekSu" l,anÿ" ldrl m%d.aOk Kh" ì,am;a jÜgï lsÍu" ì,am;a ñ,g
.ekSu" weiqreï Kh" Ndr l=ú;dkais Kh" Kh ldâm;a myiqlï"
m%;suQ,H Kh wdÈh& iy .dia;= mdol myiqlï ^Khjr ,sms" wemlr"
m%;s.%yK wdÈh&

^ii& Kh fhdackd we.hSï l%shdj,s ( Kh we.hSfï § i,ld ne,sh hq;=

uQ,sl lreKq" C 6 ^pß;h" yelshdj" m%d.aOkh" fldkafoais" iq/l=ï"
uqo,a m%jdyh& uqo,a W;amdok wdldrh" ^øjYS,;d wjodku"
iuÉfÊok ,CIH úYaf,aIKh&" wdh;ksl Kh we.hSu
^l<ukdlrK" jdKsc" uQ,H" wd¾Ól YlH;d wOHhk& Kh fYa%Ks.;
lsÍï" ^wNHka;r fY%aKs wdlD;s iy ndysr fY%aKs.; ;;ajhka& Kh
ñ,lrKh

^iii& Kh m%;sm;a;s iy md,khka ( Kh m%;sm;a;s f,aLkj, wdjrKhka

^Kh ksmehqï" b,lal.; fjf<`ofmd<" iq/l=ï" wkqu; lsÍï iSud -
Kh lñgq" úOdhlhka& Kh mßmd,kh" f,aLKh" l<ukdlrK
f;dr;=re iy jd¾;dlrKh (MIS)" Kh wjodkï wju lr .ekSu
iïnkaOj uy nexl=j mkjd we;s ksfhda." .sKqïlrK m%ñ;s
wjYH;d ^ydkslrKh& iy wjYH;djhka

41
^iv& Kh wjodkï fufyhùu $miq úmrï ( ld,Skj Khlref.a
f;dr;=re$ .sKqï m%ldYk fidhd ne,Su$úmrï lsÍu" mÍCIK
^wNHka;r$ndysr ksfhdacHdh;k&" Kh m%;sf,aLkh" whlsÍï
l%shdud¾." Kh jHq;amkakhka Ndú;h ^iq/l=ïlrKh" Kh meyer
yeÍï" yqjudre wdÈh&" ndi,a Kh wjodkï wdlD;Ska iy m%d.aOk
fjka lsÍï

5' uQ,H wdh;k l<ukdlrKh ^ffjl,amsl&

І' úIh ye`Èkaùu iy wruqKq

uQ,H wdh;kj, uqo,a iïnkaO úfYaIs; jHdmdßl lghq;= id¾j wd¾Ólhg

iy ck;djg mq¿,a n,mEula we;s lrkq ,nk fyhska uQ,Hdh;khkag
^m%Odk jYfhka uQ,H w;rueÈ wdh;khkag& wfkl=;a jHdmdßl
tallhkaaf.ka fjkia ksYaÑ; l<ukdlrK m%fõYhla wjYH fõ' uQ,Hdh;k
l<ukdlrKfha uQ,sldx.h jkqfha ish jHdmdßl .kqfokq imqrd .ekSfï
yelshdj msKsi .kqfokqldr úYajdih f.dvk.d.ekSu iy wdrCId lr
.ekSuhs' th uqo,auh .kqfokqjla jk úg tla md¾Yjhlg th j;alula jk
w;r wfkla md¾Yjhg th j.lSula jk fyhska" .kqfokqldr úYajdih
;yjqre ùu .kqfokqj, ;srir njg fya;= jkq we;' .kqfokqldr úYajdih
wdrCId lr .ekSug" fiajlhskaf.a wjxl Ndjh" m%;sm;a;Ska iy moaO;s
;SrKd;aul idOl fõ' fï iïnkaOj wdh;khkaf.a l<ukdlrK uQ,O¾u"
hym;a mßphka iy ffk;sl wjYH;d wkq.ukh lsÍu iy wkql+,;ajh
oelaùu l< hq;=h' l<ukdldß;ajhka ms<snoj fiajlhskaf.a iy
l<ukdlrejkaf.a oekqfï W!k;djhka ksid jxpd iy jerÈ l<ukdlrKh
fya;=fjka uQ,Hdh;k wid¾:l ùug iy nqkaj;a ùug fya;= jkq we;' tu
ksid" nexl= iy uQ,H wxYfha jD;a;slhskag ish fufyhqï lghq;= mq¿,a
rduqjla ;=< lrf.k hdug iyh jkq msKsi" mq¿,a fCIa;%hl wjYH lrk
oekqu iy ixrplhka i,id oSu i`oyd fuu úIh ie,iqï fldg we;' flfia
jqj;a" úIhh flakaøSh fCIa;%hkag muKla iSud lsÍu msKsi " uQ,Hdh;khkays
uQ,H" udkj iïm;a iy wf,úlrK" l<ukdlrK fCIa;%hka fuu úIhh

42
u`.ska wdjrKh lsrSfuka je<lS we;' tu wxYhka fuu jevigyfka uQ,H
.kqfokqlrejka l<ukdlrK úIhh u`.ska wdjrKh lr we;'

ІІ ' ks¾foaY;
s úIh wka;¾.;h

^i& ixia:dmkh ( iud.ï mk; wkqj ld¾h mámdáh" úúO j¾.j,

iud.ï ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍu iy wjYH lrk ,sms f,aLk

^ii& uQ,H jHdmdr wdh;k i`oyd n,m;% ,nd .ekSu ^jdKsc nexl="
úfYaIs; nexl=" uqo,a iud.ï" l,anÿ uQ,HlrK iud.ï" rCIK
iud.ï" wruqo,a l<ukdlrK iud.ï" iuqmldr" wf,úlrK iy
;e/õlrK iud.ï" f.ùï fiajd iïmdolhska wdÈh&

^iii& fldgialrejka ( iud.ï mk;g wkqj Tjqkaf.a ysñlï iy j.lSï"

wfkl=;a kshduk m%;smdokhka iy wdh;ksl hymd,k mßphka

^iv& iuQyhka iy ixúOdk jHqyhka ( jHdmdrsl fCIa;%hka y`ÿkd .ekSu"

iM,odhS jHdmdßl m%udo fodaI" iy Chinese Walls" ixúOdk igyka"
iuQy iud.ï

^v& mq¿,a lsÍfï l%fudamdhhka ( iqmsß uQ,H fjf<`oie,a iuQyhka ^nexl="

rCIK iy iq/l=ïm;a fjf<`odu&" Wm iud.ï ia:dmkh" taldnoaO ùï
iy w;am;a lr .ekSï ^wruqKq" mßudKh iy úIh m:h" yria
úlsKqïlrKh" fjf<`ofmd< Nd.h iy l%shd" nÿlrKh" isria
taldnoaO ùu wdÈh" fjf<`ofmd< mßphka" ñ;%YS,Sj fyda m%;súreoaO
jHjia:dms; m%;smdokhka iy úpCIK wOHhkhka" uQ,HlrK l%u"
,SjrK" fldgia ñ,g .ekSu" ysñldß;aj" ch.%dyS$ wid¾:l idOlhka&

^vi& uQ,H jd¾;dlrKh iy úYaf,aIKh ( uQ,H f;dr;=re jd¾;dlrKfhys

wNHka;r md,khka" uQ,H jd¾;dj, m%Odk jYfhka fy<s l< hq;= oE"

43
 uQ,H ld¾hidOk úYaf,aIK ^uQ,H .sKqïlrK wkqmd; úYaf,aIKh"
iy wjodkï mokï lr.;a jHdmdr ld¾hidOk jd¾;d ieliSu&

^vii& ú.Kkh ( ndysr iy wNHka;r ú.Kk l%shdj,shka ^ú.Kk jr m;%h"

n,;," ld¾hhka" ksheÈ" ikaksfõokh" wdÈh& ú.Kk l%u ^wkql+,;d
mokï lr.;a" wjodkï mokï lr.;a" ld¾hidOk we.hSï wdÈh&
m%Odk ú.Kk m%ñ;Ska" ú.Kk lñgq" jd¾;dlrKh iy .eg¿ úi`§u$
ú.Kk u;

^viii& wkql+,;d ( wruqKq ^wjxl;ajh iy wjodkï l<ukdlrK ixialD;sh&

wod< kS;s iu`. we;s wkql+,;ajh ms<sn`o fufyhqï hka;%Kh"
kshdukh" m%;sm;a;s" l%shdj,Ska" iy fiajlhska úiska lrkq ,nk
wNHka;r md,khka" wkql+,;ajh fkdue;s jd¾;dlrKhka iy wod,
úkh ld¾hmámdá" wkql+,;d ks,OdÍ" nexl= iy uQ,Hdh;kj, f,dj
uE;l§ jd¾;d jQ wkql+,;d fkdoelaùu iïnkaO .eg¨

^ix& wdh;ksl hymd,kh ( úldYkh ixCIsma;j" ks¾jpk" uQ,O¾u mokï

jQ hymd,khka iy kS;s Í;s mokï jQ hymd,khka" wOHCI uKav,h
^m;aùï" j.lSï" iqÿiqlï iy fhda.H;dj ms<Sn`o Wmudkhka" iajdëk
wOHCIjreka iy úOdhl wOHCIjreka w;r ;=,s;h" wOHCIuKav,
/iaùï" §ukd" ffk;sl m%;smdok& iNdm;s iy m%Odk úOdhl ks,OdÍ
w;r wiïnkaO;dj$fjkaj mej;Su" wOHCI uKav, wkq lñgq ^kï
lsÍu" mdßf;daIsl" ú.Kk" ld¾hidOk" wjodkï l<ukdlrK wdÈh&"
m%Odk l<ukdlrK fiajl uKav,h" jHdmdßl wdlD;sh" jHdmdr iy
fufyhqï m%;sm;a;s wOHCI uKav,h iy m%Odk l<ukdldß;ajh
úiska l%shd;aul lsÍu" f,dalfha uE; ld,Skj jd¾;d jQ wdh;ksl
wmpdrhka" wdh;ksl iudchSh j.lSï iy mßphka

^x& wdh;ksl$l%fudamdh ie,iqïlrKh ( oelau" fufyjr" jákdlï"

mrud¾: iy wruqKq ieliSu" mßir iqmÍCIKh" YlH;d" ÿ¾j,;d"

44
 wjia:d" wNsfhda.$;¾ck úYaf,aIKh" jHdmdßl l%fudamdhhka" m%Odk
ld¾hidOk ks¾kdhlhka ^KPIS& iy tajd fufyhùï hdka;%Kh

^xi& uQ,H jxpd ( fmdkais (Poncy) fhdackd l%u ^f.da,avka lS" uefvd*a
(Madoff)" jxpksl l%shd iy wNHka;r md,k l%uj, ì`o jeàï" ^fíßx
(Baring) fidihsáfckr,a" USB, JP fuda.ka fpia& .sKqïlrK ueùï
iy ÿ¾j, hymd,khka" ^fYaI m;%fhka neyerj j.lSï ie`.ùu"
tkafrdka" ,Suka n%o¾ia& ldâ m;a jxpd" uqo,a úY=oaêlrKh i`oyd
iyhùï" ksmehqï jerÈ f,i úlsKsu

^xii& wjodkï l<ukdlrKh ( úúO wjodkï j¾.SlrKhka ^Kh"

øjYS,;d" fjf<`ofmd<" fufyhqï" Wmdhud¾." ndysr wdÈh& wjodkï
wdh;k flfrys we;s lrk n,mEu" wjodkï y`ÿkd.ekSfï
ks¾kdhlhka iy moaO;Ska" wjodkï jd¾;dlrK l%u" wjodkï wju
lr .ekSfï l%shdj,sSka ^wNHka;r md,khka" wjodkï lñgq" iajdëk
wjodkï md,l ks,OdÍ rduqj" wNHka;r iy ndysr wëCIKhka"
wjodkï mokï lr .;a m%d.aOkh jeks id¾j uÜgfï wjodkï
wdjrKhka& l%shdud¾. 3 lska hq;a wjodkï j,g tfrys jQ wdrCIl
l%ufõo" m<uq l%shdud¾.h f,i l<ukdlrK md,khka" fojk
l%shdud¾.h f,i l<ukdldÍ;ajfha md,khkaf.a iy wkql+,;djkaf.a
w;miqùï iy f;jk l%shdud¾.h f,i iajdëk wdrCIkhka

^xiii& wEjr lsÍu ( iud.ï mk; wkqj l%shdmámdàka iy fjk;a wod<

ffk;sl úêúOdk

45
6' uQ,H fjf<`ofmd< lghq;= ^ffjl,amsl&

І' úIh ye`Èkaùu iy wruqKq

uQ,HlrKh iy f;da,kh ;=<ska uQ,H iïm;a ks¾udKh iy yqjudrej u`.ska

jvd hym;a Wmfhdackhla msKsi b;=reï iy wruqo,a wf,úlrKh i`oyd
uQ,H fjf<`ofmd, myiqlï iïmdokh lrkq ,nhs' nexl= iy fjk;a Kh
fok wdh;khka iïnkaO w;rueÈlrK jHdmdrhkag wNsfhda.d;aulj
iDcqju wruqo,a$b;=reï wdfhdaclhkag iemhSug uQ,H fjf<`ofmd< WmldÍ
fõ' uQ,H fjf<`ofmdf< ys yqjudre jk uq,H WmlrK m%Odk j¾. follg
wh;a fõ' tkï" yqjudrej msKsi wruqo,a fyda fldgia ysñldß;ajhka i`oyd
fnod yeÍï" Kh iq/l=ïm;a iy jHjydr uqo,a¦ wruqo,aj,g fyda fldgia
wruqo,a ñ,j,g fyda$wkd.; fnodyeÍï i`oyd iq/l=ïm;a fyda ,dN fyda
wjodkï l<ukdlrKh msKsi we;s jHq;amkakhka h' f,dj mqrd uQ,H
moaO;sfha m%Odk ixrplh jk uQ,H fjf<`ofmd< nexl=" uQ,H iy uQ,H
moaO;sfha ia:djr;ajh i`oyd úYd, f,i n,mEï lrhs' wd¾Ól l%shdldrlï
i`oyd úYd, f,i wruqo,a iïmdokh iy myiqlï iïmdokh lrkqfha uQ,H
fjf<`o fmd< yryd h' tu ksid wd¾:sl ixj¾Okh iy uQ,H fjf<`ofmd<
ixj¾Okh tlsfkl w;aje,a ne`o lghq;= lrhs' fuu miqìu hgf;a ÈhqKq
fjñka mj;sk rgj,a uQ,H fjf<`ofmd< ixj¾Okh msKsi {dkdkaú;
m%;sm;a;Ska wkq.ukh lrkq ,efí' j;auka ikao¾Nh hgf;a nexl= iy uQ,H
wxYfha jD;a;Skays§ Tjqkag iM,odhS ld¾h idOkhla i`oyd uQ,H fjf<`o
fmd< lghq;= iïnkaOj ukd wjfndaOhla ;sìh hq;=h' ;j o lem ù isÿ
lrk ,o wOHhkhka ;=<ska jD;a;slhskag úfYaIs; jQ uQ,H fjf<`ofmd< fyda
ksmehqï ms<sn`oj úfYaI oekqu ,nd .ekSu i`oyd lghq;= l< yelsh' tu ksid"
nexl= iy uQ,H wxYfha jD;a;slhkag ish by, ld¾h idOkhla msKsi m%Odk
uQ,H fjf<`ofmd< fufyhqï lghq;= ms<sn`oj mq`¿,a jQ oekqula iïmdokh
lsÍu i`oyd fuu úIhh ie,iqï fldg we;'

46
ІІ ' ks¾foaY;
s úIh wka;¾.;h

^i& jHdmdr jia;= fjf<`ofmd< ( ixúOdkh" ,ehsia;= .; lsÍfï

ld¾hmámdáh" fjf<`ofmd< ld¾hidOk o¾Ylhka" fjf<`odfï
Ys,amSh l%u

^ii& ne`ÿïlr fjf<`ofmd< ( rcfha iq/l=ïm;a" ix.ñl ne`ÿïlr" jdKsc

m;%" iql=la ^Sukuk& ne|qïlr

^iii& úfoaYSh úksuh fjf<`ofmd< ( úksuh wkqmd; ;SrKh ùu" úksuh

wkqmd; m%;sm;a;s" t;eka" bÈß iy yqjudre .kqfokq" fjf<`o
l%fudamdhhka" ^mriamrh" u;= /l=ï" iufmalaIKhka&

^iv& jHqy.; uQ,H ksmehqï fj<|fmd< ( iq/l=ïlrKh iy WmlrK"

Kh jHq;amkak" tajdfha wjodkï iy wjodkï l<uKdlrk
N+ñldjka

^v& uQ,H jHq;amkak fjf<`ofmd< ( bÈß iq/l=ï" yqjudre" úl,am" bÈß

.kqfokq" tajdfha wjodkï iy wjodkï l<ukdlrK N+ñldjka

^vi& uQ,H fj<|fmd< fiajd iïmdolhka ( yqjudre ia:dk"

;ereõlrejka" wf,úlrejka" fYA%Ks.; lsÍfï ksfhdacH wdh;k"
Kh ld¾hdxY" f;dr;=re iïmdolhka ^frdhsg¾" íÆïn¾.a&" uQ,H
fjf<`ofmd< f;dr;=re ms<sn`o m%ldYk ^Financial Times, Wall
Street Journal, Bloomberg TV&

^vii& uE; ld,Sk uQ,H fj<|fmd< w¾nqo ms<sn`o idys;H ( fya;=" iajNdjh
iy wdishdkq uQ,H w¾nqoh jeks m%dfoaYSh uQ,H w¾nqo yd uE; ld,Sk
f.da,Sh uQ,H w¾nqoj, n,mEu" uQ,H fj<| fmd< w¾nqo j,lajd

47
 .ekSu iy úi`§u iïnkaOj kshdulhskaf.a N+ñldjka" j;auka
f.da,Sh úêu;alrK m%;sixúOdk l%shd lghq;= iy jd¾;d

7' wdfhdack nexl= lghq;= ^ffjl,amsl&

І' úIh ye`Èkaùu iy wruqKq

wdfhdack nexl= lghq;=" uQ,H fj<|fmd,g iy wdfhdaclhkag" m%Odk

jYfhka uQ,H fiajdjka i|yd myiqlï i,iñka fndfyda ÿrg nexl= wdY%s;j
l%ufhka úldYkh jk uQ,H fiajdjka h' wdfhdack nexl=" nexl= iuQyhla
;=< fyda fjk;a jHdmdr$uQ,H lKavdhï ;=< l%shd;aul fõ' uQ,H fjf<|
fmd< úYd, jYfhka ÈhqKq ùug wdfhdack nexl= bjy,a úh' úYd, jYfhka
wdfhdack nexl= ls%hd;aul jk uQ,H fj<| fmd<j,a ÈhqKq ù we;' fuu
wdfhdack nexl= wdh;ksl iy mqoa., wdfhdaclhka hk fomd¾Yjhgu ish
wdfhdackhka ms<sn|j lghq;= lsÍu i|yd wdh;ksl uQ,HlrKh" jHdmdr
m%;sjHqylrKh iy uQ,H l<ukdlrK WmfoaYl fiajdjka imhkq ,nhs'
;jo wdfhdack nexl= f,dj mqrd fj<| fmd<j, úúO udÈ,sfha kjH iy
ixlS¾K uQ,H ksmehqï bÈßm;a lrñka uQ,H fiajd ks¾udK jD;a;sfha
m%j¾;lhka f,i lghq;= lrkq ,nhs' wd¾Ól j¾Okh msKsi myiqlï
iïmdokh i|yd ke.S tk fjf<| fmd<j,g o ish uQ,H fj<|fmd<
ixj¾Okh lr .ekSu i`oyd wdfhdack nexl= wjYHj we;' flfia jqj;a" uQ,H
fj<|fmd< w¾nqo i|yd wdfhdack nexl= j, ixlS¾K iajrEmfha uQ,H
ksmehqïj, n,mEu fodaI o¾Ykhg ,laj we;s w;r wdfhdack nexl= kj
YslaIKhka hgf;a is,a,r nexl=j,ska fjkalr lghq;= lsÍu oeka y÷kajd
foñka mj;S' tu ksid" wdfhdack nexl= lghq;=j, m%Odk m%ñ;Ska ms<sn|j iy
nexl= iy uQ,H jD;a;slhkag úfYaIs; jQ wdfhdack nexl= jHdmdr wdrïN
lsÍu i|yd tys kj m%jK;d ms<sn|j wjfndaOhla ie,iSu msKsi fuu úIh
ie,iqï fldg we;'

48
ІІ ' ks¾foaY;
s úIh wka;¾.;h

^i& wdfhdack nexl= jHdmdrfha úldYkh

^ii& ksl=;= l<ukdkrKh ( idêldß;aj iy Kh iq/l=ï m;%
^iii& iq/l=ïm;a jHqylrKh
^iv& j;alï iq/l=ïlrKh
^v& iq/l=ï m;a ksl=;= m%drCIKh
^vi& wdh;ksl uQ,H fiajdjka ( Kh ixhqla;lrKh iy ,SjrKs; ñ,g
.ekSï ilia lsÍu
^vii& wdfhdack WmfoaYk fiajd
^viii& uQ,H ;e/õlrKh
^ix& ysñldß;aj fjf<|du
^x& taldnoaOùï iy w;am;alr .ekSfï fiajd ( fhda.H;d úplaIK"
wOHhkhka" WmfoaYl fiajd" ilia lsÍï iy uQ,HlrKh
^xi& j;alï l<ukdlrKh
^xii& wruqo,a l<ukdlrKh
^xiii& .eg¨j,g uqyqK ÿka iud.ï j,g m%;sjHqylrKh iy m%;s
m%d.aOklrKh
^xiv& wdfhdack m¾fhaIK iy iq/l=ïm;a úYaf,aIKh
^xv& jHdmD;s we.hSu

8' ixj¾Ok uQ,H ^ffjl,amsl&

І' úIh ye`Èkaùu iy wruqKq

iïm%odhsl Kh §fï § mokï jq iq/l=ï iy Khlre Kh fok wdh;kh

iuÕ mj;akd w;S; jHdmdßl in|;d mokï lrf.k Kh §fï l%uhg
fjkiaj jHdmD;sfha wkd.; wdodhï m%jdyhka iy YlH;dj mokï lrf.k
úfYaIfhka u wdodhï W;amdok jHdmD;Ska uQ,HlrKh i|yd ks¾udKh
lrk ,o Kh ksmehqï ixj¾Ok uQ,H hg;g wh;a fõ' óg wu;rj" uQ,H

49
fkdjk Wmldrl fiajd tkï mqyqKq ùï" l<ukdlrKh iy uQ,H Wmfoia"
miq úmrï iy jHdmdr m%;sjHqylrKhka wdÈh iïmdokh fyda ms<sfh< lr
§u Kh fok wdh;kh úiska lrkq ,nhs' tu ksid" jHdmdßl
jHjidhl;ajhkag Kh yd ne`ÿk Wmldrl fiajd rdYshla Kh fok
wdh;kh úiska iïmdokh lsÍu ixj¾Ok uQ,HlrKhg wh;a fõ' jHdmdßl
tallhka laIqø jHdmdrj, isg iq¿ iy uOHu mßudK jHdmdr f;la me;sr
mj;S' ixj¾Ok uQ,HlrKh ixj¾Okh jk wd¾Ólhkag iDcqj u ksIamdokh"
wdodhu iy /lshd W;amdokhg iy nexl= iy uQ,Hdh;k j,g ish is,a,r
.kqfoKqldr moku mq¿,a lr .ekSug úfYaIfhka jeo.;a fõ' tu ksid"
rdcH wd¾Ól yd kshduk m%;sm;a;Ska yryd úfYaIs; Kh iïmdÈ; wdh;k
iy fnodyeÍï moaO;Skag WmldÍ fõ' nexl= iy uQ,H jD;a;slhkag
wd¾Ólfha lemjq jHdmdßl wxYhla f,i ixj¾Ok uQ,H nexl= lghq;=j,
M,odhS f,i kshe,Su msKsi ixj¾Ok uQ,H ksmehqï iy fnodyeÍfï wdlD;s
ms<sn`oj oekqu iïmdokh i|yd fuu úIh ie,iqï fldg we;'

ІІ ' ks¾foaY;
s úIh wka;¾.;h

^i& jHdmD;s Kh m%odkh ( jHdmD;s uQ,HlrKfha ;d¾lsl;ajh" iq/l=ï

mokï jQ iy jHdmD;s mokï jQ uQ,HlrKh

^ii& jdKsc Kh ;SrKhkag tfrysj Kh ;SrKh i|yd jHdmD;s we.hSu (

fj<|fmd< iy b,a¨ï úYaf,aIKh ^wjia:d úYaf,aIKh" b,a¨ï
mqfrdal;khka& ;dlaIKsl úYaf,aIKh ^ksIamdok l%shdj,sh iy
;dlaIKh - ksmehqï ñY%K" hka;% Odß;dj" msysàu iy jevìu"
jHdmD;s igyka& uQ,H úYaf,aIKh ^jHdmD;s msßjeh weia;fïka;=
iy uQ,HlrK uQ,dY% ksuejqï iy úl=Kqï weia;fïka;=" ksIamdok
msßjeh" ldrl m%d.aOk wjYH;d iy tAjd uQ,HlrKhka" iuÉfÊok
,laIH" mqfrdal:ks; uqo,a m%jdy m%ldYkh" mqfrdal:ks; fYAI m;%h&
YlH;d Wmudkhka" jÜgï l< uqo,a m%jdy (DCF) iy DCF fkdjk

50
 l%u" wNHka;r M,od wkqmd;h (IRR) ms<sf.jqï ld," ixfõÈ;d
úYaf,aIKh" uQ,H jHqylrKh" jHdmD;s YlH;d jd¾;d ieliSu

^iii& iq¿ yd uOHu mßudK jHjidhhka uQ,HlrKh ( iq¿ yd uOHu

mßudK jHdmD;s ks¾jpkh" wd¾Ól ixj¾Okfhys,d tajdfhys
N+ñldj" nexl= iy uQ,Hdh;kj,g iq¿ yd uOHu mßudK jHdmD;s
uQ,HlrKfha jeo.;alu" uQ,HlrK uQ,dY% ^m%;suQ,H" f.da,Sh
wruqo,a" fmd,S iykdOdr" Kh wem wdjrK jHjidhl;aj
m%d.aOkdh;k& iyk m%;sm;a;Ska ^kshduk$nÿ iyk" jHdma;s fiajd
wdÈh& wid¾:l jHdmD;Ska mqkre;a:dmkh¡

^iv& laIqø uQ,H ( ÿmam;alu wju lsÍu i|yd laIqø uQ,HlrKfha

jeo.;alu" ÿ.S nfõ f¾Ldj" laIqø uQ,H fnodyeÍfï wdlD;s" uQ,H
idlaIr;dj iy wka;¾.; lsÍu" nx.a,dfoaYa .%dóka nexl=j"
iodpdrd;aul fkdjk laIqø uQ,HlrKhka iy mßphka" laIqø uQ,H
kshdukh lsÍu iy wNsfhda.

9' uy nexl= lghq;= ^ffjl,amsl&

І' úIh ye`Èkaùu iy wruqKq

uQ,sl jdKsc nexl= lghq;=j, isg uQ,H iy uqo,a m%;sm;a;s iïmdolhl= iy

kshdulhl= f,i uy nexl=jla úiska lrk lghq;= f,dj ;=< úldYkhg ,la
ù we;' tla tla rfgys úfYaIs; wd¾Ól iy uQ,H wjYH;d wkqj tajdfha
md,k moaO;Ska iy fufyhqï wdlD;Ska tlsfklg fjkia fõ' fmdÿfõ .;a
l," uy nexl= úiska uqo,a fkdaÜgq uqøKh" id¾j wd¾:sl wruqKq i|yd uqo,a
ixirK m%;sm;a;Ska ls%hd;aul lsÍu ^uqo,a m%;sm;a;sh&" wdrlaIdldÍ iy
hym;a nexl= moaO;shla i|yd nexl= kshdukh lsÍu" cd;Hka;r úYajdih
;yjqre lr .ekSu i`oyd rfÜ cd;Hka;r ixÑ; l<ukdlrKh iy rchg
úsIh uQ,sl f,i wd¾Ól iy uQ,H m%;sm;a;s iïnkaO Wmfoia ,nd §u lrkq
,nhs' foaYSh iy cd;Hka;r jYfhka .;a l, nexl= iy uQ,H wxYj, jHdmdr

51
lghq;= fukau ia:djr;ajho uy nexl= m%;sm;a;sj, n,mEï u; úYd, f,i
r|d mj;shs' uy nexl= m%;sm;a;Ska ms<sn|j mqfrdal;kh lsÍug fyda wjfndaO
lr .ekSug jHdmdrsl l<ukdlrejkag fkdyels jQ úg jHdmdr lghq;=
wkfmalaIs; wkaofï m%;sM,j,g uqyqK fokq we;' fï w;r" uy nexl=
m%;sm;a;Ska wd¾Ól l%ufha;a nexl= iy uQ,H wxYhkaf.a;a m%j¾Okhg iy
ia:djr;ajhg WmldÍ fõ' tu ksid" nexl= iy uQ,H wxYfha jD;a;slhskag
uy nexl= mßirh ;=< id¾:l f,i lghq;= lsÍug yels jk whqßka uy
nexl= lghq;= iïnkaOfhka kHhd;aul iy m%dfhda.sl hk fowxYfha u
oekqu iïmdokh i`oyd fuu úIhh ie,iqïfldg we;'

ІІ ' ks¾foaY;
s úIh wka;¾.;h

^i& f,dj ;=< uy nexl=lrKfha úldYkh iy mdol jQ isoaëka

^ii& uy nexl= ld¾hhkaf.a úldYkh ( jHjydr uqo,a ksl=;=j" uQ,H

m%;sm;a;s" nexl=lrejkaf.a nexl=j" wjidk Kh fokakd" úfoaYSh
ixÑ; l<ukdlrKh" nexl=$uQ,H kshdukhka

^iii& uy nexl= mrud¾: ( flaj," oaú;aj iy nyqúO

^iv& YS% ,xld uy nexl=fõ fufyhqï ( jHjydr uqo,a uKav, l%uh" uy

nexl=j ia:dmkh" tys wruqKq iy m%Odk ld¾hhka" uqo,a uKav,h"
uy nexl=fõ ixúOdk jHqyh" uqo,a kS;s mkf;a m%Odk m%;smdokhka"
uQ,H m%ldYk" l%fudamdh ie,iqï" w;S; m%;sm;a;s

^v& m%Odk fmf,a f.da,Sh uy nexl= ms<sn| iólaIKh iy uE; ld,Sk

m%;sm;a;Ska ( tx.,ka; uy nexl=j ^Bank of England&" tlai;a ckmo
ikaëh ixÑ; l%uh ^US Federal Reserve System&" hqfrdamSh uy
nexl=j ^European Central Bank&" cmdk uy nexl=j hkdos jYfhka
uqo,a m%;sm;a;s WmlrKhkaf.a úldYkh ^iïm%odhsl iy iïm%odhsl

52
 fkdjk& m%udKd;aul myiqlrKhka" ì| jefgk nexl= iy
uQ,Hdh;k i|yd myiqlï ie,iSu'

^vi& uy nexl= j, iajdëk;ajh ( ixl,amh" ffk;sl m%;smdok" f.da,Sh

mßphka m%Odk m%;sm;a;suh wNsfhda.

wOHhkh l, hq;= oE
wfmalaIs; whÿïlrejkag u.fmkaùu i`oyd ks¾foaYs; fmd;a we;=<;a
wOHhk ,ehsia;= iy ms<s;=re iys; wdo¾Y m%Yak m;% ,ndfokq we;' idOdrK
ld, iSudjla ;=< ish¨u úIhhka i`oyd wOHhk lÜg, ,nd §fï
jevms<sfj<la Y%S ,xld nexl=lrejkaf.a wdh;kh úiska l%shd;aul lrkq
,efí' fuu mdGud,dfõ we;=<;a úIhhka ms<sn`o fndfyda fmd;am;a yd
wOHhk uQ,dY% bx.%Sis NdIdfjka mj;sk nj i`oyka lruq' ks¾foaYs; mdG
.%ka:" i`.rd ,sms iy jHdmdßl m%jD;a;s úNd. i`oyd iQodkï ùu msKsi
wOHhkh lrk f,i wfmaCIl whÿïlrejkag Wmfoia fokq ,efí' kj
wOHhk jevigykg wod, wOHhk lÜg, $ wOHhk ud¾f.damfoaYhka iy
b.ekaùï$bf.k .ekSfï l%ufõohka iy l=i,;d ksis f,i ilia ùug hï
ld,hla .;jkq we;ehs wfmaCId lrhs'

jeä úia;r i`oyd úuiSï

,shdmÈxÑh iy úNd. i`oyd foaYk ioyd
wOHCI" úNd. wOHCI" nexl= yd uQ,H
wxl' 80A" we,aúá., udj; úoHd,h
fld<U 08 wxl' 80A" we,aúá., udj;
ÿrl;k ( 5220330" 5220312 fld<U 08
Bfï,a ( exam@ibsl.lk ÿrl;k ( 5741616" 2684382
Bfï,a ( cobaf@ibsl.lk
fjí wvúh ( www.ibsl.lk
idudcsl in|;d
wOHCI" idudcsl in|;d
wxl' 80A" we,aúá., udj;
fld<U 08
ÿrl;k (5220330"5220307
Bfï,a ( mr@ibsl.lk

53