Ideal cycle analysis of turbofan engines

Bypass ratio ()

Mass flow rate of air passing through the fan m

Bypass ratio  = = F
Mass flow rate of air passing through the core engine m C
Total mass flow rate of air passing through the engine m 0 = m F + m C = (1 +  )m c

Aircraft Engines (AE 242)

Department of Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Science
 Ideal cycle analysis of turbofan engines
Cycle analysis – Turbofan engine

()
Thrust Fˆ = Fˆ Core engine ()
+ Fˆ Fan

Thrust Fˆ = m C (u9 − u0 ) + m F (u19 − u0 )

m
We know that  = F and m 0 = m C + m F
m C
m 0 m 0  + 1
 = 1+  and =
m C m F 
 Fˆ m C 
Specific thrust F s = = (u9 − u0 ) + mF (u19 − u0 )
m 0 m 0 m 0
 u9  u19 
Fˆs =
1
(u9 − u0 ) +  (u19 − u0 ) = a0  − M 0 +   − M 0  (1)
1+  1+   a0  a0 

2
 u9  a 2 M 2 RT9 2 T9 2
Take the quantity   = 9 2 9 = M9 = M9
 
a 0 a 0 RT0 T0

Aircraft Engines (AE 242)

Department of Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Science
 Ideal cycle analysis of turbofan engines
Cycle analysis – Turbofan engine

Since the processes are isentropic

 −1  −1  −1
( c )  =  c ; ( t )  =  t ; ( r )  =r
 −1
  
Pt 9   − 1 2   −1 2  P  
 t 9  − 1
= 1 + M 9   M 92 =
P9  2   − 1  P9  
 
P P P P P P P P P
Pt 9 = t 9 t 5 t 4 t 3 t 2 t 0 P0 =  t c r P0  t 9 = t 9 0 =  t c r (complete nozzle expansion)
Pt 5 Pt 4 Pt 3 Pt 2 Pt 0 P0 P9 P0 P9
2   −1
M 92 = (   )  −1

 − 1  
t c r

 M 92 =
2
 t c r − 1 (2)
 −1

Aircraft Engines (AE 242)

Department of Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Science
 Ideal cycle analysis of turbofan engines
Cycle analysis – Turbofan engine

T9
Take the quantity
T0
T9 Tt 9 T0
=
T0 Tt 9 T9
Tt 9 Tt 5 Tt 4 Tt 3 Tt 2 Tt 0
Tt 9 = T0 =  t b c rT0
Tt 5 Tt 4 Tt 3 Tt 2 Tt 0 T0
T9  t b c r  t b c r  t b c r
=  −1
=  −1
= =b
T0 ( t c r )    
 Pt 9   t c r
 
 P9 
T T T T
  = t 4 = t 4 t 3 t 2 =  b c r
T0 Tt 3 Tt 2 T0
T9 
=b =  (3)
T0  c r
2
 u9  T9 2   2
Thus   = M 9 =  t c r − 1 (4)
 0
a T0  
c r  − 1

Aircraft Engines (AE 242)

Department of Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Science
 Ideal cycle analysis of turbofan engines
Cycle analysis – Turbofan engine

Consider fan stream :

Fan is acting like a compressor; No combustor and turbine.
2
 u19  T19 2
  = M 19 = M 192  T19 = T0
 0
a T0

Since the processes are isentropic

 −1
  
Pt19   − 1 2   −1 2  P  
 t19  − 1
= 1 + M 19   M 192 =
P19  2   − 1  P19  
 
P P P P P P P
Pt19 = t19 t13 t 2 t 0 P0 = 1  f 1  r P0  t19 = t19 0 =  f  r (complete nozzle expansion)
Pt13 Pt 2 Pt 0 P0 P19 P0 P19

(  f  r )  − 1
2   −1
M =2

 −1  
19

2
u 
M =
22

γ −1
19  
τ f τ r − 1   19  =
γ
2
−

τ f τr −1  (5)
 0
a 1
Aircraft Engines (AE 242)
Department of Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Science
 Ideal cycle analysis of turbofan engines
Cycle analysis – Turbofan engine

By applying the first law of thermodynamics to the combustor

m C C pTt 3 + m fuelQR = (m C + m fuel )C pTt 4
Here we define f as
m fuel
f =
m C
fQR = (1 + f )C pTt 4 − C pTt 3 = C p (Tt 4 − Tt 3 )
C pT0  Tt 4 Tt 3 Tt 2  C pT0
f =  −  = (  −  c r ) (6)
QR  T0 Tt 2 T0  QR

Aircraft Engines (AE 242)

Department of Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Science
 Ideal cycle analysis of turbofan engines
Cycle analysis – Turbofan engine

Here turbine power is used to run both the compressor and fan
The power output of the turbine, Wt = (m C + m fuel )C p (Tt 4 − Tt 5 )
The power required to drive the compressor, W = m C (T − T ) c C p t3 t2

The power required to drive the fan, W f = m F C p (Tt13 − Tt 2 )

From the first law of thermodynamics
Wc + W f = Wt  m C C p (Tt 3 − Tt 2 ) + m F C p (Tt13 − Tt 2 ) = (m C + m fuel )C p (Tt 4 − Tt 5 )
Tt 2 ( c − 1) + Tt 2 ( f − 1) = (1 + f )Tt 4 (1 −  t )

Tt 4 (1 −  t ) = Tt 2 ( c − 1) + Tt 2 ( f − 1)   t = 1 −
Tt 2
Tt 4
 c − 1 +  ( f − 1)
t = 1−
Tt 2 T0
T0 Tt 4

 c − 1 +  ( f − 1) 
r
t = 1−

 c − 1 +  ( f − 1) (7)

Aircraft Engines (AE 242)

Department of Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Science
 Ideal cycle analysis of turbofan engines
Cycle analysis – Turbofan engine

2
 u9  
Recall Eq. (4)   = 
2
 t c r − 1 (4)
 0
a  
c r  − 1
r
t = 1−

 c − 1 +  ( f − 1) (7)

Substute Eq. (7) in Eq. (4)

2    
2
 u9   r
  =  
 c r 1 −  c − 1 +  ( f − 1)  − 1
 a0   − 1  c r     
2   r   
= 
  1
 −1    
−  
− 1 +  (
 − 1) −  
  c r 
c f

2
 u9  2   
  =
 −

  −  r  c − 1 +  ( f − 1) − 
 
 (8)
 0
a 1  c r 

Aircraft Engines (AE 242)

Department of Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Science
 Ideal cycle analysis of turbofan engines
Cycle analysis – Turbofan engine

a  u9  u19 
Specific thrust Fˆs = 0  − M 0 +   − M 0  (1)
1+   a0  a0 
2
 u19 
  =
2
γ −1
 
τ f τr −1 (5)
 a0 
2
 u9  2   
  =
 −
 
  −  r  c − 1 +  ( f − 1) −
 
 (8)
 0
a 1  c r 

The above equations can be used to estimate specific thrust for ideal turbofan engine.

Aircraft Engines (AE 242)

Department of Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Science
 Ideal cycle analysis of turbofan engines
Cycle analysis – Turbofan engine

a  u9  u19 
Specific thrust Fˆs = 0  − M 0 +   − M 0  (1)
1+   a0  a0 
2
 u19 
  =
γ
2
−

τ f τr −1  (5)
 0
a 1
2
 u9  2   
  =
 −
 − 
  r c − 1 +  (
 f − 1
) −
 
 (8)
 0
a 1  c r 

The above equations can be used to estimate specific thrust for ideal turbofan engine.

m fuel f
Spefic fuel consumption sfc = =
Fˆ Fˆ m C ( )
We know that m 0 = m F + m C = (1 +  )m c
f f
sfc = =
(1 +  )(Fˆ m 0 ) (1 +  )Fˆs

Aircraft Engines (AE 242)

Department of Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Science
 Ideal cycle analysis of turbofan engines
Cycle analysis – Turbofan engine

Thermal efficiency of ideal turbofan engine

is the same as that of ideal turbojet engine
1
ηT = 1 -
 r c

Aircraft Engines (AE 242)

Department of Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Science
 Ideal cycle analysis of turbofan engines
Cycle analysis – Turbofan engine

Thermal efficiency of ideal turbofan engine

is the same as that of ideal turbojet engine
1
ηT = 1 -
 r c
ˆ
Fu
Propulsive efficiency  p = 0

Power output of the engine

Fˆ = m ( u − u ) + m ( u − u )
C 9 0 F 19 0

mC ( u92 − u02 ) + mF ( u192 − u02 )

1 1
Power output of the engine =
2 2
  u9   u19   2
 mC  − 1 + mF  − 1   u0
 mC ( u9 − u0 ) + mF ( u19 − u0 )  u0  u   u 
p = =2
0 0

1
mC ( u92 − u02 ) + mF ( u192 − u02 )
1   u92   u192 
2 2 u 2
0  C  2
m − 1  + m F  2 − 1 
  u0   u0 
u u 
2  9 − 1 +   19 − 1 
u0  u0 
p = 2  2
u9  u19 
2
− 1 +   2 − 1
u02  u0 

Aircraft Engines (AE 242)

Department of Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Science
 Ideal cycle analysis of turbofan engines
Cycle analysis – Turbofan engine
FˆC m C
Thrust ratio FR =
Fˆ f m f
 u9 
 − M 0 
FR =  0 
a
u19
− M0
a0

Aircraft Engines (AE 242)

Department of Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Science