Waste Treatment Processes

(CHEM4015/CIVE4140)
Week 3
Treatment processes-Part-2
Grit removal Settling Types

Course Learning Outcomes

Estimate the design parameters for preliminary treatment equipment which includes
screening, grit chamber, and equalization basin.

Lecturer Name: Dr Nitin Raut

Dr Amal Al Saadi
Prof Rajamohan Natarajan
Academic Year: 2023-2024
Grit removal
Settling Types 1/4

 Form of gravity settling--use natural (free!) forces to our advantage

 Brief background:
sedimentation in WWT falls into 4 general classifications (Types)--
included in M&E Table 5-15 of separation phenomena
Type 1--discrete (free) settling
 Particles settle as individual particles that do not change in size,
shape or density. Particles do not interact
 Occurs in water with low conc. of particles
 Stokes Law (theory) applies for design
• Grit, sand in wastewater
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Settling Types 2/4

Type 2--flocculants settling

Particles aggregate as they fall, which causes settling to occur more
Quickly
 Most dominant form of settling
 Design based on column settling tests
• Primary clarifiers, part of secondary clarifiers
Type 3--zone (hindered) settling
 Particles flocculate, form distinct “zones” as they fall
 intermediate concentration of particles in which so many particles are
close together that inter-particle forces hinder settling of other particles
• Activated sludge particles (secondary clarifiers)
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Settling Types 3/4

Type 4--compression settling

 Particles touch and settling only occurs through compaction-
compress solids that accumulate at bottom of vessel
• Sludge

Will talk @ Types 2, 3 & 4 w/ appropriate process,

Type 1 here as it relates to grit removal

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Settling Types 4/4
(Table 5-15, M&E, p. 362)

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Theory of Type 1 settling 1/6

Force balance for flow around submerged objects =>

terminal velocity at steady state
From terminal velocity, can determine surface area of vessel
required for settling

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Theory of Type 1 settling 2/6

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Theory of Type 1 settling 3/6

Vp = 4/3 p r3= p dp3/6

ap = p r2 = p dp2 /4

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Theory of Type 1 settling 4/6

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Theory of Type 1 settling 5/6

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Theory of Type 1 settling 6/6

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Metcalf & Eddy, Inc. (2003). Wastewater engineering: treatment, disposal and reuse.4th edition, McGraw Hill, Inc., New York, NY
Example--find terminal velocity of spherical particle 1/4

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Example--find terminal velocity of spherical
particle 2/4

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Example--find terminal velocity of spherical particle 3/4

vt

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Example--find terminal velocity of spherical particle 4/4

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So what??
Relevant v t = terminal velocity of smallest particle want to
remove completely = critical settling velocity vsc

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 Fig. 5-23 M&E Ideal discrete settling rectangular clarifier

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Metcalf & Eddy, Inc. (2003). Wastewater engineering: treatment, disposal and reuse.4th edition, McGraw Hill, Inc., New York, NY
How does vsc relate to tank size?

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 Examples

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Metcalf & Eddy, Inc. (2003). Wastewater engineering: treatment, disposal and reuse.4th edition, McGraw Hill, Inc., New York, NY
But what about horizontal fluid velocity?

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 Temperature effect
Curve of the increase in detention time required at cooler temperatures
to achieve the same sedimentation performance as achieved at 20°C.

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Metcalf & Eddy, Inc. (2003). Wastewater engineering: treatment, disposal and reuse.4th edition, McGraw Hill, Inc., New York, NY
Design

Max

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Example 1/4

(0.02

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Example 2/4

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Example 3/4

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Example 4/4

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Rules of thumb (if don’t have specific info @ system,
can use)

M&E Table 5-16 viewgraph (res time, horiz. flow,

etc.)
Water depth 0.6-1.5 m
Length 3-25 m
Redundancy--each chamber should be able to
handle 75% of peak flow
M&E Tables 5-17, 18 for aerated & vortex-type
grit chambers
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Table 5-16
Typical design information for horizontal-flow grit chambers

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Metcalf & Eddy, Inc. (2003). Wastewater engineering: treatment, disposal and reuse.4th edition, McGraw Hill, Inc., New York, NY
 Figure 5-34
Aerated Grit Chamber
1. Air is introduced along one side of a
rectangular tank to create a spiral flow
pattern perpendicular to the flow through the
tank.
2. If the velocity is too great, grit will be carried
out of the chamber; if it is too small, organic
material will be removed with the grit.
3. Normally designed to remove 0.21-mm-
diameter or larger, with 2-5-minute
detention periods at the peak hourly rate of flow
4. Air diffusers are located about 0.45 to 0.6m
above the normal plane of the
bottom. 30

Metcalf & Eddy, Inc. (2003). Wastewater engineering: treatment, disposal and reuse.4th edition, McGraw Hill, Inc., New York, NY
Table 5-17
Typical design information for aerated grit chamber

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 Vortex-Type Grit Chamber

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Metcalf & Eddy, Inc. (2003). Wastewater engineering: treatment, disposal and reuse.4th edition, McGraw Hill, Inc., New York, NY
 Table 5-18

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Metcalf & Eddy, Inc. (2003). Wastewater engineering: treatment, disposal and reuse.4th edition, McGraw Hill, Inc., New York, NY
State guidelines

 Channel-type chambers to have controlled velocities

~1ft/s, design based on size of particle to be removed
 Other types (aerated grit chamber, e.g.) desirable with
adequate, flexible controls
 Facilities without velocity control should include grit
washing (to remove organics--Fig 9-12 viewgraph looks
like Coors’ grit washer--see M&E Fig 5-38 for another)
 Handling and disposal

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 Fig 5-38

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Metcalf & Eddy, Inc. (2003). Wastewater engineering: treatment, disposal and reuse.4th edition, McGraw Hill, Inc., New York, NY
 36

Metcalf & Eddy, Inc. (2003). Wastewater engineering: treatment, disposal and reuse.4th edition, McGraw Hill, Inc., New York, NY
References
1. Metcalf & Eddy, Inc. (2003). Wastewater engineering:
treatment, disposal and reuse.4th edition, McGraw Hill, Inc.,
New York, NY
2. https://studylib.net/doc/5496826/wastewater-characterization

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