CHAPTER II

THEORITICAL BASIC

2.1 Kalor
Kalor is heat that can move from objects that have excess kalor to objects that lack
kalor. Kalor is usually expressed in terms of temperature. In international units, kalor is
expressed in Joules. Other units are expressed as calories. Kalor capacity is defined as the
amount of heat required or released to change the temperature of an object by one unit of
temperature. 1 calorie is defined as the amount of kalor required to heat 1 kg of water by 1°C.
1 calorie = 4.2 Joules and 1 Joule = 0.24 calories. Kalor flows from one part of the system to
another because there is a temperature difference (Puspitasari, 2020). Mathematically, the
amount of kalor absorbed or released by a substance is expressed through the following
equation:
Q
¿

m
.
c
.
∆
T

Description : Q = Kalor required

m = kalor mass
c = spesific kalor
∆T = temperatur changes

While the specific heat (c) is the amount of heat (Q) needed to raise the temperature (T) of
one unit mass (m) of the object by one degree. If a metal block (mass m) is heated to
temperature T1 then the block is put into cold water in a calorimeter (with mass m2 and
temperature T2). When the temperature of the metal block drops and the temperature of the
calorimeter and the water inside increases until it reaches thermal equilibrium, the system
temperature is T3 (Puspitasari, 2020). Mathematically, it can be written as follows:

Description : C = kalor capacity

Q = Kalor required
c = spesific kalor
m = kalor mass
2.2 Black Principle
The kalor released by the metal block is equal to the kalor received by the calorimeter and
water. This principle of kalor is called the black principle. An English scientist, Joseph Black,
who lived from 1720-1749, made observations about kalor. Black’s principle reads as follows
“the amount of kalor received is equal to the amount of kalor released”(Purwoko, 2007).
 From there it can be explained that when two substances of different temperatures are
touched, the substance with the higher temperature will release kalor. The amount of kalor
released will be absorbed by the lower temperature substance. Broadly speaking, Black’s
Principle was proposed by Joseph Black, where this principle is a principle in
thermodynamics that reads "In the mixing of two substances, the amount of heat released by
the higher temperature substance is equal to the amount of heat received by the lower
temperature substance".
Black's principle can be systematically expressed in the following equation:
Q
l
e
p
a
s
¿

Q
t
e
r
i
m
a

m1. c1 (T1-Tc) = m2. c2 (Tc-T2) + mkal + ckal

Description : m1 = mass high temperature object
m2 = mass low temperature object
c1 = Specific kalor of high temperature objects
c2 = Specific kalor of low-temperature objects
T1 = temperature of high-temperature objects
T2 = temperature of low-temperature oobjects
Tc = final temperature of both objects
Because only the temperature difference is in the equation above and kelvin and celcius are
the same size, the temperature can be measured on a celcius or kelvin scale without affecting
the results (Muran, 2004).
The specific kalor of some substances can be seen in the following table:
Substances Specific kalor specific kalor
Kal/g°C J/kg K
Water 1,00 4200
Sea water 0,93 3900
alcohol 0,55 230
kerosene 0,52 220
Mercury 0,033 140
Ice 0,595 2500
Aluminum 0,214 900
Glass 0,16 670
Iron 0,11 460
Copper 0,093 390
Brass 0,90 380
silver 0,056 230
Gold 0,031 130
Lead 0,031 130