Journal Paper Review

A presentation on
Journal paper review on power system frequency deviation
and power fluctuation with its remedies
Course Tittle: Advanced Power System Control
Course No: EE 6307

Presented to, Presented by,

Dr. Naruttam Kumar Roy Md. Shamiul Basar Himel
Professor Roll: 2313551
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department of Energy Science and Engineering
Khulna University of Engineering & Technology (KUET) Date: 31-01-2023
Khulna-9203, Bangladesh
 Title of the Journal papers

➢ Load Frequency Control of a Two-Area Power System with Renewable Energy Sources Using Brown Bear Optimization Technique
[1]

➢ Analytical prediction method of power system frequency deviation under uncertain power fluctuations [2]

➢ Analytic assessment of the power system frequency security [3]

➢ Transient stability-oriented assessment and application of preventive control action for power system [4]

➢ Analytical Methods for Characterizing Frequency Dynamics in Islanded Microgrids with Gensets and Energy Storage [5]
Load Frequency Control of a Two-Area Power
System with Renewable Energy Sources Using
Brown Bear Optimization Technique
Shreekanta Kumar Ojha, Chinna Obaiah Maddela
 Objectives

❑ The objectives of this research work are explained below;

➢ To control the frequency deviation and variation of line power

➢ To implement effective optimization technique
➢ To compare the control strategy among existing techniques
 Research Contribution and Analysis

Figure 2: Conventional PID controller block diagram

Figure 1: Block diagram of renewable integrated power system
in two area.

❑ Brown bear Optimization Algorithm (BOA) is employed for

scheduling gain of PID and PI-PDN (proposed technique) in case of
Load Frequency Control (LFC).
❑ Wind energy and Solar PV system is considered in the analysis
❑ Proposed BOA technique in PI-PDN controller works very well to
remove power disturbance from the power system
Figure 3: Design of PI-PDN controller.
 Research Contribution and Analysis (Cont’d…)
❑ Two types of behavior is introduced during removing of disturbances
(a) Pedal scent marking
(b) Sniffing behavior
❑ Pedal scent marking mechanism introduced three 3 characteristics. Like as:
(a) Gait while walking characteristics
(b) Careful stepping characteristics
(c) Twisting feet characteristics
❑ Sniffing behavior mechanism works with surrounding signal
 Findings and Conclusion
❑ Brown bear Optimization Algorithm (BOA) system provides
nearly zero frequency deviation and power fluctuation

❑ Proposed controller performing well than the conventional PID

controller

Figure 4: Comparison of cascade model considering dynamic responses in (a) Area 1, (b) Area 2 and (b) tie
line power fluctuation; with conventional one for normal system operation with RE source integration
 Findings and Conclusion (Cont’d…)
❑ Brown bear Optimization Algorithm (BOA) system provides
nearly zero frequency deviation and power fluctuation

❑ Proposed controller performing well than the conventional PID

controller

Figure 5: Comparison of cascade model considering dynamic responses in (a) Area 1, (b) Area 2 and (b) tie
line power fluctuation; with conventional one for variable load performance with RE source integration
 Limitations and Recommendations
The proposed model is very newer to other research works and very effective. But there have few limitations of this research work
which should be addressed also. Such as;

➢ The system only considered PV system and Wind turbine system

➢ The proposed model works for non-reheating elements
➢ The research is done with considering only two areas

Recommended to implement simple structure and economic operation.

Analytical prediction method of power system frequency
deviation under uncertain power fluctuations
Lixuan Zhu, Ping Ju, Yiping Yu
 Objectives

❑ The objectives of this research work are explained below;

➢ To develop a prediction method analytically for tracking frequency deviation

➢ To analyze and define an acceptable frequency deviation range
➢ To delimit the system frequency deviation response interval
➢ To delimit the allowable range of power fluctuation
➢ To fix the system frequency deviation range
➢ To ensure proper relationship between input and output intervals
 Research Contribution and Analysis
The stochastic process which is the primary key for the analytical model derivation is expressed as;

∆𝑃𝑑 𝑡 = 𝑍 cos(𝜔0 𝑡) + 𝐶

where,

∆𝑃𝑑 − ∆𝑃−𝑑
Z = Random variable, ranges from 0 to
2

𝜔0 = Frequency of sinusoidal stochastic process

∆𝑃−𝑑 + ∆𝑃𝑑
C = A constant that represents
2

❑ An analytical model is proposed to work against the dynamic fluctuation

❑ Proposed model is implemented through Frequency Response Model in a power grid system
❑ The model can predict frequency deviation boundaries with sinusoidal operating characteristics
 Findings and Conclusion

❑ The proposed model can accurately predict the frequency

boundaries to which the frequency deviation occurs

Figure 6: Comparison of frequency deviation boundaries in the verification system of the

proposed model with (a) ∆Pd = [0, 0.025]; (b) ∆Pd = [−0.025, 0.025]
 Limitations and Recommendations
Though the research work is so promising to implement, but it incurred few limitations:

➢ The research work is conducted with considering a single input single output
➢ There has less information about the settling time of this method if any contingency occurs in the power system.
Recommended to relate the voltage regulation system in this mechanism .
Analytic assessment of the power system
frequency security
Ping Ju, Yi Zheng, Yuqing Jin, Chuan Qin, Yefeng Jiang, Lu Cao
 Objectives

❑ The objectives of this research work are explained below;

➢ To develop analytical formula of System Frequency Response (SFR) for large scale power system
➢ To construct SFR with proper parameter determination strategy
➢ To illustrate the behavior of frequency dynamic process of different periods
➢ To explain the key features of the proposed analytical process
 Research Contribution and Analysis
As it is discussed earlier, this research work considered a three-order transfer function to address the system frequency response
which is expressed as;

After appropriate mathematical analysis the fruitful t-domain analytic formula is obtained as;

where,

∆𝑓(𝑡) = t-domain frequency response

∆𝑃𝑑 = Real time power disturbance

𝐶0 , 𝐶1 , 𝐶2 = Characteristic co-efficient

❑ A three order transfer function is introduced, which is more effective to address the system frequency response
❑ Several kind of faults can be identified through the model
❑ Qualitative analysis and qualitative calculation is performed by using the proposed transfer function
❑ All the analysis is done with focusing to power system security enhancement
 Research Contribution and Analysis (Cont’d…)
❑ The authors explained the frequency response security system with 4 security indexes
(a) Initial rate of frequency change
(b) Extreme frequency situation
(c) Frequency recovery time
(d) Steady state frequency system

❑ The proposed method is applied in a grid system, names as ‘New England 10-unit 39-bus power system’

❑ Three types of data were used for the verification of the proposed analytical formula obtained from the grid system. By using the
data several analysis is performed in the introduction of Case 1, Case 2 and Case 3
 Findings and Conclusion
❑ The load increment behavior nicely fit with the analytical
formula. That’s why the actual data which is obtained from
frequency deviation is perfectly determined by analytic formula

❑ For several values of load increment the deviation of proposed

formula is very much negligible.

❑ The both explanation makes it clear about adopting the

analytical formula proposed by the authors

Figure 7: Comparison of frequency response with different load increment; (a) +2.5% of load increment, (b)
+5% of load increment and (c) +7.5% of load increment.
 Findings and Conclusion (Cont’d…)

Figure 8: Comparison of frequency response in various cases

❑ The analytical formula provides appropriate frequency response

 Limitations and Recommendations
In this research work a new concept of frequency response measurement is disclosed, which is very much promising to apply in the
power systems. But this research has a noticeable limitation like as;

➢ The analysis of case 1 of ‘New England 10-unit 39-bus power system’ was not present with comparison to case 2 and case 3,
which implies it has few drawbacks when there is versatile total load is used.

As a recommendation it can be added that the analysis with other renewable sources should be incorporated to see the variations.
Transient stability-oriented assessment and
application of preventive control action for
power system
Bhanu P. Soni, Akash Saxena, Vikas Gupta, Simrath L. Surana
 Objectives

❑ The objectives of this research work are explained below;

➢ To implement proper control strategy against the possible power system contingency
➢ To illustrate the state of power system stability in the operating condition
➢ To determine proper systems to reschedule generator
➢ To classify generator in the power network
 Research Contribution and Analysis
For implementing the proposed approach, the Transient Stability Index (TSI) is expressed as:

𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 − ∆𝛿𝑗,𝐶𝑂𝐼 (𝜏)

𝑇𝑆𝐼𝑗 = 1 −
𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 + ∆𝛿𝑗,𝐶𝑂𝐼 (𝜏)

where,

∆𝛿𝑗,𝐶𝑂𝐼 (𝜏) = rotor angle value of jth generator with respect to Center Of Inertia (COI) at time τ

𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 = maximum allowable threshold value of 𝛿𝐶𝑂𝐼 for secure operation = 120° (in this work)

❑ The real time monitoring and control system is established in this research work to ensure power system stability

❑ To identify power system stability status TSI system is introduced.

❑ For a generator: TSI ≥ 1, it indicates the unstable situation of the generator

❑ For a generator: TSI < 1, it represents the stable situation of the generator
 Research Contribution and Analysis (Cont’d…)
❑ The proposed approach of stability analysis has been performed through a simulation procedure considering a 10 generators and 39
bus system (which refers to IEEE 39-Bus system).

❑ The two types of system load have been considered in the analysis where type 1 denoted 96.13% of system load base case unstable
situation and type 2 denoted 105.45% of system load base case unstable situation.

❑ The research work is done with 3 major steps. Such as;

(a) Square Support Vector Machine (LS-SVM) implementation
(b) Coherent group identification
(c) Suitable control strategy
 Findings and Conclusion
❑ A 3 phase fault system is analyzed with a time
interval of 0.04 sec and 0.2 sec with random real and
reactive loads where the LS-SVM system was so
accurate against fault scenario

❑ LS-SVM system implemented with TSI mechanism

gives appropriate prediction about frequency
mismatch

❑ The analysis proves that the stability mismatch

occurred due to losing synchronism by the generator

❑ Then the mismatch problem is solved by the proposed

model by shifting the real power generation from
higher critical generator to least critical generator

Figure 9: The scheduling process of rotor in case of contingency by the

proposed approach.
Analytical Methods for Characterizing Frequency
Dynamics in Islanded Microgrids with Gensets and
Energy Storage
Ajit A. Renjit, Abrez Mondal, Mahesh S. Illindala, Amrit S. Khalsa
 Objectives

❑ The objectives of this research work are explained below;

➢ To calculate properly the frequency parameters i.e., rate of change of frequency and minimum value of
frequency
➢ To identify the amount of frequency deviation with respect to power system disturbances
 Research Contribution and Analysis

Figure 10: Model of battery ESS in Figure 11: Controlling block diagram Figure 12: ROM of the islanded
grid-forming model of a natural gas engine driven microgrid with energy storage unit
generator set controlled as the grid-forming unit

❑ The SimPowerSystem toolbox of MATLAB Simulink is used to model the control structure.
ESS is
❑ AC output voltage is controlled by the Inverter connected ESS. working as a
❑ Then isochronous generator is used to sense the fuel supply grid-forming
❑ Also, power fluctuation model is established with ROM
mode
 Research Contribution and Analysis (Cont’d…)

Figure 13: DER system with genset Figure 14: Battery connected ESS in Figure 15: ROM of the islanded
in islanded microgrid grid-following mode microgrid with energy storage unit
controlled as the grid-forming unit

❑ The SimPowerSystem toolbox of MATLAB Simulink is used to model the control structure.
ESS is
❑ Two considered DER system is connected along with genset working as a
❑ A battery ESS system is employed with inverter, which maintain balance between real and grid-following
reactive power mode
❑ Also, a governor speed controller mechanism is established
 Findings and Conclusion
Table 1: System frequency metrics when ESS is operated in Table 2: System frequency metrics when ESS is
the grid-forming mode operated in the grid-following mode

❑ The proposed model with ROM performs comparatively well than the simulation based result of rate of change of frequency and
minimum frequency (termed as frequency Nadir) which is described in above Table 1 and Table 2.

❑ For several load change the fluctuation of frequency always remains very close to optimum.
 Limitations and Recommendations
All the approaches were practically viable. Besides their remarkable contribution there was a noticing fact about the research work,
which can be considered as a recommendation to their work. Such as; The authors should also enhance their research work in the
region where load shedding occurrence is dominating in case of continuous power supply to the consumers
 References
[1] S. K. Ojha and C. O. Maddela, “Load frequency control of a two-area power system with renewable energy sources using brown
bear optimization technique,” Electr Eng, Dec. 2023, doi: 10.1007/s00202-023-02143-4.
[2] L. Zhu, P. Ju, and Y. Yu, “Analytical prediction method of power system frequency deviation under uncertain power fluctuations,”
IET Generation Trans &amp; Dist, vol. 17, no. 12, pp. 2728–2738, Jun. 2023, doi: 10.1049/gtd2.12873.
[3] P. Ju, Y. Zheng, Y. Jin, C. Qin, Y. Jiang, and L. Cao, “Analytic assessment of the power system frequency security,” IET Generation
Trans & Dist, vol. 15, no. 15, pp. 2215–2225, Aug. 2021, doi: 10.1049/gtd2.12171.
[4] B. P. Soni, A. Saxena, V. Gupta, and S. L. Surana, “Transient stability‐oriented assessment and application of preventive control
action for power system,” J. eng., vol. 2019, no. 18, pp. 5345–5350, Jul. 2019, doi: 10.1049/joe.2018.9353.
[5] A. A. Renjit, A. Mondal, M. S. Illindala, and A. S. Khalsa, “Analytical Methods for Characterizing Frequency Dynamics in Islanded
Microgrids With Gensets and Energy Storage,” IEEE Trans. on Ind. Applicat., vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 1815–1823, May 2017, doi:
10.1109/TIA.2017.2657481.
Thank You