GRADE 10-ENGLISH (REVIEWER)
can convince the reader to agree on the
➢ LANGUAGE OF RESEARCH,
CAMPAIGNS, AND ADVOCACIES
• Language plays an essential role in our lives.
More than just serving as a way for us to
communicate with one another, language
also enables us to inform, entertain,
influence, and persuade others.
• Research makes use of a formal, academic,
and persuasive language to communicate
discussions and present corresponding
findings for variables
studied.
• Campaign is usually social or political in
nature, is technically defined as a planned set
of activities that people carry out to attain a
certain goal or objective. A campaign speech,
basically, is a well-planned speaking activity
that aims to excite, persuade, and/or motivate
listeners convincing them to adhere to the
speaker’s ideas.
• Advocacy refers to activities that argue,
plead, support, or favor a certain cause.
Various causes for advocacy usually aim to
influence decision making especially with
issues involving social, political,
environmental, and economic perspectives.
➢ LANGUAGE DEVICES USUALLY EMPLOYED
IN PERSUASIVE WRITING
• Emotive Language- This involves the use of
words that evoke emotions and make people
feel a certain way. This is a commonly used
technique when writing headlines in
newspapers or delivering speeches.
• Modal Verbs-The use of words that express
modality or how likely something is going to
happen helps adjust the level of certainty of
events to suit arguments. (may, might, will,
must, shall, can, could, would, ought to)
• Involving the Reader- This is done through
the use of personal pronouns like you, your,
we, our and indicative words like together.
• Rhetorical Questions-These are questions
that are not supposed to be answered.
Instead, they are asked for effect, to illustrate
a point, or let the reader think. The use of
questions that sometimes state the obvious
points being presented.
• Using Evidence-This involves the use of
facts, figures, or quotes from experts to
highlight the writer’s authority and make the
arguments presented more convincing.
• Repetition- This technique involves
repeating keywords, phrases, or ideas to
appeal to the readers.
• Adjectives and Adverbs- Using carefully
selected adjectives and adverbs makes it
possible for the writer to influence how the
readers feel.
• Association- This technique tries to link an
object or an idea with something already liked
or desired by the target audience such as
wealth, success, pleasure, and security.
• Bandwagon-Commonly used in
advertisements, this persuasion technique
makes the audience believe the idea that
“everyone is doing it” or that everyone likes
something.
• Experts- This means relying on expert advice
from trusted people like doctors, scientists,
and other professionals for things that the
audience do not know. The idea that these
experts are risking their credibility to support
an object or idea makes the persuasion more
effective.
➢ ARGUMENTATION
• Argumentative writing is sometimes called
persuasive writing because it seeks to
convince readers to support a stand on a
certain issue.
• It also requires the writer to examine a topic
or issue which involves the collection,
generation, and evaluation of exhibits
and/or pieces of evidence. It further
emphasizes the writer’s agreement or
disagreement on particular proposition.
• An argumentative essay is an essay that
presents a stand or a rationale on a given
proposition or issue. In this essay, the main
argument presented is elaborated and
explained through the presentation of its pros
and cons. The main objective of
argumentative essay is to convince or
 persuade the reader into considering your
stand or argument on an issue.
• Key Structural Elements of
Argumentative Writing
• The basic components of an argument
include: (a) a claim, (b) reasons behind
this claim, and (c) pieces of evidence to
support this specific claim.
➢ Language Features of
an Argumentative Text
Ex.” I would like to finish this email before we have
our conversation”.
➢ OPINION OR ASSERTION
• OPINION is defined as a view, judgment, or
appraisal drawn from facts. It is usually a
concept or impression based on factual
evidence.
Ex. I believe running is a better exercise than
biking.
• ASSERTION is a declaration or expression for
strong belief towards a particular topic, often
without evidence. It usually includes forceful
or confident and positive statement regarding
a belief or a fact.
Ex.
The earth is dying.
Black is color associated with darkness and
evil.
• commonplace assertions or
“stereotypes.” These are statements that
sound true but are generally based on
common opinions.
Ex. “Men are always stronger than
women”.
➢ SIGNAL WORDS
➢ TYPES OF ASSERTION
A. BASIC ASSERTION is a type of assertion that
directly expresses the writer’s feelings and
beliefs through simple statements. This type
is usually used in standing up for personal
beliefs.
B. EMPATHIC ASSERTION involves expressing • CLAIM OF VALUE
empathy and expounding on how the writer
understands the feelings and emotions of the - presents an assertion as to whether
literary author. This type may be used in both something is good or bad.
formal and informal writing.
- One concept or idea is better than another.
Ex. “I know you are feeling hopeless with the
project but cheer up! There are still ways we
can do to keep the contract”. - This also emphasizes and weighs the
benefits of the subject matter.
C. I-LANGUAGE ASSERTION expresses the
feelings and preferences of the writer. This
- This is debatable in nature since people
type is called I-Language because the writer
may have different opinions on the given
usually uses the pronoun ‘I’ in asserting
claims or concepts.
disagreement. This type is often used in
writing reviews, reaction, or reflection
papers.
• CLAIM OF POLICY
Ex. “ Mr. President, if I may speak…..when you
signed the petition for these OFWs, I felt very - A claim of policy supports that an action
proud and happy, but when denied the should or should not be done to address a
assistance, I felt annoyed and betrayed. I certain case or policy.
would like you to revisit the petition and grant
them the assistance they need”.
- Policy claim indicates that an action
should be carried out either in support or in
opposition of a particular argument.
➢ CLAIMS OF FACT,
POLICY, AND VALUE
➢ EXPOSITION
• A CLAIM refers to a clear assertion of a • Expository text merely presents or provides
person’s ideas, opinions, or propositions. The information about a particular topic or issue.
use of claims may serve the purpose of
convincing or persuading readers or a
specific audience to agree with a specific • Sometimes called informational writing
stand or rationale on an issue. where the writer provides facts on a given
topic in a way that is educational and
➢ TYPES OF CLAIMS purposeful.

• CLAIM OF FACT • providing facts, expository writing may also

include providing descriptions, citing
reasons, presenting explanations, and
• Its states something about things in the enumerating steps of a specific process.
past, in the present, and in the future.
• NARRATIVE WRITING- TO ENTERTAIN
• can be proven or disproved with the
help of factual evidence.
• ARGUMENTATIVE WRITING- CONVINCE OR
• basically, debatable yet verifiable. PERSUADE THE READERS.
• EXPOSITORY- TO INFORM
1. A clear and concise thesis statement.
Usually presented in the initial paragraph, the
thesis statement introduces the main topic or
idea and provides the overall direction for the
text.
2. Clear transitions. The use of clear and
proper transitions will glue the introduction,
the body, and the conclusion together.
Without effective use of transitions, the
exposition may seem like a disjointed
collection of sentences.
3. A body that contains pieces of evidence
and support. the use of supporting
evidence like examples and explanations
forms a huge part of a facts-based expository
text.
4. An effective conclusion. a conclusion
should tie the ideas altogether while
highlighting the true essence of the main idea
in the text.
➢ TYPES OF EXPOSITORY WRITING
• Cause and Effect. Here, the writer
presents the information by explaining how or
why a certain event or occurrence happened
[cause] and what resulted from that particular
cause or occurrence [effect].
• Comparison and Contrast. The
writer presents the information by providing
details as to how things, concepts, or ideas
are alike or different.
• Description. In this structure, the topic is
presented by providing descriptions about its
attributes, features, and examples.
• Problem and Solution. The writer may
present a problem and provide one or more
solutions to the said problem.
• Sequence. In this structure, information
may be presented in a way that follows
numerical or chronological sequence either
explicitly or implicitly.
➢ SIGNAL PHRASES
➢MULTIMODAL
ELEMENTS
• Multimodal texts. A text is
considered multimodal when it
combines two or more communication
modes to present information.
• Mode refers to the method of
communication being employed. It can
be linguistic, visual, auditory, gestural,
or spatial.
• Multimodal text may be print-based
(paper), digital, live, or transmedia
(using multiple delivery channels).
➢ Composing Texts with Multimodal
Elements
1. Textual Knowledge.
- A clear understanding of the information.
- This will serve as the basis of determining
how information will be conveyed and what
modes may work best for the information
available.
2. Technological Knowledge.
- It is imperative to understand what
technological tools and processes will best
work for the kind of multimodal texts to be
produced.
3. Semiotic Knowledge.
- This refers to understanding how each mode
can work to convey meaning, where each
mode or semiotic system has its own
function.
4. Ability to Combine Various Modes.
- When composing multimodal text, it is
 vital to understand what combinations will
work best in conveying the meaning of a
specific set of information.
4. Understanding Different Genres.
- Like in writing, it is also important in
multimodal compositions to take into
consideration the purpose, target
audience, and text-type.
➢TECHNIQUES IN
PUBLIC SPEAKING
• Prepared speech
- the speaker is given the topic beforehand,
has time to research about the topic, and is
able to rehearse or practice prior to
delivering the speech.
- Speaking before thousands of graduating
students or addressing a crowd during a
business conference usually falls under this
category
• Impromptu speech
- is one where the speaker is given with little or
no time to prepare. This type of speaking
occurs during ambush interview and other
gatherings where people are asked to deliver
a speech on the spur of the moment.
➢ TECHNIQUES IN PUBLIC SPEAKING
1. Know your purpose. Being sure on the
purpose of your speech is synonymous to
knowing where to focus your discussion.
2. Be familiar with your topic. The best way to
do this is to research. When you are sure of
every information you are presenting, you will
be more confident.
3. Consider your audience. It is essential to be
sure of the kind of people you will be speaking
to.
4. Plan ahead of time. planning everything is a
key to a successful speaking engagement.
5. Use non-verbal cues. The right amount of
gestures at the right time are key elements of
public speaking as these movements help
convey ideas more clearly.
6. Remain calm. Taking deep breaths and
having a focused mindset can do the magic of
staying relaxed.
7. Practice. Through constant practice, one may
be able to identify areas that can be
improved. Practice is a major component of
planning.
8. Watch your words. One must be careful
enough not to use words that might put his or
her reliability and reputation into jeopardy.
9. Speak with clarity. One should observe
proper pronunciation, stress, intonation,
juncture, diction, tone, and pacing when
delivering a speech. Consistent practice is
likewise necessary.
10. Know the essential etiquettes. As a public
speaker, one should know the different do’s
and don’ts when speaking before an
audience.
11. Use visuals when necessary. When possible
and appropriate, visuals like PowerPoint
slides can help support the speech being
delivered.
12. Dress comfortably but appropriately. A
speaker should dress in a way that exudes
respect and formality.
13. Be open to questions and comments.
Always bear in mind that you cannot please
everybody. It is essential to be open to
questions, comments, and even criticisms.
These things can be used as considerations on
how one can improve or continuously refine
his/her style and craft.