Atomic Models

Democritus to Rutherford

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Democritus (460—370 BC)

• Greek Philosopher
• Atomism
• Nothing exists but atoms
and empty space;
everything else is opinion.
• Atom comes from atomos
meaning uncuttable.

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 Democritus Atomic Theory
1. All matter consists of INVISIBLE
PARTICLES…..called atoms • Solids are made of small, pointy atoms.
2. Atoms are
INDESTRUCTIBLE & UNCHANGEABLE • Liquids are made of large, round atoms.
3. A VOID (empty space) exists between atoms
4. Atoms are SOLID • Oils are made of very fine, small atoms
that can easily slip past each other.
5. Atoms are HOMOGENEOUS……(no internal structure)
6. Atoms DIFFER in size, shape, mass, position, • Sweet things are made of smooth atoms,
arrangement….. bitter things of sharp atoms

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John Dalton (1766--1844) Dalton‛s Atomic Model

• A New System of
1. All matter consists of
Chemical Philosophy TINY PARTICLES
• Developed the 1st useful 2. Atoms are
Atomic Theory INDESTRUCTIBLE &
• Good at experiments UNCHANGEABLE
• 1st to associate atoms 3. Elements are characterized by
with stoichiometry ATOMIC MASS
4. When elements react, their atoms
combine in WHOLE NUMBER RATIOS
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 Dalton‛s Laws J. J. Thomson ( 1856--1940)

• Law of Constant Composition Discovered electrons

(aka Law of Definite Proportions)
in 1891
for a given compound, the composition is always the same:
Cathode ray tubes
H2O CO2 CH4
Plum Pudding Atomic
• Law of Multiple Proportions Model
different compounds may be formed from the same
elements in different, but fixed, ratios:
H2O & H2O2 CO2 & CO CH4 & C2H6

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A Cathode Ray Tube

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 Rutherford (1871--1937)

Discovered the nucleus

in 1911

Gold Foil Experiment

Planetary Atomic Model

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 Rutherford‛s explanation for
both
large- and small-angle scattering,
was the
nucleus

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Empty space!!

If an atom were the

size of a baseball
stadium,
The nucleus would
be the size of a
PEA

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 Structure of the Nucleus A Model of Helium

2 protons

2 neutrons

2 electrons

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Elements Chart
Element Atomic Atomic Mass # # Electrons # Neutrons
Symbol Mass Protons
# #
H 1 1.008 1 1 1 0
He 2 4.003 4 2 2 2
O 8
N 7
C 6
F 9
P 15
Sn 50
C-14 6

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 Isotopes

Same Atomic Number, Different Atomic Mass

Same # of Protons, Different # of Neutrons

Hydrogen 1 proton, 0 neutrons

Deuterium (heavy hydrogen) 1 proton, 1 neutron

Tritium (heavier hydrogen) 1 proton, 2 neutrons

Carbon-12 6 protons, 6 neutrons

Carbon-13 6 protons, 6 neutrons Halogens

Alkali Metals Boron Family Nitrogen Family
Noble Gases
Alkaline Earth Metals Carbon Family Oxygen Family
Transition Metals

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Source of Images and Text

gas
liquid
http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/atoms/dalton.shtml
http://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/Rutherford-Model.html

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