08/09/2023

ATOMIC
THEORY
Prepared by: Gian Michael B. Boyero, RChT. Atomic Atomic Number Electron Quantum
Models Atomic Mass Configuration Numbers

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ATOM
Let us
the building blocks of matter; the
recall… smallest indivisible part of matter
which retains its identity.

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Nucleus

STRUCTURE
OF AN ATOM

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Nucleus
– central core of the atom
– contains most of the atom’s
mass
– composed of protons &
neutrons Neutron Proton +
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Nucleus

Neutron
– uncharged particle (neutral)
– found within an atomic nucleus
– discovered by James Chadwick
(1932)
Proton +
– positively charged particle
– found within an atomic nucleus
– discovered by Ernest Rutherford
(1917)

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Electron

Electron Orbit

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Electron Electron Orbit

– negatively charged particle
– the three-dimensional areas
– located in shells that surround
around the nucleus of an atom
an atom's nucleus
where a particular electron
– discovered by Joseph John
resides.
Thomon (1897)

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PARTICLE SYMBOL CHARGE MASS

Neutrons 𝑛0 0 1.67 x 10−27 kg

Protons 𝑝+ 1.602 x 10−19 C 1.67 x 10−27 kg

Atomic Models
Electrons 𝑒− - 1.602 x 10−19 C 9.1 x 10−31 kg

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Plum Pudding Model Solid Sphere Model

Solid Sphere Model Plum Pudding Model

– this model states that matter is made
– it was put forward by JOSEPH JOHN
up of small indivisible particles called
THOMSON (1904)
atoms.
– An atom consists of positive &
– coined by English physicist and
negative charge.
chemist JOHN DALTON (1808)

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Solid Sphere Model Solid Sphere Model

Plum Pudding Model

– it was put forward by JOSEPH JOHN
THOMSON (1904)
– An atom consists of positive &
negative charge.

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Planetary Model
Nuclear Model
– Atoms are mainly empty space
– Positive charge atoms are concentrated at
the center (Nucleus)
– Electrons move around the nucleus
– Coined by ERNEST RUTHERFORD (1911)
Planetary Model
– Electrons orbit the nucleus
– Orbits have specific sizes & energy
– Electrons can move in each shell when it
gains or losses electrons
– It was put forward by Neils Bohr (1913)

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Planetary Model
Quantum Mechanical Model
– Electron moves around the nucleus in a
“cloud” not orbits.
– Orbital helps us predict the area where we
can find the electrons.

uestions
– Closer to the nucleus, easier to locate
electrons (ERWIN SHRODINGER – 1926)

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ATOMIC MASS ATOMIC MASS ATOMIC NUMBER

is the number is the is the total
average number of
of neutrons
weight of an protons
and protons present in an
present in a element and
element’s
Atomic Number particular
nucleus of an
is denoted by
the symbol
nucleus. This is
represented
element “A” by the symbol
Atomic Mass “Z”

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ATOMIC MASS ATOMIC MASS ATOMIC NUMBER ATOMIC MASS ATOMIC MASS ATOMIC NUMBER
is the number is the is the total is the number is the is the total
average number of average number of
of neutrons of neutrons
weight of an protons weight of an protons
and protons present in an
and protons present in an
present in a element and present in a element and
element’s element’s
particular is denoted by nucleus. This is particular is denoted by nucleus. This is
nucleus of an the symbol represented nucleus of an the symbol represented
element. “A” by the symbol element. “A” by the symbol
“Z” “Z”

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•
A X - any element

X
• A - Atomic mass
A
Z X •

•
(No. of protons + neutrons)
Z - Atomic number
(No. of protons)
No. of Neutrons =
Z Atomic mass (A) – No. of Protons (Z)

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Example:

Conditions
A. For elements without charge:

He
• (Z): Number of protons = Number of electrons
• No charge (𝑛0 ) 2 4

• ONLY APPLICABLE TO THE NOBLE GASES He

Helium

B. For elements with charge:

• (+) – losses electron
• (-) – gains electron

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Conditions
Example:
2 4 16 32

He S
(Z) Atomic number: 2 Atomic number: 16
(A) Atomic mass: 4 Atomic mass: 32
No. of Protons: 2 No. of Protons: 16
No. of Neutrons: 4-2=2 No. of Neutrons: 32-16=16
Charge: 0 Charge: -2
Helium No. of Electrons:2+0=2 Sulfur No. of Electrons: 16+2=18

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K Y
Atomic number: Atomic number:
Atomic mass: Atomic mass:
No. of Protons: No. of Protons:
No. of Neutrons: No. of Neutrons:
Charge: +1 Charge: +3
Potassium No. of Electrons: Yttrium No. of Electrons:

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Isotopes
have the same number of
protons but different number
of neutrons

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ELECTRON
uestions CONFIGURATION

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Electron Configuration

– describes how electrons are

distributed in atomic orbitals.
– Basis: Atomic Number (no. of Protons)

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Aufbau Principle
Filling of - named after the German word
“Aufbeen” meaning “build-up”
Atomic - this dictates that electrons will
occupy the orbitals having lower
Orbitals energies before
occupying higher energy orbitals

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Pauli Exclusion Principle Hund’s Rule

- states that a maximum of two
electrons can fit in an orbital
(must be in opposite spins)
- also, states that no two atom
have the same values for all
quantum numbers.
- describes the order in which electrons are
filled in all the orbitals belonging to a subshell
- every orbital in each subshell is singly
occupied by electrons before a second electron
is filled in an orbital

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Aufbau Principle Example:

this dictates that 1. Oxygen (O)
electrons will occupy
the orbitals having
2. Chlorine (Cl)
lower energies before 3. Argon (Ar)
occupying higher
energy orbitals.

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Example: Pauli Exclusion

Principle
1. 1s2 2s2 2p4 states that a
2. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5 maximum of two
3. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 electrons can fit in an
orbital (must be in
opposite spins)

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Hund’s Rule
every orbital in each
subshell is singly
occupied by electrons
before a second
uestions
electron is filled in an
orbital

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Quantum Numbers

Quantum – the set of numbers used to

Numbers describe the position and energy
of the electron in an atom

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Principal quantum number (n)

– As “n” moves
– describes the size of the orbital. farther away from
the nucleus, the
– ‘”n” can be any positive integer. lesser the pull of
– describes the energy of an force from the
center, the more the
electron and the most probable electrons roam
distance of the electron from the freely.

nucleus

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Orbital quantum number (l)

– azimuthal quantum number
– must be less than the principal (0)
quantum number n (n-1), which (1)
corresponds to a “shell” of (2)
electrons (Subshells). (3)
– number ranges between 0 and (n-1).

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Magnetic quantum number (ml)

– is dependent on the value of the

azimuthal /orbital angular
momentum quantum number.
– value of ml ranges between the
interval -l to +l

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Electron spin quantum

number (ms)
– is independent of the values of n,
l, and ml. This number gives
insight into the direction in which
the electron is spinning.

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Quantum Symbol Allowed Meaning

Number Values
Principal n Positive integer Electron Shell
(1,2,3…)

Azimuthal/ l Integers from Subshells

Secondary 0 to (n-1)

Magnetic ml -1 and +1 Total no. of

orientation of
orbitals
Spin ms -1/2 and +1/2 Direction of
Spin

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uestions Thank
you.
Gian Michael B. Boyero, RChT

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Assignment (1 whole yellow pad) Assignment

Atomic Atomic No. of No. of No. of Write the Electron Configuration using Aufbau Principle
Element Charge
Number Mass Protons Electrons Neutrons of the following elements:
Carbon 1 2
2.) 6 3
3.) 8 none
Chlorine 4
4.) 35 17 5
5.) 6
6.) +1 1. Cobalt – Co (27)
Bromine 35 80 7.) 8.) 10. +1 2. Krypton – Kr (36)
7 8 9
3. Sodium – Na (11)
Strontium 11.)
10 88 38 36 11 12
4. Gold – Au (79)
Oganesson 118 176 +4
13 14 15
5. Nitrogen – N(7)

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