“Decoding the Synergy: Investigating The Structural Safety Performance for Optimal

Livability in Affordable Housing Environments in Granville Crest, Davao City”

An Architectural Term Paper Presented to the

College of Architecture and Fine Arts Education

University of Mindanao

Davao City

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for AR512 (6911) – HOUSING

Bachelor of Science in Architecture

BUENDIA, MAE CAMAE C.

GORGOLON, DENISE M.

TOM, KATHRYNA SANDRA JAZZTINE D.

OCIDO, ALLYZA MAE A.

JANUARY 2023
 1 “Decoding the Synergy: Investigating The Structural Safety Performance for Optimal
2 Livability in Affordable Housing Environments in Granville Crest, Davao City”
3
4 Mae Camae C. Buendia1, Denise M. Gorgolon1, Kathryna Sandra Jazztine D. Tom1, Allyza Mae A. Ocido1,
5 and Ar. Joyce Marie S. Cagampang2
6
7 1Student, College of Architecture and Fine Arts Education, University of Mindanao, Davao City, Philippines
8 2 Lecturer, College of Architecture and Fine Arts Education, University of Mindanao, Davao City, Philippines
9
10
Abstract
Housing is a basic human and global issue, influencing the overall quality of life. Safety is identified as a crucial
attribute of affordable housing, aligning with the United Nations' sustainable development goals. Issues such as
habitability, suitability, maintenance, defects, and poor workmanship are identified as compromising the safety of
occupants. The quality of a structure is noted to be correlated with its safety, as poor workmanship and low-quality
materials can lead to deterioration and safety hazards. In the context of the Philippines, it discusses the challenges of
affordable housing, where good-quality housing tends to be expensive, leading to a shortage in supply for lower-income
households. Developers typically utilize on inexpensive concrete structures without considering human scale, hindering
the formation of thriving communities.
The research on housing safety would focus on the epidemiological relationship between the living-built
environment and safety hazards. The main purpose of the study is outlined as assessing a benchmark for safety
performance in affordable housing units in Granville Crest, Catalunan Pequeño, Davao City, based on the satisfaction
level of occupants. The research aims to explore the encounters related to safety aspects in affordable housing in Davao
City.

1.0 Introduction
Housing is a basic need and an integral part of human survival (Almaden, 2014). Furthermore, housing stands
as a primary global issue, as the prosperity of a nation is evident when its citizens experience a specific standard of living.
Satisfaction with residences and neighbourhoods serves as crucial benchmarks for assessing housing quality and
condition, influencing the overall quality of life for individuals (Husin, et.al, 2014). With the continuously rising
population and property prices, housing has risen in demand. In this economy, it is difficult to find affordable housing
solutions to house those within the lower income bracket. However, it is important that everyone be given the access to
affordable, safe, and decent housing (Philippines’ Affordable Housing: Challenges and Solutions, 2023).
In regards to affordable housing in the Philippine setting, good quality housing can be expensive. Most middle
income, and even high-income households would need mortgages or long-term loans in order to acquire good housing
(Almaden, 2014). Thus, affordable houses that can be afforded by lower income households are of less availability. This
leads to a low supply with high demand, creating a housing shortage. Moreover, whilst developers have toiled to design
affordable housing with the goal to overcome such shortage in mind, the preference for creating inexpensive concrete
structures without consideration for human scale have frequently led to developments that impede the formation of
thriving communities (Fulgar, 2021).
Safety is one of the important attributes of affordable housing. It is listed by the United Nations that safety of
communities is one of the sustainable development goals. Thus, it is important to ensure the physical safety of the
occupants. Issues such as habitability, suitability, lack of maintenance, defects and poor workmanship, all compromise
the safety of the occupant. It is important to highlight that the quality of a structure is correlated to its safeness (Husin,
et.al, 2014). Buildings with poor workmanship with low quality materials can lead to deterioration and poor aesthetics.
The poor quality will lead to further impairment when not maintained properly, in which case, the buildings are considered
unsafe due to the inferior quality (Husin, et.al., 2012).
In an article by Yau (2006), it was expressed that research on housing safety should concentrate on the
epidemiological relationship between the living-built environment and safety hazards. Thus, assessment of safety of
affordable housing should be closely associated with the behaviour and feedback of the occupants. It prioritizes
accessibility, beauty, affordability, usefulness, productivity, safety, security, and sustainability. POE studies are used to
address problems, fix unanticipated difficulties, fine-tune structures, trace successes and failures, justify new construction
or refurbishment, and provide design principles for future improvements (Roberts & Edwards, 2022).
Research Questions:
Main Question:
• How does the safety performance level of affordable housing units at Granville Crest in Catalunan Pequeño,
Davao City heighten livability?
Sub-Questions:
1. What specific safety features contribute significantly to the perceived safety level and how does it affect
the overall livability in the affordable housing units in Granville Crest in Davao City?
2. What individual safety preferences and experiences of occupants contribute to the livability with the
safety performance of affordable housing units in Granville Crest?
3. What extent do specific safety features and individual safety preferences influence the well-being, and
perceived safety level of occupants and the livability in the affordable housing units at Granville Crest in
Davao City?
Research Objectives
This study aims to assess and explore the relationship of the safety performance level of affordable housing units at
at Granville Crest in Catalunan Pequeño, Davao City on the overall enhancement of residential livability. Specifically it
aims to:

1. To identify and assess specific safety features that significantly contribute to the perceived safety level in
affordable housing units at Granville Crest.
2. To analyze the influence of individual safety preferences and experiences of occupants on the overall
livability, considering the safety performance of affordable housing units in Granville Crest.
3. To investigate the interplay between specific safety features and individual safety preferences, and to
determine their collective influence on the well-being, perceived safety level, and overall livability of
occupants in affordable housing units at Granville Crest.
Study Area

Fig 1. Study area: Granville Crest, Catalunan Pequeño, Davao City (2023)

This research will be conducted in Granville Crest in Catalunan Pequeño, Davao City. The Study’s primary
objective is to correlate the assessment of the safety performance level and its effect on occupant satisfaction in users of
affordable housing. The study’s participants will encompass the occupants or users.
Davao City, situated in the southern region of the Philippines, is a notably urbanized locale. It serves as the
capital of the Davao Region and stands as the focal point for developmental activities in the Mindanao area (National
Economic and Development Authority, 2023). According to the Philippine Statistics Authority (2021), Davao City’s
population has reached 1.7 million people in 2020. The population growth resulted in a notable proliferation of housing
developments within the city in recent years, with initiation stemming from both local developers and nationally
recognized housing brands (Yares, 2021).
 Fig 2. Location of Study Area (Granville Crest)

Granville Crest Subdivision in Davao represents Prestige Homes Realty Development Corporation's latest
affordable housing venture situated in Catalunan Pequeño, Davao City. Spanning over 10 hectares, the subdivision is
poised to accommodate approximately 767 houses. This development integrates economical, low-cost, and middle-cost
housing options, complemented by an array of impressive subdivision features and amenities. Following the triumph of
their rapidly sold-out Granville 1, 2, and 3 Subdivision projects, Prestige Homes introduces a new collection of model
houses at a remarkably reasonable price, accompanied by an affordable monthly payment scheme. It is a 10 hectares
housing development project consisting of 704 units with 5 model houses to choose from. Furthermore, it falls under the
category of low cost to mid cost housing, with a house and lot price of P 900 thousand & above for Bungalow houses and
P 4 million & above for 2 storey houses.
Granville Crest presents a selection of five model houses for potential buyers: (1) the available Rafael
(row/cluster house), (2) John (duplex), (3) Gabriel (Single Attached), (4) Michael (Single Attached), and (5) Matthew (2-
Storey), 4 of which is already sold out, except for the Rafael Housing. All housing types are made up of solid concrete
precast or concrete hollow blocks for the walls, Hardiflex Fiber Cement board and Gypsum board for the ceilings, rib
type colored roofing and steel trusses for the roof, and synthetic granite tiles for living, dining and kitchen areas, wooden
design ceramic floors for bedrooms and non-glossy ceramic floor tiles for toilet and bath.

2.0 Review of Related Literature

History of Affordable Housing Development in the Philippines
Social Housing came into fruition in 1938 directed by the then president, Manual Quezon, resulting in the
creation of the People's Home site Corporation (PHC) as a subsidiary of the National Development Company (NDC);
later, in 1947, the PHC and the National Housing Corporation (NHC) were merged to form the People's Home site and
Housing Corporation (PHHC), as stated in an article by Ballesteros in 2002, cited by a political student in the Chisholm
Institute in 2023 for a paper on Economics. In the 1950s, the Philippines witnessed significant housing progress as ACT
NO. 222, passed in 1948, authorized the government to guarantee up to fifty percent of potential losses on loans for home
construction from banks and credit institutions, complemented by initiatives such as slum clearance, resettlement, and a
mortgage insurance program encouraging favourable terms from private financial entities (Birkman, Reyes & Lauer,
2021). However, high demand and low housing supply created a shortage, driving up housing prices; with minimum costs
for P150 thousand units 3.8 times the yearly wages of unskilled labourers, exacerbated by the high cost of land due to
poor planning, infrastructure limitations, and weak land laws leading to delays in converting agricultural to urban lands,
alongside weak law enforcement causing issues like fake titling and property rights disputes, ultimately increasing
transaction costs in the long term as stated by Ballesteros in 2001 (Andong, 2017).
The 1940’s and 1950’s brought about further demand for housing, which was ongoing even before the onset of
the Second World War (Sencilla, 2023). At the turn of the sixties, the rapid urbanization of Manila after the war lead to
a surge of migration from rural areas to the urban areas in search of improved economic prospects (Sencilla, 2023). By
the 70’s, another era of housing progress ensued, with the Ministry of Human Settlements (MHS) running 9 shelter
programs under one umbrella. In the 1967 Official Gazette, the “Central Institute for the training and Relocation of Urban
Squatters” was established under the Executive Order No. 79 by the then president, which aimed to carry out devise
solutions to the problems of urban squatting and rehabilitation of urban squatters. According to then president, Benigno
Aquino III in 2011, by the 2000’s the housing industry further evolved to accommodate the rapidly increasing population
as a result of high levels of urbanization and thereby urban migration.
The Demand for Safety in Housing Developments
Ensuring safety is a crucial aspect of affordable housing, and it is recognized by the United Nations as a key
component of the sustainable development goals related to community well-being. Concerns like habitability,
appropriateness, insufficient maintenance, structural flaws, and subpar craftsmanship collectively jeopardize the safety
of occupants. Emphasizing that the safety of a structure is directly linked to its overall quality is crucial (Husin, et al.,
2014). In an article by Husin, et. al (2014), a previous study by said authors in 2012 was cited wherein it was stated that
buildings constructed with inferior workmanship and substandard materials are susceptible to deterioration and a
lacklustre appearance; inadequate maintenance can exacerbate the decline, ultimately classifying these structures as
unsafe due to their subpar construction. Among the many indicators of safety in housing is physical quality, which refers
to condition and maintenance of the housing unit, including factors such as the presence of lead, mold, or asbestos, poor
air quality, and overcrowding (Healthy People 2030, 2020).
In Malaysia, various studies have been made in regards to safety of affordable housing. Urbanization has
increased the rate of migration from rural to urban, raising the concerns of the people regarding the safety of their
residences that will affect their quality of life (Ali, et al., 2022). In the article by Husein, et al (2014), a previous article
by Goh and Amad in 2012 accentuated the criticism the Human Rights Commission of Malaysia made in 2003 against
the Malaysian Government for their failure in addressing the issues about the physical safety of occupants. In the same
article, other issues were cited including habitability, suitability, lack of maintenance, defects and shoddy workmanship;
safety features of a building are related to the quality of the building. To handle these issues, several initiatives were
designed and implemented in the country to ensure a concept of a safe city (Ristvej, et al., 2020). Despite the enforcement
of Construction Industry Standard 1 and Construction Industry Standard 2 in 1998, Malaysians still face many safety
problems in their affordable housings (Husin, et al., 2014).
In the Philippines, the poor face a significant housing challenge due to limited access to decent housing options.
With a shortage of suitable alternatives, many impoverished individuals resort to informal settlements, occupying
inadequate and often unsafe spaces such as bridges, riverbanks, and streets (Philippine Institute for Development Studies,
2024). The increasing population and rising property prices create a heightened demand for housing, posing challenges
in finding cost-effective options for those in the lower income bracket; nevertheless, it is imperative to ensure universal
access to affordable, secure, and dignified housing (Richest Philippines, 2023). To address these issues, organizations
like Habitat for Humanity has been addressing housing challenges in the Philippines for over 26 years, striving to offer
resilient and affordable homes, rebuild lives, and enhance resilience against calamities; yet, further initiatives are essential
to guarantee access to secure housing for all Filipino families, especially given the country's expanding population,
poverty rates, and susceptibility to disasters (Habitat for Humanity, 2017).
In the case of Davao City, initiatives have been undertaken to offer secure and affordable housing for low-
income households, classifying them into various types ranging from informal to formal (Malasque, et al., 2016). The
city has embraced self-help provision and incremental construction methods, particularly focusing on the urban poor
(Malague & Bartsch, 2015). This approach is recognized as a key driver of progressive development in developing
nations. Additionally, the city has undergone an architectural evolution, transitioning from traditional tribal structures to
contemporary urban designs, symbolizing the city's cultural heritage and promising future (From Past to Present: The
Evolution of Davao, Philippines’s Architecture, 2023).
Problems with Affordable Housing in the Philippines
The Philippines grapples with significant challenges concerning the safety and affordability of housing. One
major issue is the housing deficit, with the country's largest association of housing developers estimating a shortfall of 4
million units (Habitat for Humanity, 2017). In the same article, the nation's vulnerability to natural disasters was
emphasized, including seismic activity and approximately 20 typhoons annually, compounds the problem by destroying
homes and jeopardizing lives. Furthermore, in an article by the Habitat for Humanity Foundation in 2023, the prevalence
of informal settlements further exacerbates the situation, with an estimated 3.7 million informal settler families directly
affected by the housing deficit. Urban migration, fuelled by a growing population, poverty, and the recurring impact of
disasters, contributes significantly to the housing crisis (Habitat for Humanity, 2017). Affordability remains a pervasive
concern, with an overwhelming shortage of housing that can be acquired by low- and middle-income families without
straining their finances (Affordable Housing Development in the Philippines, n.d.). In response to these challenges,
various organizations and government agencies are actively working to enhance access to affordable housing. The
National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) is advocating for improved access to affordable housing as part
of the Philippine Development Plan (PDP) (Desiderio, 2023). Additionally, Habitat for Humanity has been operating in
the Philippines since 1988, positively impacting over 106,600 families by providing them with decent housing and
improved access to essential services such as healthcare, education, and livelihood training. These efforts underscore the
collaborative commitment to address the multifaceted housing crisis in the Philippines (Habitat for Humanity, 2017).
Limitations of the designs of affordable housing
In a study (Center for Neighborhood Technology, 2017 & Office of Policy Development and Research, 2020),
the cost of affordable housing requires resident’s income that no more than 30% of wages. A common characteristic of
affordable housing units is the presence of constrained spatial dimensions, which may pose challenges in providing
adequate space for essential functions according to the minimum standards required for human habitation (Zaid &
Graham, 2011). This represents that these housing units often with limitations in available space, necessitating thoughtful
design considerations to meet the basic requirements for comfortable and sustainable living (Ismail, 2017). The safety
performance of a structure is significantly affected by the quality of its construction. Poor construction can compromise
the safety aspects of the structure, as it may involve substandard material specifications, workmanship, technical
elements, and services (Husin, 2015). According to (Ismail's, 2003) research, substandard work, wrong design, inadequate
specifications, and faulty materials are the primary culprits behind quality failures in the construction industry. It is
necessary for any opinion regarding affordable housing to take into account the safety and health of the people who live
there.
Housing Harmony: The Importance of Structural Safety to Affordable Housing
Housing represents a fundamental human necessity and stands as a pivotal component in the economic
development of urban areas across nations (Baqutaya, Ariffin, & Raji, 2016). In accordance with the UN charter, the
entitlement to adequate housing is considered a fundamental right (Olanrewaju & Woon, 2017). Hence, the provision of
housing, encompassing the full spectrum of household affordability, is integral to the success of any region, yielding
economic, social, and environmental benefits that contribute to sustainable growth and the establishment of stable
communities (Schwartz, 2016). However, housing also stands as a primary global issue, given that the prosperity of a
nation manifests in its populace experiencing a specific level of living standards (Husin, Nawawi, Ismail, & Khalil,
Correlation Analysis of Occupants’ Satisfaction and Safety Performance Level in Low Cost Housing, 2015).
A safe building is characterized by its capacity to safeguard both occupants and the public from the risks of
mortality and physical harm (Diah, Kusumo, & Tri, 2019). However, insufficiently explored aspects in low-cost housing,
such as habitability, suitability, lack of maintenance, defects, and substandard workmanship, underscore the significant
correlation between poor building quality and safety failures (Husin et al., 2015). It is often stated that provision of low-
cost housing necessitates a compromise on housing standards, leading to structural failures that contribute to significant
performance shortcomings in such housing (Husin, Nawawi, Ismail, & Khalil, 2017). Though, communities can
proactively ensure housing safety through regular inspections, while local jurisdictions may amend building codes for
cost-effective improvements to older properties without stringent compliance demands (Local Housing Solutions, 2018).
In India, the precise objective of affordable housing or low-cost housing is to enhance the living standards of the low-
income demographic, underscoring the critical importance of residential environments in ensuring human safety and well-
being (Diah, Kusumo, & Tri, 2019). This is also further reinstated by Husin et al., (2015) that buildings are deemed
indefensible due to subpar workmanship and the use of low-quality materials are also implicated in both structural decay
and compromised aesthetic performance.
Housing represents one of the most extensively investigated social determinants influencing health, with
identified housing interventions for individuals with low income demonstrating efficacy in enhancing health outcomes
and reducing healthcare expenditures (Taylor, 2018). The caliber of housing is intricately linked to safety, with user
attitudes contingent upon psychological well-being, perceptions of security, and the delineation of space as personal
territory (Husin et al., 2015). However, when residents, are confronted with compromises, they dwell in inadequate
housing with possible health and safety risks that, if unattended, present considerable threats to the welfare of occupants,
especially vulnerable demographics such as young children and older adults (Local Housing Solutions, 2018). According
to Taylor (2018), inadequate housing conditions, characterized by issues such as water leaks and poor ventilation, are
associated with health problems like asthma, while exposure to extreme temperatures and crowded living spaces is also
correlated with adverse health outcomes, such as cardiovascular and psychological events. Additionally, the significance
of exposures and health risks within the domestic environment is paramount, given the substantial amount of time
individuals spend in their homes (World Health Organization, 2018). Furthermore, poor housing can heighten the risk of
falls, injuries, power outages, and fires, escalating the potential for harm, including death (Sims, et al., 2020). Poor
housing conditions in underprivileged communities contribute to the amplification of health inequalities (OASH, 2022).
Numerous environmental factors induce both physical and psychological transformations in the human body
(Hammink, Moor, & Mohammadi, 2018). As such, inadequate housing conditions have been linked to various physical
and mental health issues (Sims, et al., 2020). According to Ortiz, Itard, and Bluyssen (2020), occupant activities can
generate changes with both positive and negative impacts on the environment and overall health, leading to the conclusion
that architectural interventions may play a role in cultivating healthier behaviours. In another study, it was asserted that
generating positive health effects in dwellings necessitates an initial focus on interactions with the building, followed by
the correction of technical and physical points of interaction to enhance the contextual framework of behaviours,
culminating in a directed emphasis on behavioural change for the cultivation of healthier habits (Hammink, Moor, &
Mohammadi, 2018). Hence, there is substantial evidence that underscores the pivotal role of housing in health, where
stability, quality, safety, and affordability, along with the physical and social characteristics of neighbourhoods,
collectively impact health outcomes (Taylor, 2018). Furthermore, a poorly neglected quality and workmanship of a
building, coupled with the absence of maintenance, leads to its worsening condition and additional impairment, ultimately
rendering it unsafe to its occupants due to its inferior quality (Husin et al., 2015).
Housing is indispensable in securing the well-being, comfort, enriching experiences, contentment, and
convenience of their inhabitants (Olanrewaju & Woon, 2017). The aforementioned housing conditions, both physical and
structural, disproportionately affect children, older adults, individuals with physical disabilities, and those with low
incomes (OASH, 2022). Therefore, ensuring safety in completed residential structures is essential not only for enhancing
building quality but also for safeguarding occupants, making the evaluation of residential properties, including low-cost
housing, increasingly imperative (Sibiya, 2018).
Reviewing Structural Safety Performance for Optimal Livability
The concept of "performance" in building research often pertains to how well a building carries out its intended
functions, meets expectations, and achieves results. According to (Husin, 2015), Ensuring the safety of a building involves
taking measures to meet certain metrics that indicate its level of safety performance. Safety performance refers to the
outcome of inadequate safety management, such as accidents or incidents (Sultana, 2019). To conduct a safety
performance assessment, it's important to determine the benchmark of "performance". To measure the level of safety
performance on affordable housing is based on the structure of residential livability. According to (Preiser et al. 2015),
Post Occupancy Evaluation (POE) is an organized method for assessing the performance of a structure and the
effectiveness of the housing environment by determining the livability level of the citizens after they have adjusted to the
building. These criteria define the research study or structure and the information required from building users for
feedback. The Post Occupancy Evaluation assesses living environmental quality and functional fit based on occupants'
needs (Zimmerman & Martin, 2001).
(Mohit et al. 2010), the study conducted a study in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia to assess the level of residential
liveability among the newly designed affordable housing dwellers. The research indicated that residents were moderately
livable with the dwelling unit support services. The researcher conducted a similar study in Shah Alam, Malaysia utilizing
a similar post-occupancy evaluation method, which involved surveying the occupants to evaluate their well-being with
affordable housing (Hafazah, 2008). These studies highlight the importance of conducting regular evaluation to ensure
that affordable housing meets the basic needs of its occupants and provides a safe and comfortable living environment.
By regularly evaluating the well-being levels of the residents, housing authorities can identify areas that need
improvement and take measures to address them, thereby promoting the well-being of the people who live there.
Data collection methods for Structural Safety Performance and Residential Livability Survey
The study suggests using mixed-method studies (Husin & et. 2017). In the preliminary survey stage,
questionnaire surveys and semi-structured interviews were used as tools to gathering the data. The survey proposes a
user-friendly approach that utilizes various sources of information to minimize student inquiries. The primary goal of the
Safety Performance Survey is to assess the safety performance of different attributes by assigning numerical scores
through a condition observer of the housing area. The survey is separated into two main sections: Section A: focuses on
Housing Background and Details, while Section B: is dedicated to the Safety Performance Survey Checklist.
Simultaneously, the Residential Livability Survey is employed to gauge occupants' contentment levels regarding
validated safety attributes. The distributed questionnaires capture building names and consist of three sections: Section
1: for Demographic Information, Section 2: For occupants' well-being Level, and Section 3: for Perception of the
Necessity of Housing. However, this discussion exclusively presents results from Section B for both the Safety
Performance Survey and the Residential Livability Survey. Employing a five-point Likert scale, respondents are required
to indicate their degree of with each statement in the questionnaire on a scale of five. Lastly, the test conducted between
safety performance and the residential livability survey aims to ascertain whether a significant both relationship between
safety performance and the level of well-being among occupants. (Khalil et al, 2014)
Conceptual Framework

Figure 3. Conceptual Framework

In this research framework, the independent variable is "Structural Safety Performance," representing the
assessment of the safety aspects of the housing structure. The dependent variable is "Residential Livability," which
reflects the overall quality of life and satisfaction experienced by residents in affordable housing. The introduction of the
mediating factor, "Living Environment Quality," suggests that the relationship between structural safety performance and
residential livability may be influenced by the quality of the living environment.
The mediating factor, living environment quality, serves as an intermediary variable that helps to explain the
underlying mechanisms of how structural safety performance impacts residential livability. In this context, it is proposed
that a positive living environment quality, characterized by factors such as community engagement, aesthetics, and
functionality, may contribute to an enhanced residential experience. The assumption is that an improved living
environment quality may mitigate potential negative effects of structural safety concerns on overall residential
satisfaction.
By considering living environment quality as a mediating factor, the research aims to explore the nuanced
interactions between structural safety, the quality of the living environment, and residential livability in affordable
housing. This approach provides a more comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted factors influencing the well-
being and satisfaction of residents in affordable housing.
Theoretical Framework: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
The Maslow motivation theory considers housing as one of the most important elements in satisfying people’s
needs because it provides secure shelter where they carry out basic activities. Lane (2006) states that housing expresses
the users' self-esteem and self-actualization while pushing them to create a physical area that meets their expectations for
a happy living environment. Zavei and Jusan (2012) emphasize the importance of "Maslow's Hierarchy of Need" in
attaining good housing. Baqutayan (2015) presents a theoretical framework for demonstrating the link between the house's
affordability, livability, and sustainability and Maslow's motivation theory. They identify affordability as the first level
of the hierarchy, followed by livability, which focuses on individual safety and security, and sustainability, which refers
to how inhabitants build fulfilling relationships with their surrounding community.
According to Morris and Winter's Housing Adjustment Theory (1975), successful housing matches the
requirements and ambitions of its occupants. The theory tries to evaluate contentment and discontent in housing by
examining the dynamic interaction between tenants and their surroundings. This is difficult owing to the impact of
subjective and objective elements such as physical location and personal qualities. Housing evaluation is a
multidisciplinary process based on multiple ideas, with no standardized measurement technique or formula. Quantifying
occupants' experiences is challenging due to the nature of interactions (Kasim, 2014)

Figure 4. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Need

Benchmarking the Structural Safety Performance for Optimal Livability

According to Mohit et al. (2010), there is a need to define optimal livability in households' housing circumstances
that can "indicate the absence of any complaints and a high degree of congruence between actual and desired situations".
As a result, the notion of safety performance must be explained in order to grasp the synergy among occupant livability
and the safety performance of their housing unit. Therefore, input from residents is vital in establishing the structural
safety performance in affordable housing. Hustin (2023) concludes that Post Occupancy Evaluation (POE) is a systematic
way to examine the performance of a structure and its living environment by estimating occupant livabiltiy after they
have acclimated to the building (Watson 2003; Preiser et al., 2015; Sanni-Anibire et al., 2016). It offers a realistic
approach to achieving long-term objectives that considers functional, environmental, economic, and social factors
(Sharafeddin et al., 2019). Occupant livabiltiy evaluates the gap between users' aspirations and real housing
circumstances, referring to a household's level of contentment with its existing housing situation (Teck-Hong 2012) and
neighborhood conditions (Galster 1987). POE has been used since the 1970s to evaluate affordable housing performance
are regularly employed to analyze residents' impressions of their home and quality of life. By empowering end-users as
the benchmarks of evaluation, it will show how the end product (the building design and its management) meets the needs
of its clients. Many frameworks for evaluating building performance have been created in various nations based on POEs
and the elements that influence optimal livability (Galster, 1987; Ibem, 2015; Mohit et al., 2010).

3. METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Methodology
The research methodology employed in this study is designed to investigate the relationship between structural
safety performance, residential livability, and the mediating factor of living environment quality in affordable housing.
The independent variable is "Structural Safety Performance," focusing on the safety aspects of the housing structure. The
dependent variable is "Residential Livability," reflecting the overall quality of life experienced by residents. The
mediating factor, "Living Environment Quality," serves as an intermediary variable to explore how structural safety
performance influences residential livability.
The research study will use a quantitative analysis method that begins with a survey stage using a questionnaire
survey as an instrument. Safety components and features will be integrated into the survey forms for the Occupants
Satisfaction Survey (OSS). The survey aims to gauge occupants' satisfaction with validated safety attributes (Husin, et.
alm 2015). A post-occupancy evaluation (POE) survey is administered to residents in affordable housing, incorporating
structured questions to assess perceptions of structural safety, residential livability, and living environment quality.
Quantitative data analysis involves descriptive statistics to summarize survey responses, allowing for a quantitative
understanding of the relationships between variables.
Additionally, qualitative data is gathered through open-ended survey questions, enabling residents to provide
detailed insights into their experiences. The survey aims to gauge occupants' satisfaction with validated safety attributes
(Husin, et.al 2015). This survey will also include a basic sociodemographic data collection, the results of which will not
be presented in the paper.
The research framework aims to explore the nuanced interactions between structural safety, living environment
quality, and residential livability. By considering both quantitative and qualitative data, the study seeks to provide a
comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing the well-being of residents in affordable housing. The findings
are expected to contribute valuable insights to fostering improvements in the overall living conditions of the safety
performance of affordable housing residents.
3.2 Research Design

The research design for this study is characterized by a mixed-methods approach, integrating both quantitative
and qualitative elements to structural safety performance, and residential livability in affordable housing.
The quantitative aspect involves the administration of a structured post-occupancy evaluation (POE) survey of
residents in affordable housing. The survey is designed to gather numerical data on residents' perceptions of structural
safety level performance of residential livability on affordable housing.
Complementing the quantitative data, the qualitative component involves open-ended survey questions to elicit
detailed narratives and insights from residents. Thematic analysis is employed to identify recurring patterns, themes, and
nuances within the qualitative data (Husin et al., 2012). This qualitative exploration aims to capture the depth and context
of residents' experiences, offering a more nuanced understanding of the factors influencing their well-being beyond
numerical metrics (Sharafeddin, 2020).
3.3 Data Collection
In executing this research, a structured data collection will be employed in assessing and exploring the safety
performance level of the affordable housing units in Granville Crest, Davao City. Moreover, this study will utilize a
mixed-methods approach, involving the collection of data through both qualitative and quantitative methods. This
includes: ocular inspection, surveys, and interviews. These instruments will aid in collecting and presenting descriptive
data of the safety performance level of the affordable housings.
 Figure 5. Methodological Framework

3.3.1 Instrument
Post Occupancy Evaluation:
In this research, a structured data collection approach will be formulated for the quantitative study regarding the
safety performance, residential livability, and the mediating factor of living environment quality in affordable housing.
The study will be utilizing electronic surveys via Google Forms for the respondents, which will be residents of the houses
in Granville Crest. Survey data is the resultant data that is collected from a sample of respondents that answered a survey
(Bhat, 2024).
Ocular Inspection:
The researchers will conduct an on-site ocular inspection and photographic documentation and/or observation
notes of the current affordable housing in Granville Crest, Catalunan Pequeño, Davao City. This enables the researchers
to collect empirical data to support the survey questionnaire and semi-structured interviews.
Open Ended Questionnaires:
An open-ended questionnaire survey and semi-structured interviews will be employed to collect data for this
study. This survey is created through multiple other questionnaires incorporating similar predictors from other studies to
measure the variables stated by this research. The questionnaire will be employed from these reference journals: Housing
Performance Evaluation Model (Che-Ani, Tazilan, & Kosman, 2011) and Condition Survey Protocol Matrix (Kim, Yang,
Yeo, & Kim, 2005).
3.3.2 Participant
Inclusion Criteria:
The researchers will collect data on different age groups categorized as Adolescent (18-20), Adult (21-40), and
Elderly (41-50). To participate in the study, individuals must reside in the study areas and have lived there for at least 1
or 2 years to ensure they have sufficient knowledge and experience to provide accurate responses.
Exclusion Criteria:
In this research, no underage or overage participants should be allowed in the study. This exclusion has been
implemented to ensure that the study focuses on the age group and demographic move relevant to the research objectives
and to maintain consistency and accuracy in the data collected.
Withdrawal Criteria:
All participants in this study are entitled to exercise their right to reject and void their participation during the
fieldwork activity. It is important to note that participants are not obligated to provide any explanation or rationale for
their decision to withdraw. Should a participant decide to exercise this right, all data collected up to the point of
withdrawal will be removed and destroyed to ensure their privacy and confidentiality. It is crucial to underscore that
participants will not face any negative consequences or penalties for opting out of the study. Our commitment is to value
your participation while respecting your autonomy and right to make decisions about your involvement in the research.
3.3.3 Data Collection Procedure
• After confirming potential candidates, the researchers will provide them with questionnaires in a Likert scale
format. The survey will require demographic information, but sensitive information is not necessary and case
sensitivity is not an issue.
• Participants are free to skip any question they don't want to answer. The researchers will wait for the candidates
to complete the questionnaire and record the results.
3.4 Data Analysis
The analysis of each variable in this study would vary, indicating that the outcomes obtained from this
research would be solely based on descriptive findings. Hence, statistical analysis and descriptive analysis will
be utilized in this study. Statistical analysis will be employed to summarize and interpret the data collected
from the survey. This component aims to provide a quantitative foundation for understanding the interplay
between structural safety level performance and residential well-being. Whereas descriptive analysis will be
utilized to provide a clear and concise description of the data from the interviews. This qualitative exploration
aims to capture the depth and context of residents' experiences, offering a more nuanced understanding of the
factors influencing their well-being beyond numerical metrics.
Home Safety Assessment Checklist (Olsen & Hutchings, 2006):
Structural Safety Inspection (GoAudit):
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 I. Personal Information

Name (Optional)

Age: Sex: [ ] Male [ ] Female [ ] Prefer not to say

Marital Status: [ ] Single [ ] Married [ ] Widowed/Widower [ ] Legally Separated

Educational
Background:

Livelihood:

II. Household Information

House Model Type: [ ] Matthew 1 [ ] Matthew 2 [ ] Michael [ ] Gabriel

[ ] John [ ] Rafael

Total Number of Family No. of school going

Members: children

No. of children (under 18 No. of residents

years) above the age of 60

How long have you lived in [ ] Less than 3 months [ ] 3 months to 6 months
your current residence? [ ] 6 months to 1 year [ ] 1 to 3 years

III. Survey

Entry to the Home

Lighting Conditions Highly Disagree Neutral Agree Highly

disagree Agree

The lighting in the driveway is adequate 1 2 3 4 5

The lighting in the garage is adequate 1 2 3 4 5

The lighting in the walkways is adequate 1 2 3 4 5

The lighting at all doors is adequate 1 2 3 4 5

The lighting near the trash area is adequate 1 2 3 4 5

Driveway Highly Disagree Neutral Agree Highly

disagree Agree

The driveway is smooth 1 2 3 4 5

The driveway is evenly paved

The transition between the driveway and 1 2 3 4 5

surrounding surfaces (e.g. yard) is smooth and
even
The transition between the driveway and
surrounding surfaces (e.g. yard) is free of ruts
and other things that could cause tripping

The slope of the driveway is low enough that it 1 2 3 4 5

does not cause problems

Walkways Highly Disagree Neutral Agree Highly

disagree Agree

Walkways are smooth and level (no crashes, 1 2 3 4 5

gaps, or other tripping hazards)

The steps along the walkway are clearly visible 1 2 3 4 5

The walkways have handrails 1 2 3 4 5

The transitions between different surfaces are 1 2 3 4 5

even and level

There are sturdy and easy to grasp handrails in 1 2 3 4 5

steeply inclined walkways

Shrubs, bushes, and grass are trimmed back or 1 2 3 4 5

removed to not cause obstruction

Steps to the Doors Highly Disagree Neutral Agree Highly

disagree Agree

All the steps have sturdy and easy to grasp 1 2 3 4 5

handrails on both sides

The risers on stairs and multiple steps are of 1 2 3 4 5

equal height

The stair treads are sturdy, level and in good 1 2 3 4 5

condition

Small single steps that could cause trippin are 1 2 3 4 5

mini-ramped

Garage Highly Disagree Neutral Agree Highly

disagree Agree

There are adequate overhead lights in the garage 1 2 3 4 5

There is a clear pathway to walk through 1 2 3 4 5

The entry stairs or ramps to the house have 1 2 3 4 5

railings
Inside the Home

Entry Ways and Vestibules Highly Disagree Neutral Agree Highly

disagree Agree

The throw rugs are removed. 1 2 3 4 5

There is a clear pathway through the entry hall. 1 2 3 4 5

There are cords and wires out of the pathway 1 2 3 4 5

Thresholds are low enough so someone does not 1 2 3 4 5

trip over them.

There is adequate lighting. 1 2 3 4 5

The light switch is at the entrance of the room. 1 2 3 4 5

Hallways Highly Disagree Neutral Agree Highly

disagree Agree

There are handrails along the hall. 1 2 3 4 5

The halls are free of clutter and other tripping 1 2 3 4 5

obstacles.

The carpet runners are tacked down/anti-skid 1 2 3 4 5

backing

The thresholds are less than one inch so they are 1 2 3 4 5

not tripping hazards.

The halls are wide enough for wheelchair or 1 2 3 4 5

walker.

There is adequate lighting 1 2 3 4 5

There is a light switch at both ends of the hall. 1 2 3 4 5

DOORS/DOORWAYS Highly Disagree Neutral Agree Highly

disagree Agree

The doors open easily. 1 2 3 4 5

The thresholds are less than one inch. 1 2 3 4 5

Interior Stairs Highly Disagree Neutral Agree Highly

disagree Agree

The stairs have sturdy rails on both sides. 1 2 3 4 5

The rails continue onto the landings 1 2 3 4 5

The stair treads are sturdy, not deteriorating or 1 2 3 4 5
broken.

The edges of the stair treads are clearly visible. 1 2 3 4 5

The stair pads are in good repair. 1 2 3 4 5

The stair treads are slip-resistant. 1 2 3 4 5

The carpet is securely attached, not worn/frayed. 1 2 3 4 5

The top and bottom steps are highlighted. 1 2 3 4 5

The stairs are free of clutter. 1 2 3 4 5

The stairs have adequate headspace. 1 2 3 4 5

The stairs and landings are well lit, with light 1 2 3 4 5

switches at both top and bottom.

Living/Dining/Family/Other Rooms Highly Disagree Neutral Agree Highly

disagree Agree

The lighting is adequate. 1 2 3 4 5

There is a light switch at the entrance of the 1 2 3 4 5

room.

There is a clear, unobstructed path through the 1 2 3 4 5

room.

The thresholds are minimal and carpet binders 1 2 3 4 5

are tacked down.

The carpets are in good condition. 1 2 3 4 5

The plastic runners/carpet protectors are tacked 1 2 3 4 5

down.

The throw rugs have anti-skid backing and no 1 2 3 4 5

upturned corners

The tile/linoleum is free of chips, tears and not 1 2 3 4 5

slippery.

The bare wood floors are slip-resistant. 1 2 3 4 5

There is at least one comfortable chair people 1 2 3 4 5

can get in and out of safely and easily.

The tables have rounded edges that are clearly 1 2 3 4 5

visible.

The windows open easily. 1 2 3 4 5

The shades and blinds are easy to open. 1 2 3 4 5

They are securely attached. 1 2 3 4 5

Bathrooms Highly Disagree Neutral Agree Highly
disagree Agree

The light switch is at the entry. 1 2 3 4 5

There is adequate lighting overall. 1 2 3 4 5

There is adequate lighting at the sink. 1 2 3 4 5

There is adequate lighting over the tub/shower. 1 2 3 4 5

There is a night light. 1 2 3 4 5

The door threshold are less than one inch. 1 2 3 4 5

The room is free of clutter and tripping hazards. 1 2 3 4 5

The flooring has non-slip/non-skid. 1 2 3 4 5

There are grab bars in other areas of the room as 1 2 3 4 5

needed.

The room is kept warm during bathing. 1 2 3 4 5

Tub/Shower Highly Disagree Neutral Agree Highly

disagree Agree

There are sturdy grab bars in the tub and/or 1 2 3 4 5

shower.

The shower curtain bottom is out of the way so it 1 2 3 4 5

is not a tripping hazard.

There are toiletries in the tub easily reached from 1 2 3 4 5

sitting and standing positions.

There is a non-skid bath mat in the bathtub. 1 2 3 4 5

There is a hand-held shower head. 1 2 3 4 5

The tub/shower faucets are easy to use and 1 2 3 4 5

read.

There is a tub or shower seat. 1 2 3 4 5

Toilet Highly Disagree Neutral Agree Highly

disagree Agree

There are sturdy grab bars at the toilet. 1 2 3 4 5

The toilet paper are easily reachable from the 1 2 3 4 5

toilet seat.

The toilet seat is in good condition and securely 1 2 3 4 5

fastened.

Kitchen Highly Disagree Neutral Agree Highly

disagree Agree

There are frequently used items visible and easily 1 2 3 4 5

reached.

There are sink faucets easy to reach and read. 1 2 3 4 5

The hot and cold areas of the faucet are easy to 1 2 3 4 5

determine.

The temperature is easy to mix. 1 2 3 4 5

The anti-scald devices are installed on the oven 1 2 3 4 5

and cooktop.

The burners and control knobs are clearly labeled 1 2 3 4 5

and easy to use.

The controls are on the front of the stove and not 1 2 3 4 5

at the back.

There is a close resting place nearby for hot 1 2 3 4 5

vessels coming out of the oven.

The glass cookware is being used so the person 1 2 3 4 5

sees food is being cooked.

The microwave is easy to read, reach and 1 2 3 4 5

operate.

Laundry Room Highly Disagree Neutral Agree Highly

disagree Agree

There is a light switch at the entry. 1 2 3 4 5

There is sufficient lighting 1 2 3 4 5

The route to the laundry room is safe. 1 2 3 4 5

The appliances are at the right height so it is 1 2 3 4 5

easy to get clothes in/out of the washer and
dryer.

The control knobs are easy to reach, read and 1 2 3 4 5

operate.

The laundry supplies are easy and safe to reach. 1 2 3 4 5

There is a non-slip floor surface. 1 2 3 4 5

The tripping hazards are off the floor. 1 2 3 4 5

Bedrooms Highly Disagree Neutral Agree Highly
disagree Agree

The light is at the entrance to the room. 1 2 3 4 5

The light is reachable from the bed. 1 2 3 4 5

The bureau drawers can be reached and opened 1 2 3 4 5

easily.

There is a clear, unobstructed path through the 1 2 3 4 5

room.

The cords and wires are off the floor. 1 2 3 4 5

The throw and area rugs have non-slip backing 1 2 3 4 5

and no upturned corners.

The wood and linoleum floors are non-skid. 1 2 3 4 5

The carpet is smooth and tacked down. 1 2 3 4 5

The curtains and bed coverings are off the floor 1 2 3 4 5

so they are not tripping hazards.

There is support for getting in and out of bed. 1 2 3 4 5

There is a place to sit and get dressed. 1 2 3 4 5

The windows are easy to open and close. 1 2 3 4 5

The window blinds and shades are working 1 2 3 4 5

properly and easy to open.

The blinds and shades are properly secured. 1 2 3 4 5

Closets Highly Disagree Neutral Agree Highly

disagree Agree

The shelves and clothes poles are easy to reach. 1 2 3 4 5

The closet organizers are installed to maximize 1 2 3 4 5

use of space.

The closets are organized so clothes are easy to 1 2 3 4 5

find.

The clutter and other tripping hazards are off the 1 2 3 4 5

floor.

The closets have lights that are easy to find and 1 2 3 4 5

reach.

The closet doors are easy to open. 1 2 3 4 5

The closed sliding doors stay on track. 1 2 3 4 5

General Home Safety Concerns Highly Disagree Neutral Agree Highly
disagree Agree

The older person can contact someone in an 1 2 3 4 5

emergency.

The smoke detectors and carbon monoxide 1 2 3 4 5

alarms are installed and working

There is a fire extinguisher in the house. 1 2 3 4 5

There is a safe place outside to hide a key to the 1 2 3 4 5

house for emergency entry.