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Reminder:
√
i) ∀a > 0 : lim n
a=1
n→∞
√ √
E.g. lim 2 = 1, lim n 0.1 = 1
n
n→∞ n→∞
√ √ √ √ √
2, 2, 2, 2, 2, . . . , n 2, . . . → 1 (n → ∞)
3 4 5
√
n
ii) lim n=1
n→∞
√ √
3
√ √ √
1, 2, 3, 4 4, 5 5, . . . , n n, . . . → 1 (n → ∞)
√
n
iii) lim n! = +∞
n→∞
iv) Squeeze principle (aka. Sandwich theorem): (an ), (bn ), (cn ) : N → R so that
∃N ∈ N : ∀n ≥ N : an ≤ bn ≤ cn ,
∃ lim an = lim cn = A ∈ R,
n→∞ n→∞
then ∃ lim bn = A.
n→∞
√
v) (xn ) : N → R+
0 , xn ≥ 0, and ∃ lim xn = A ∈ (0, +∞), then lim
n
xn = 1
n→∞ n→∞
A A
> 0 : ∃N ∈ N : ∀n ≥ N : |xn − A| < ε =
for ε :=
2 2
r r
A A A A 3A n A √ n 3A
|xn − A| < ⇐⇒ − < xn − A < ⇐⇒ 0 < < xn < ⇐⇒ < n xn <
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
r r
A 3A (sandwich) √
Here, lim n = lim n = 1 ======⇒ lim n xn = 1 □
n→∞ 2 n→∞ 2 n→∞
1 √ 1
xn = =⇒ lim n xn = lim √ =1
n n→∞ n→∞ n n
n
1 √ 1 1
xn = =⇒ lim n xn = lim =
2 n→∞ n→∞ 2 2
n
1 √ 1
xn = =⇒ lim n xn = lim = 0
n n→∞ n→∞ n
Solution 1 : with squeeze principle, give order preserving estimations (dominant term 3n5 ):
√
n
√
n
√
n
√
n
3n5 ≤ 3n5 + 2n + 1 ≤ 3n5 + 2n5 + n5 = 6n5 (n ≥ 1)
√n √ 5 √ n
√n √ 5
3 · n n ≤ | 3n5 +{z 2n + 1} ≤ 6 · n n (n → ∞)
| {z } | {z }
↓ ↓ ↓
1 1 1
(sandwich)
√
n
So lim 3n5 + 2n + 1 = 1.
n→∞
√
Solution 2 : with theorem of lim n xn :
n→∞
s
√ √ 5
v
n n 2 1 u3 + 2 + 1 ,
u
3n5 + 2n + 1 = n5 3 + 4 + 5 = n n · n 4 5
n n t
| n{z n }
=:xn
2 1 √
where lim xn = lim 3 + 4 + 5 = 3 ∈ (0, +∞) =⇒ lim n xn = 1
n→∞ n→∞ n n n→∞
√n 5
So lim 3n5 + 2n + 1 = 1 · 1 = 1.
n→∞
r
n n+1
j) lim
n→∞ 2n + 3
Solution 1 : with squeeze principle, give order preserving estimations:
r r r
n n n+1 n 2n
n
≤ ≤ (n → ∞)
5n 2n + 3 | {z2n}
| {z } | {z }
r
↓ =1
n 1 ↓
= 1
5 (sandwich) 1
↓
1
r
n
n+1
So lim = 1.
n→∞ 2n + 3
√
Solution 2 : with theorem of lim n xn :
n→∞
1
1+
lim
n+1
= lim n = 1 ∈ (0, +∞) =⇒ lim √
n
xn = 1
n→∞ 2n + 3 n→∞ 3 2 n→∞
| {z } 2+
=:xn n
r
n
n+1
So lim = 1.
n→∞ 2n + 3
√
n
k) lim 2 · 5n + 7n
n→∞
Solution 1 : with squeeze principle, give order preserving estimations (dominant term 7n ):
√
n
√
n
√ √
n
2 · 5n + 7n ≤ n 2 · 7n + 7n = 3 · 7n
7n ≤
√ √
n
7 ≤ |n 2 · 5{zn + 7n} ≤ 7| ·{z 3}
|{z} (n → ∞)
↓ ↓ ↓
7 7 7
(sandwich)
√
n
So lim 2 · 5n + 7n = 7.
n→∞
√
Solution 2 : with theorem of lim n xn :
n→∞
s n v
√ 5
u 5 n
n n
2 · 5n + 7n = 7n 2 +1 =7· 2 + 1,
u
7 7
u
n
t
| {z }
=:xn
n
5 √
where lim xn = lim 2 + 1 = 0 + 1 = 1 ∈ (0, +∞) =⇒ lim n xn = 1,
n→∞ n→∞ 7 n→∞
n
5 5
since is a geometric sequence with q = ∈ (−1, 1)
7 7
√
n n n
So lim 2 · 5 + 7 = 7 · 1 = 7.
n→∞
Reminder:
xn
vi) ∀x ∈ R : lim =0
n→∞ n!
n!
vii) lim =0
n→∞ nn
lim nk · q n = 0
viii) ∀q ∈ (−1, 1), k ∈ N :
n→∞
n3
E.g. lim (n3 · 0.5n ) = lim =0
n→∞ n→∞ 2n
Remark : nk ≪ an ≪ n! ≪ nn