NOM : PRENOM :

SPECIALITE : SECTION : GROUPE :

DUREE : 1 HEURE

EXERCICE 1
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A body is in stress when forces are applied to it which cause its size and shape to change. In

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other words, stress causes distortion. The intensity of stress depends on the size of the force

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and the cross-sectional area (c.s.a) of the body which resists the force. That is,

applied force
stress=
c . s . a of the body
5 6
Distortion due to stress is called strain. D ifferent forces will distort bodies in different

ways. 7 A tensile force will lengthen a body. 8 0ne subjected to a compressive force will

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contract. If a body bas a uniform c.s.a., that is if it has the same c.s.a. throughout its length,
we calculate strain as

change of length
strain=
original length
10 11
Most materials used in engineering are elastic. A material which bas the property of
elasticity will retum to its original size and shape when the forces producing strain are
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removed. However, if these forces go beyond a certain lirnit, called the elastic limit,
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an elastic material will not regain its original dimensions. If we take a bar of uniform
c.s.a. of an elastic material like mild steel, and apply gradually increasing tensile forces to
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it, it will extend. If we measure each extension produced by each increase in force, we
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will find that the bar's increase in length is in proportion to the increase in force. ln
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other words, strain is proportional to stress. A graph of stress against strain would
therefore be a straight line like that in diagram 1:

stress

Diagram 1

strain
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Another way of expressing this is:

stress
=a constant
strain
18 19
The value of this constant is different for each elastic material. It is called the Modulus
of
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Elasticity. If we exceed the elastic limit, then strain is no longer proportional to stress and
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there is permanent deformation. These findings illustrate Hooke's law, which states that
within the elastic limit, the strain produced, is proportional to the stress producing it.

Contextual reference: underline the right answer

1. In sentence 1, 'it' refers to : (a) stress

(b) a body
2. In sentence 1, 'its' refers to : (a) the force's
(b) the body's
3. In sentence 8, 'one' refers to (a) a body
(b) a tensile force

4. In sentence 9, 'it' refers to (a) the body's

5. In sentence 12. 'its' refers to
6. In sentence 16. 'that' refers to
(b) a force's
(a) the elastic limit's
(b) elastic material
(a) the graph
(b) the straight line

7. In sentence 19, 'it' refers to (a) a constant

(b) an elastic material

8. In sentence21, 'it' refers to (a) the stain

(b) the stress

EXERCICE 2

Fill the blanks with the words in the following table:

capacity; columns ; transfer ; poor ; settlement ; scour ; recommended ; floor

The foundations, walls, …………., stairs and roof are some of the building elements
that all types of building have in common. Foundations are structures that
………..weights from walls and ………………to the ground. There are two types of
foundations: shallow foundations and deep foundation s. Shallow foundations are
usually embedded a metre into the soil, whereas deep foundations are embedded more
in depth . They are …………….in case of very large design loads, a ………… soil at
shallow depth or site constraints, such as property lines. There are different types of
deep foundations and they can be made of timber, steel and reinforced or pretensioned
concrete.
Geotechnical engineers design foundations to ensure that they have an adequate
load………….. with limited…………... When designing foundations, it is also important to
consider…………….. (when Rowing water removes supporting soil from around a
foundation) and frost heave (when water in the ground freezes and forms ice lenses

EXERCICE 3

1. Define soil mechanics in a paragraph USING YOUR OWN WORDS:

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2. Enumerate the different types of soil, with examples, used in geotechnical engineering and
explain the difference between them USING YOUR OWN WORDS .
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Write in your YOUR OWN WORDS a paragraph enumerating the ingredients to make
concrete and explaining the procedure to have the right proportions.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
4. What is the value of the vertical stress of a soil at a depth of 10 m below the ground level
knowing that its unit weight is 20 kN/m3.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

5. Daytime temperatures in North Pole can ……………. - 50°C

7. Draw a soil profile of the following site:

A 20 m thick clay layer resting over a 5 m thick sand layer. A fill of 4 m thick sand is placed
above the clay layer. The soil profile of the site is submerged.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………..

EXERCICE 4

1. Give the expression of the following equations.

i. Absolute value of y equals b minus c squared.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
………………
ii. The equation x equal to eleven plus or minus square root of 9, has two solutions, x
equals seven and x equals three
…………………………………………………………………………………………
………………….

2. Combine the sentences by using the following connectives words:

Since ; consequently ;because; due to; as;

1. There was heavy rain the whole day. The match was cancelled.
……………………………………………………………………….

.2. Forest department planted more trees; the green cover is increased in the country
……………………………………………………………………………..

3. I stayed at home. it was raining.

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

4. Constructions of big dams – evacuation of thousands of families.

……………………………………………………………………………………………..

5. Rain the whole day, the match was cancelled.

…………………………………………………………………………………………..
.
6. The temperature increases. The volume of the gas is increases
.
………………………………………………………………………………………..