Determining pace factor.

Select a straight and level course and on both ends established markers at least 90 meters apart.

Walk over the course at a natural pace and count the number of paces to reach the end.

Complete five trials.

measuring distance by pacing.

Define or establish the endpoints of another level course whose length is to be determined by pacing.

for the first trial walk over the course at natural place and record the number of paces.

Repeat the above procedure until all five trials are completed.

After the field data is recorded make an actual taping of the course to determine the taped distance.

Measuring uphill

on a designated uneven and sloping terrain mark the ends of a line about 90 meters long to be
measured. Designate the hub at the bottom of the slope as point A and the hub at the upper portion of
the slope as point B. range poles are held or set behind each point or are set at intermediate points
along the line to ensure better alignment during taping

Head tape men unreels and spreads out the tape and pulls the zero-mark uphill along the line from point
A. the rear tapeman raises the 30m end of the tape breast high while the head tapeman moves back to a
place on the line near a full meter mark where the ground surface is as high as the other raised end of
the tape. the head tape man stays by the sideline and holds a changing pin on the ground.

The rear tape man temporarily releases the end of the tape and signals the head tape man to either
move to the right or left in order to align him when the pain of the head take man is in line with the
range pole held over point B the head tapman is then signaled to stick the pin vertically on the ground.

rear Chapman plums from point A to the terminal mark of the tape with the Plumb Bob and maintains
this Plumb Bob steadily over a while head tape man pulls the tape taut, making sure that the tape is on
line by bringing one of its edges in contact with the previously aligned. The head tappman then moves
the pain opposite the nearest meter or foot mark of the tape and he sticks it firmly on the ground.
the rear tape man leaves his end of the tape moves up the slope and gets hold of the tape at the point
previously held by the tape man. the next measurement is made horizontally from the pin stuck in the
ground by the head tape man as done point A.

The process is repeated until the whole tape length is used up thus finishing the measurement of one
tape length of horizontal distance.

from the pin marking the end of 1 tape length measurement the residential measurement is continue
until point B is reach. the last partial tape length is measured with a rear tape man holding the tape until
he has a full meter mark at his end while the head tape man pulls the tape and takes the fractional
measurement .Then the number of tape lengths and the last partial measurement are totaled to
determine the horizontal length of the line measured.

Measuring downhill

in measuring down the slope the tape is reversed to bring its zero and forward in the direction of point a
along the line. horizontal measurements start from B with the rear element holding his terminal meter
mark of tape and level with b.

after the Plumb Bob of the head tape man has been aligned with the range pole held at a the head
tapman drops the Plumb Bob causing it to leave a mark on the ground he then sticks a pin on the ground
mark left by the plumbob.

the next horizontal measurement starts from the pin until one whole length tape is measured. as in
measuring the slope the number of tape lengths plus the partial tape length at the end of the line
determines the total horizontal length of the line

the relative precision of the measurement is determined by dividing the discrepancy by the mean length
where the numerator is reduced to unity or one..