CHAPTER 02

2.1: DIFFERENTIAL
CALCULUS- Part I

T. G. M. Madushani 1
B.Sc. ( Industrial Mathematics –Rajarata)
Introduction
❑Differentiation and the Derivative

The study of calculus usually begins with the basic

definition of a derivative. A derivative is obtained
through the process of differentiation, and the study of
all forms of differentiation is collectively referred to as
differential calculus. If we begin with a function and
determine its derivative, we arrive at a new function
called the first derivative. If we differentiate the first
derivative, we arrive at a new function called the
second derivative, and so on. 2
• The derivative of a function is the slope at
a given point.
y

y = f ( x)

y

x

dy y
Definition: = lim
dx x→0 x 3
• Various Symbols for the Derivative

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Tangents to curves

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Tangents to curves

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Basic Rules of Differentiation

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Basic Rules of Differentiation

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Basic Rules of Differentiation

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Basic Rules of Differentiation

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Basic Rules of Differentiation

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Basic Rules of Differentiation

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Basic Rules of Differentiation

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Basic Rules of Differentiation

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Basic Rules of Differentiation

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Basic Rules of Differentiation

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Basic Rules of Differentiation

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Basic Rules of Differentiation

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Basic Rules of Differentiation

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Basic Rules of Differentiation

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Basic Rules of Differentiation

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Basic Rules of Differentiation

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Examples
• Determine dy/dx for the function shown below.
1. y = x 2 sin x

Answer dy dv du
=u +v
dx dx dx
d ( sin x ) d ( x2 )
=x 2
+ sin x
dx dx
dy
= x 2 cos x + sin x ( 2 x )
dx 26

= x 2 cos x + 2 x sin x
 2. sin x
y =
x
Solution

du dv d ( sin x ) d ( x)
v −u x − sin x
dy
= dx 2 dx = dx
2
dx
dx v x
x cos x − sin x
= 2
x
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 x2
3. −
y = e 2

x2
u =−
2

 x2 
d − 
du  2   1
= =  −  ( 2x) = −x
dx dx  2

x2 x2
dy − −
=e 2
( − x ) = − xe 2 28

dx
Higher-Order Derivatives
y = f ( x)
dy df ( x)
= f '( x) =
dx dx
2
d y d f ( x) d  dy 
2
= f ''( x) = =  
dx 2
dx 2
dx  dx 
3
d y d f ( x) d d y 
3
 2

3
= f ( x) =
(3)
3
=  2
dx dx dx  dx  29
Examples
• Determine the 2nd derivative with respect to x of the function
below.
y = 5sin 4 x

dy d
= 5(cos 4 x)  (4 x) = 20 cos 4 x
dx dx

2
d y d
2
= 20 ( − sin 4 x )  (4 x) = −80 sin 4 x
dx dx 30
Applications: Maxima and
Minima
1. Determine the derivative.

2. Set the derivative to 0 and solve for values that

satisfy the equation.

3. Determine the second derivative.

(a) If second derivative > 0, point is a minimum.

(b) If second derivative < 0, point is a maximum. 31
Examples
• Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration

Displacement y

dy
Velocity v=
dt
2
dv d y
Acceleration a= = 2
32

dt dt
• Determine local maxima or minima of function below

y = f ( x) = x − 6 x + 9 x + 2
3 2

dy
= 3x − 12 x + 9
2

dx
3x −12x + 9 = 0
2

x = 1 and x = 3 33
 dy
= 3x − 12 x + 9
2

dx
d2y
2
= 6 x − 12
dx

•For x = 1, f”(1) = -6. Point is a maximum and

ymax= 6.

•For x = 3, f”(3) = 6. Point is a minimum and

ymin = 2.
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 Questions
• Differentiate the following functions

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Thank You

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