NOTES PREP # RE

By

MUSTAFA.S. B

(CHEMISTRY
TOPIC: SOLID
STATE
 UNHAT SOLDS??
ARE

The of solids are

very close to
* particles
each other.

solids are incompressible

The
*
and hard
* solids are
rigid
* solids have weak Force ofattrac
less intermolewlal space
tion and

TYPES OFSOLIDS

A) CRYSTALLINE
SOLID

SOLID
B) AMORPHOUS

ANORPHOUS
CRYSTALLINE
and repeated Foregula and
Regula
=>

molecules
-
random

parteen of arranged particl

sharp
->
melting point -> Melts over a
range 04
at definite temperature temperature.
are isotropic
All crystalline
->
substakes -> They
anisotropic solid
pseudo
are

real solid
+

They are

-> They are

egg glass, plastic

Ice, salts
etc

-> eg:

# MUSTAFA
SIR
 IMPORTANT TERMS

) Esmorphism: Two or more substances having Sante

crystal
structure are called as
Isomorphism.
exists in two or more Fomy
PolymorphismsAsingle
substance

polymorphous
-

is said to be
structure
or
crystalline
in elements is
Note: Polymorphism occuring
called as
allopopy.
Eg: Diamond, Graphite
CLASSIFICATION SOLIDS
OF

A) IONIC CRYSTAL

CONACENT CRYSTAL
B)

MOLECULAR (RYSTAL
2)

D) METALLIC CRYSTAL

&

↑
⑭T LL: The smallest
structural unit
ofa

repeating
solid is unitcell
crystalline
are stacked
When unitcells

together
to crystal
generate its
each unit call faces
unitcell

eages.
Farmers neigboring
with

# MUSTAFA SIR
TYPES OF UNIT CELL

⑰ Simple Cubic UnitCell In Primitive unittell

only
at
the constituentparticles are
present
corners.

unitcell
Centred Cobic Cell In this type of
⑬ Body at centre in
are present
one constituentparticles

addition to corner
the particles

In
② face ctred uncel:
this unit
cell.
atthe
cense ofeach
particles are present
in addition to corner particles.
Face
 CRYSTAL SYSTEM
described
There are in
crystal lattices
by
Bravias named as "Braxias lactices"into

seven
crystal system,
Cubi c ↓) rhombohedral 9)
Hexagonal
s
Terragonal e) Monoclinic

↓ Orthorhombic Fs Triclinic

&
 cell
unit
No of Particles in cubic

⑰ Cic
Simple Unittell Asimple cubic

$x8=I
cell has
Unit pollicle per unit

cell.

⑤ Body Cebed Coic unitfell

BCC unitcell has one particles from
the centr
cornes one particle in
Eight
+

cube total particles

ofthe making
be unitcell.
per
-

② FACECREDCOBIC UNT L
m

at the centre faces

ofsix
Each police cube
is shared with one
neighbouring
Thus ofEach face -

I
+ 1 from Carnes
20 + x 6 3 =
particles
2

· Fac unircell has 4 particles paunit

Relationship between molar mass, density substance
of
and
edge lenght.
let 'a' be the
edge lenght; 3.
then the volume is
given by a

suppose that mass of one

particle is in and that there
are unitcell.
a
particles per

Mass ofunitcell mxn

=

:
Density of cell
unit 5
mass
=

myn 0
=
-

Also,molar mass (N)

massoFonexAlagadid's
=

one
(NA)
: NX mxNA
=

a
i m 1
=

NA

substituting m =

1in es 0; we
get

Ma
5
n
=

particles in lattice
Packing of crystal

neighbouring
The number of sphere that

is its cordination
corches
any given sphere
number.
 closed packed STRUCTURES

in one dimension
As close packing

in two dimension
B) close packing
·) AA
Type

=> cordination
number
is4

ii) ABAB Type

cordination
->Number is
6

Note: AAAAType is also called square

 in three dimension
② closed packing

VOIDS The empty spaces left

and the sphere
after placing packing void.
is called
as
in a
bystal
LODS:
Typs op

As Tetrahedral void

Octahedual void
B)
To trahedral octahedral

1
NOTE: IFN denotes no of particles
is 24
then number oftetrahedral voids
and octahedral void is 'N'

LINK
THIS FOR
xISIT
DACKINGS NOIDS
AND

https://youtu.be/B1JzFAD1GAo _

#KING CIENCY
·

IPACKING EFFICIENCY =

occupied by particle
volume in unit cell
x 100
Total volume ofunitcell
 METAL CRYSTAL
PACKING EFFICIENCY OF

cubic lattice
⑰
Simple
"a be
edge lenght
the
let
2v a v a
=
-
8.a =

of sphere
volume :

403
( a)
4
= +

a3 a3
=
7 =
- 2

Packing effeciency &

poune occupied by particle in unit

= x100
Total volume in unitcau

=
# "Ya3 x 100

100T 100314 52.56%

= =

the voids leftworld

Note: Therefore
be
47064 %
B) BCC: For a
triangle FED;

<FED 900;
=

FD =FEV Ep +
=
a- a" 2a2
=
+
=

For IFD;LABF 900 =

F2
A AD2 FDz
=
+

i. AFz a2
=
+2az

*F 5a
= -

AlSO;AF 40 = -

38 40=0a (From and Q)

in =
13a -
-

Now; volume ofsphere; X =

T3
+1fa)3
i.X =

=
+
1(3) a3
=

1a3 +
=

16

Total volume particles

of
=

zxce
3.
Packing efficiency
BT1a3
=

5a3
x 100 68%
=

Total void=32%
-
 centred Cube).
FCC (Face
②
900C
AABC;LABC:

·
According pythagoras;
to

Bc2
F
AC AB2
=
+

2 2
a
=
+
a
z

2a
=

3. Ac Va
=

NOW;AC = 42

: -
4V Vxa
=

0
v
=
=

volume ofsphere 1 :

3πr3
I π(z)
=
"

+a"(i)
7
=

x
-
=

Packing efficiency = volume occupied by particle

Total volume

a;
=
+ 100

=
X100
74%
=
 and
particle parametres
edge lengur

cordination Number and

packing efficiency

particles in
leg metal
a
No of of -

of unit sells in metal

no seg as
*No ofunitcells in volume v'
=

H MUSTAFA SIR
 POINTs DEFECTS

These defects are

irregularities produced in the

lattice points in
of
basis at

arrangement
solids.
crystalline
classes pointdefects
There are three major of

A) stochiometric pointdefects

defects
B) Imposily
a) Non-stochiometric defects

A) ⑭NANCY PECTS
8

B) LEIRSTITIAL FECT
C) STKY PEFFECT

3) FRENKEL DEFECT

IMPURITY DEFECT
ES un mon

(i) sstitational Imposity ·

BASS
# MUSTAFA
SIR
 aliovalentimpurity
ii)
Vacancy through

in restial Impority fect

~

(1) Stochiometric Dect

Dopect
(i) Metal Deficiency
 properties
slechical of
solids
electrical conductivity
conductors: solids having high
"notare called
mana

of10to
105Ohm
n the ranges
sconductors.

low electrical conductivities

Insulators,
-
solids having
of100 100hm" nt called as
are
the to
~
range
Insulators

miconductors: Solids having electrical

conductivity
-

of186 10 st mt are
to called
the range
Semiconductous.

BAND THEORY
band
conduction
..
band:The highest energy

electrons is conduction
the

containing
band.
H MUSTAFA
SIR

Anion vacancies (Color (Fcennes

(ii) By
Na ci Na2 + c
+ -

a
·
CONDUCTORS

INSULATORS

SEMICONDUCTORS
 Intrinsic and Extrinsic
have low

a) semi conductors
which
very
is called a

notfinite electrical conductivity

intrinsic Semi conductor

1) Sami
conductor having conductivity
higherknown as
Semi conductor is
than pure
exbinsic semi conductor

Note:Extinsic
Semiconductor doped
are using
an
impurity called as
dopant.

n-type semi conductor P-4pc Semi conducts

Semiconductor is produce
semiconductor is A
p type
An i-type semiconductor with
by doping
a
group 15
obtained
by adding 15elements. This elements
inhinsic semiconductor Group
elements to elections then
have less no
of
which
belongs to group 19 valence electron ofthe eleme

Your the
of Five electrons ofP
vilized in
banding; thus has three
a more extra elacton which acts Baron Form band with

the forth
s a
free electron and can move election; missing
conduction band. creates a hol
a election

etection valency
 Magnetic Propolies solid.
of

with
Diamagnetic
m -
solid: The substance
electron
all elections paired or no
unpaired
which are
weakly repelled by magnetic field
are
diamagnetic
29:M2, F2, NaC/

solid: substance with

Paramagnetic
a ~
The

weakly attracted
unpaired electrons are
Field. These
by magnetic substance are called

paramagnetic solids

solid: The substance

Ferromagnetic
mone
number unpaired
of elections
containing large
field.
are attracted strongly by magnetic
These substance are said to be
Fenomagnetism
Mi
8:Fe, CO,