Ethiopian Civil Service University

School of Graduate Studies

(SGS)

Graduate Thesis and Dissertation Writing

Guideline

Final Version

May 2022
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
 By
1. Amsalu Bedemo (Ph.D., Associate Professor)
2. Admasu Tesso (Ph.D., Associate Professor)
3. Tesfa Nega (Ph.D., Assistant Professor)
4. Kassa Moges (Ph.D., Assistant Professor)
5. Mrs. Selamawit W/Silasie (Assistant Professor)
6. Melkamu Moshago (Ph.D., Assistant Professor)
7. Belete Ejigu (Ph.D., Assistant Professor)
 Contents
1. OVERVIEW OF THE GUIDELINE.............................................................................................1

1.1. Introduction.................................................................................................................................1

1.2. Purpose of the Guideline.............................................................................................................2

1.3. Scope of the Guideline................................................................................................................2

1.4. Structure of the Guideline...........................................................................................................2

2. STRUCTURE THESIS AND DISSERTATION..........................................................................3

2.1. Structure of Proposal (Both Thesis and Dissereation)...............................................................3

2.2. Structure of Thesis......................................................................................................................4

2.3. Structure of PhD Dissertation.....................................................................................................6

3. TECHNICAL LAYOUT OF THE THESIS/DISSERTATION..................................................7

3.1. Formatting Requirements (Standards)........................................................................................7

3.2. Page limits and submission date................................................................................................10

3.3. In-text citations and referencing list..........................................................................................11

4. PRELIMINARY PAGES...........................................................................................................17

5. MAIN BODY (FOR BOTH PROPOSAL AND THESIS/DISSERTATION)......................19

5.1. Introduction (Chapter One).......................................................................................................19

5.2. Related Literature Review (Chapter Two)................................................................................22

5.3. Research Methodology (Chapter Three)...................................................................................26

3.8 Ethical Consideration................................................................................................................34

5.4. Work and Financial Plan...........................................................................................................34

6. FINAL THESIS/DISSERTATION WRITING...............................................................................35

6.2. Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations (Chapter Five)...............................................38

7. References........................................................................................................................................39

8. Annexes...........................................................................................................................................40
 1. OVERVIEW OF THE GUIDELINE
1.1. Introduction
Scientific research is a series of planned research processes that involve critical examination of the
problems under investigation to come up with suggestions for future action. Writing a master’s
thesis or a doctoral dissertation test candidates’ intelligence, endurance, and commitment. The
successful completion of these undertakings opens up the opportunity to organize, write up and
present scholarly work in a scientific and convincing manner. It will also lead to the conduct of other
scholarly works and presentation of the findings to a wider audience at a higher level following the
standards prescribed in this Thesis and Dissertation Writing Guideline. This sub-section of the
guideline presents the purpose, scope, and structure of the guideline.

This guideline provides a comprehensive procedure to be followed by post-graduate students and

their supervisors during proposal development and the final thesis/dissertation writing at ECSU. The
initiative to prepare the guideline has emerged out of recognition of the shortcomings of the existing
thesis writing manual of the University prepared in 2017.

The guideline is a result of extensive work by members of the task force established by the
Academic Vice President, ECSU which comprises a group of seven academic staff members two
from each college and the Director of the School of Graduate Studies. Since the assignment, the task
force has been working on the modification of the old guideline by collecting experiences from
different universities and research institutions inland and abroad. A number of guidelines from
public and private Higher Education Institutions in the country were reviewed, and useful
experiences were drawn from abroad in order to enrich the guideline. Besides, the guideline has been
well substantiated with the provisions of the existing ECSU Legislation (2017).

As such, the guideline is expected to be implemented by all academic units under ECSU that are
running graduate studies at the master’s and Ph.D. levels. In some circumstances, however,
academic units may revise some parts of the guideline in relation to their specific requirements
depending on the nature of their fields of study. However, the provisions of this guideline are equally
applicable to all graduate studies at ECSU. Finally, the SGS would like to extend its gratitude to the
members of the Task Force for their extraordinary commitment to revising the guideline, and to
concerned offices, academic staff for support throughout the entire process of the revision of the
guideline.
 1.2. Purpose of the Guideline
The purpose of this guideline is to:
 Provide a quick and special reference to academic unit heads, supervisors, candidates, and other
stakeholders involved in their thesis/dissertation writing.
 Establish uniform working procedures across academic departments/schools, colleges/ institutes
in the university.
 Determine the ways in which graduate studies can be integrated and run smoothly at ECSU so as
to maintain the quality of graduate studies.
 Establish a sense of accountability, responsibility, and transparency, at all levels, students and
their supervisors.
 Integrate our graduate research endeavors into international research practices so as to enhance
internationalization of our graduate research work.

1.3. Scope of the Guideline

This guideline highlights important steps to be followed by prospective graduates of all academic
units of ECSU, especially those who are writing their master’s thesis and a doctoral dissertation. The
guide provides a clear direction on how to write a proposal and prepare the final thesis/dissertation
document. It includes all relevant technical and formatting procedures, preliminary pages and the
overall structure/organization of the proposal and thesis/dissertation writing by students,
thesis/dissertation report writing styles, and the citation styles and reference writing issues.
Since the purpose of the guideline is to provide a standard and uniform way of writing the research,
it will contribute towards to improving the quality and consistency of graduate research practices in
our university. Hence, the academic units and/or SGS will not accept any thesis/dissertation that fails
to meet the standards specified in this document. When discrepancies occur between the
requirements described in this guideline and the requirements in the advisors/department guidelines,
this guideline should be followed. Any researches written in past years, obtained from other sources
and housed in the library should not be used as standards for thesis/dissertation preparation because
they may not reflect current standards and/or requirements. This practice will not be considered an
acceptable excuse for failure to conform to SGS specifications or those of the designated guidelines.

1.4. Structure of the Guideline

The first part of this document has provided introductory remarks about the guideline which includes
the purpose, scope, and structure of the guideline. The second part presents the technical layout of
the guideline which incorporates formatting requirements, writing styles as well as citation and
reference writing styles. The third part provides narration on the proposal as well as
thesis/dissertation writing issues.
2. STRUCTURE OF A PROPOSAL AND THESIS/DISSERTATION)
2.1. Structure of a Proposal
The proposal format for thesis and dissertation are similar and the overall structure must consist of
preliminary pages, three chapters for the main body, and annexes. They must be written in the
following list of order.
i) Cover Page
ii) Title Page
iii) Declaration
iv) Approval Forms
v) Acknowledgments
vi) Table of Contents
vii) List of Tables
viii) List of Figures
ix) List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
x) List of Annex
xi) Abstract (Optional)
CHAPTER ONE
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of the Study
1.2. Statement of the Problem
1.3. Research Questions /or Hypothesis
1.4. Objectives of the Study
1.4.1.General Objective
1.4.2.Specific Objective
1.5. Significance of the Study
1.6. Scope of the Study
1.7. Operational Definition (Optional)
1.8. Organization of the Study
CHAPTER TWO
2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1. Theoretical Review of Literature
2.1.1.Review of Concepts
2.1.2.Review of Theories
2.2. Empirical Review of Literature
2.3. Research Gap
2.4. Conceptual Framework
CHAPTER THREE
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1. Description of the Study Area
3.2. Research Paradigm, Design and Approach
3.2.1. Research Paradigm
3.2.2. Research Design
3.2.3. Research Approach
3.3. Types and Sources of Data
3.3.1. Types of Data
3.3.2. Sources of Data
3.4. Sampling Design
3.4.1. Population and Sampling Frame
3.4.2. Sampling Unit
3.4.3. Sample Size Determination
3.4.4. Sampling Techniques and Procedure
3.5. Data Collection Instruments
3.6. Data Validity and Reliability
3.6.1. Validity
3.6.2. Reliability
3.7. Methods of Data Analysis
3.7.1. Methods of Quantitative Data Analysis
3.7.1.1. Model Specification
3.7.1.2. Measurement of Variables
3.7.2. Methods of Qualitative Data Analysis
3.8. Ethical Consideration
References
Annexes
2.2. Structure of Thesis
The structure of the final master’s thesis must contain preliminary pages, the main body consisting
five chapters, a reference list, and annexes. They must be organized in the following list of order.
 PRELIMINARY PAGES
i) Cover Page
ii) Title Page
iii) Declaration
iv) Dedication
v) Approval Forms
vi) Acknowledgments
vii) Table of Contents
viii) List of Tables
ix) List of Figures
x) List of Abbreviation and Acronym
 xi) List of Annex
xii) Abstract
CHAPTER ONE
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of the Study
1.2. Statement of the Problem
1.3. Research Questions or Hypotheses
1.4. Objectives of the Study
1.4.1. General Objective
1.4.2. Specific Objective
1.5. Significance of the Study
1.6. Scope of the Study
1.7. Operational Definition (Optional)
1.8. Organization of the Study
CHAPTER TWO
2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1. Theoretical Review of Literature
2.1.2. Review of Concepts
2.1.3. Review of Theories
2.2. Empirical Review Literature
2.3. Research Gap
2.4. Conceptual Framework
CHAPTER THREE
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1. Description of the Study Area
3.2. Research Paradigm, Design and Approach
3.2.1. Research Paradigm
3.2.2. Research Design
3.2.3. Research Approach
3.3. Types and Sources of Data
3.3.1. Types of Data
3.3.2. Sources of Data
3.4. Sampling Design
3.4.1. Population and Sampling Frame
3.4.2. Sampling Unit
3.4.3. Sample Size Determination
3.4.4. Sampling Techniques and Sampling Procedure
3.5. Data Collection Instruments
3.6. Data Validity and Reliability
3.6.1.Validity
3.6.2. Reliability
 3.7. Methods of Data Analysis
3.7.1. Methods of Quantitative Data Analysis
3.7.1.1. Model Specification
3.7.1.2. Measurement of Variables
3.7.2. Methods of Qualitative Data Analysis
3.8. Ethical Consideration
References
Annexes
CHAPTER FOUR
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1. Demographic Characteristics and Response Rate of Respondents
4.2. Findings and Discussions of Objective One
4.2.1. Finding of Objective One
4.2.2. Discussion of Objective One
4.3. Findings and Discussions of Objective Two
4.3.1. Findings of Objective Two
4.3.2. Discussion of Objective Two
4.4. Finding and Discussing of Objective Three
4.4.1. Finding of Objective Three
4.4.2. Discussion of Objective Three
CHAPTER FIVE
5. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1. Summary of Findings
5.2. Conclusions
5.3. Recommendations
5.4. Future Research Direction
References
Annexes

2.3. Structure of PhD Dissertation

When writing PhD dissertation, the organization (structure) of first three chapters are basically
similar to that of master’s thesis structure indicated above except the depth and volume of the write-
up. The main difference, however, comes on result and discussion. In this guideline, monograph
approach with publication requirements must be followed. However, as result and discussion section
are very broad, the use of separate chapters for each objective is recommended. Therefore, a PhD
dissertation should consist of the preliminary pages, introduction section (chapter one), literature
review (chapter two), research methodology (chapter three) and of course the last chapter (summary,
conclusion and recommendation) which are all similar to the Master’s thesis writing. The only
difference comes when writing result and discussion section. For master’s thesis the ‘result and
discussion’ section is considered as one chapter (chapter four) as explicitly stated above; however,
since the work volume of PhD dissertation is bulky, result and discussion section for PhD
dissertation should be to organized as separate chapters for each objective.

Thus, students must consider the introduction section in chapter one, literature review in chapter
two and research methodology in chapter three. Here, all research methodology issues that refer to
the entire dissertation work such as research design and approach, sampling issues and procedure,
data collection techniques and the like are stated under chapter three (methodology). However, some
specific objective related issues such as method of analysis and model specification (if any) for a
particular objective must be addressed under each chapter (objective). Thus, after completing chapter
three (research methodology part), PhD students should organize their result and discussion sections
as a separate chapter for each specific objective. That means, the first objective of the dissertation
must come as chapter four. This chapter should begin with a brief introduction about the chapter
followed by the model specification and methods of analysis specific to this objective (chapter) if
any without any repetition. Moreover, reporting the findings, rigorous interpretation and discussion
on the findings should be made in this section. When providing result and discussion, first state the
findings in separate sub-title and discussion using another sub-section as prescribed for master’s
thesis.

Similarly, the second objective of the dissertation must come as chapter five following similar
procedures as outlined for chapter three above emphasizing on objective specific methodology
issues, findings, interpretation, discussion. This trend continues to the remaining objectives of the
dissertation till all objectives should exhaustively analysed and included as a chapter following
similar procedure. Then after, comes the summary, conclusions and recommendations as the last
common chapter followed by reference list. Generally, dissertation research with, say, 4 objectives
will have eight chapters. All related explanations and elaborations provided in each section of the
guideline applies both to the PhD and masters study programs.

3. TECHNICAL LAYOUT OF THE THESIS/DISSERTATION

3.1. Formatting Requirements (Standards)
Font Type and Size: The whole part of a proposal or thesis/dissertation must be prepared in Times
New Roman with 12 font sizes. However, the following are a few exceptions regarding this;
  All the main headings (or chapters) must be prepared in 14 font sizes, should be bold, written
in block (capital) letters and must be centered.
 For the first sub-headings, the first letters of the main words must be in block letters, all 13
font sizes, and written in bold.
 The remaining lower-order sub-headings must be in 12 font sizes and should be bold. But
here only the first letter of the first main word should to be in a block letter.
 Besides, on the title and cover pages, the title (topic) must be in 20 font sizes but the rest of
the texts on these pages should be in 16 font sizes.
 The abstract of the thesis/dissertation should be in 11 font size, Times New Roman, and
should be written in italic style.
 Table or figure captions, endnotes, footnotes, references, and long quotations should be in 11
font sizes.
Therefore, generally, except for the unique issues listed above, the whole text of the document
(proposal, thesis/dissertation) must be written in a uniform (consistent) way in terms of font type,
size, and cases.

Spacing and Margins: The whole document (proposal or thesis/dissertation) must be written in a
1.5 line spacing (space between lines) for the whole text. However, it is important to note the
following exceptions;
 The abstract, reference section, long quotations, long endnotes or footnotes, and long captions
are recommended to be prepared in a single space.
 One free spacing in between paragraphs, as well as in between the headings (sub-headings) and
a paragraph is recommended.
 Tables, figures, and appendixes must be single-spaced as far as they are readable. Moreover,
single space between each reference entry is required and the second line of a reference needs to
be indented (or as prescribed by APA style).
 Set a 1.5-inch spacing margin at the left border, and 1-inch margins for the top, bottom, and
right sides.
 To make the document easier to read, it is necessary to align your content in both left and right
margins (or the document should be justified) in the main text.
Page numbers
 All preliminary pages should be numbered in the Roman numeral system (i, ii, iii, etc.) but
the main body must be numbered in the Arabic numeral system (1,2, 3.) and should be
centered.
 New chapters must always start on a new page.
 The first line after the heading or sub-heading should be indented and the rest of the text
quoted to the left.
 It is recommended that a table needs to be completed on one page, that is, as much as
possible a table must not be extended to the next page.
 Table of contents, list of figures, and list of tables should be automatically generated using
the Microsoft Word tools.
Language and grammar
 The final proposal or thesis/dissertation must be properly written and seriously edited for
language issues and grammar problems. The student and his supervisor/s must take full
responsibility for the problem.
 If necessary, students may be required to bring testimonial letters for language and related
editorial services from professional editors.
Plagiarism: Plagiarism is academic theft. It is stealing someone’s words or ideas and passing them
off as your own. In the context of academic writing, it means quoting someone’s words without
quotation marks or paraphrasing an idea without including a proper citation. As it is an academic
theft, the University has zero tolerance for the problem. The following guiding issues will help avoid
or reduce plagiarism cases;
 Ensure that your Thesis/Dissertation is original, has not been published, and has not been
submitted for publication or for the award of any degree elsewhere or at Ethiopian Civil
Service University.
 If you are quoting more than 500 words of a published work in your thesis/dissertation, you
need to submit a copy of the permission obtained from the respective copyright holder.
 If you are quoting a Table or a Figure or a Photograph in your thesis/dissertation which is not
the result of your original fieldwork, the source of the item needs to be properly cited.
 If you made modifications to the original figure or table or photograph; it must be indicated as;
‘modified from ‘name of author/organization’ or after ‘name of author/organization’.
  All other quotations, reviewed literature, tables, figures, photographs, etc. must be cited and
prepared properly using “APA Style”.
 If any Table, Figure, or Photograph is the result of your own fieldwork; you must mention it as
a source i.e.: Field Survey, 2010.
If one fails to follow the above rules and is found plagiarized, several serious measures may be taken
as indicated on Senate Legislation and graduate research policy. The measures may include
academic dismissal, cancellation of thesis/dissertation degree and re-working the research on another
topic or maybe withdrawal of graduation degree, etc depending on the severity of
problem/plagiarism.

3.2. Page limits and submission date

In order to improve writing efficiency and quality of thesis/dissertation, it is essential to determine
the total number of pages with maximum and minimum limits. The following is the description page
limits and proportion (percentage weight) given to each chapter based on experience of different
universities in Ethiopia (such as Jimma University) and others abroad.

 The master’s thesis proposal should range between 25 pages (minimum) to 32 pages
(maximum); but the final thesis document must range between 50 pages (minimum) to 70
pages (maximum); excluding all preliminary pages and list of annexes).
 Similarly, the Ph.D. dissertation proposal must range between 32 pages (minimum) to 42
pages (maximum) and the final dissertation document should have minimum of 120 pages and
maximum of not more than 250 pages; all excluding preliminary pages, references, and the
annex. As a rule, the page numbers less than the minimum or greater than maximum specified
are not acceptable.
 The submission date must strictly follow the academic calendar of the University and any
submission after or before that calendar is not acceptable. Table 1 and 2 below describes the
proportional distribution of pages for each chapter.
Table 1: Page limits and proportions for each chapter (PhD dissertation and Master’s Thesis)

Chapter PhD Dissertation Proposal Master’s Thesis Proposal

Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum
page page page page
Introduction 5 6 4 5
Literature review 15 20 12 15
Methodology 10 12 7 8
 Work plan 1 2 1 2
Budget 1 2 1 2
Total pages 32 42 25 32

Table 2: Page limits and chapter weights for PhD Dissertation and Master’s Thesis

Chapter Weight in PhD Dissertation Master’s Thesis

% Min. page Max. page Min. page Max. page
Introduction 10 12 25 5 7
Literature review 30 36 75 15 21
Methodology 15 18 38 8 11
Findings 5 6 12 3 3
Discussion 30 36 75 15 21
Summary, Conclusion and 10 12 25 5 7
recommendation
Total pages 100 120 250 50 70

3.3. In-text citations and referencing list

As a standard, ECSU uses APA referencing style of the most recent edition (currently 7 th version).
APA Style is a set of conventions and standards for written communications put forth by the
American Psychological Association. APA referencing has two main parts: in-text citations and
reference lists.
What is an in-text citation?
When referencing in APA style, you need to include an in-text citation every time you quote or
paraphrase a source in your work. In-text citations go in the body of your writing, and briefly
acknowledge the source of the information you have used. Each in-text corresponds to a full
reference list entry on a separate page at the end of your document. Insert references as you write
whether you directly quote or paraphrase the work of the other. If you wait until later, you will be
likely to forget the details. Note also that you must include a page number if you
are quoting information, but do not have to if you are paraphrasing information. Although there
could be a slight difference depending on the sources of information you are using, as a general rule,
follow the following guideline for in-text citation:
 When a work has two authors, always cite both names every time the reference occurs in the text.
 When a work has three, four, or five authors, cite all authors the first time; in subsequent
citations, include only the surname of the first author followed by et al. (not italicized) and the
year.
 When a work has six or more authors, cite only the surname of the first author followed by et al.
and the year for the first and subsequent citations.
 Within a paragraph, you do not need to include the year in subsequent references so long as this
does not lead to confusion. For example, Admassu and Beneberu (2019) claimed that “there is no
dietary diversity difference between male-headed and female-headed households in rural
Ethiopia”. These authors further argue that the dietary diversity score of the same household
varies depending on the seasons of data collection.
Note that APA allows two forms for in-text citations: narrative citation and parenthetical citations.

Narrative citations: - this form of citation includes the author's name directly in the 'narrative' of
your writing, with the year and page number in separate sets of parentheses. The year always appears
in brackets after the author's name. You will typically use this style when introducing a direct
quotation, but it can also be used when paraphrasing.

Examples:
1) According to Admassu and Beneberu (2019, p.1), “there is no dietary diversity difference
between male headed and female headed households in the rural Ethiopia”.
2) Admassu and Beneberu (2019, pp.15-16) argue that “human, natural and physical capital
possession differences among the rural households greatly influence their dietary diversity”.
Note that double “pp” indicates that the information is taken from more than a page.
Parenthetical citations: - this form of citation include the author's name, date, and page number all
in one set of parentheses at the end of a sentence containing secondary material. You will likely use
this form of a citation with paraphrased information, though it can also be used for direct quotations.

Example: Human, natural, and physical capital possession differences among the rural households
greatly influence their dietary diversity (Admassu & Beneberu, Determinants of household dietary
diversity in the Yayo biosphere reserve of Ethiopia: An empirical analysis using sustainable
livelihood framework, 2019).
When citing reference someone quoted in another author's work (a secondary citation), please
follow the following example:
 1) Narrative example: Hoddinott & Yohannes (2002 as cited in Admassu & Beneberu, 2019)
argued that the Household Dietary Diversity score is a good measure of food security.
2) Parenthetical example: Household Dietary Diversity score is a good measure for food
security (Hoddinott & Yohannes, 2002, as cited in Admassu and Beneberu, 2019).
In both cases note that only Admassu and Beneberu’s work appears in the reference list; never list
the work of Hoddinott & Yohannes. When you cite multiple sources, write the sources from the most
recent to the old by separating the sources with a semicolon as shown in the example below:

Example: A number of authors (Kriesemer, Keding, Huluka, & Dürr, 2021; Admassu &
Beneberu,2019; Arndt & Jones, 2015; Tesfay, Seifu, Solomon, & Katia, 2014) acknowledge that
“food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient,
safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy
life.

What is a reference list?

While the in-text citations in your work include just a few basic details (author, date,
page/paragraph.), the reference list provides much more information so your readers can locate the
sources you have used. Here, it is important to differentiate between bibliography and reference lists.

A bibliography is a list of all of the sources you read and which may have influenced or directed
your research, whether or not you actually quote or paraphrase information from them in your work.

A reference list is a list of ONLY the sources whose information you quote directly or paraphrase in
your work. Your tutors will usually only require you to include a reference list with your
assignments.

A reference list is an alphabetically arranged list of sources used in a paper. It starts on a new page
immediately after the last page of the paper. The list has the heading References (centered, not in
italics, and not underlined). Each reference has a hanging indent of 1 cm. No bullets or numbers. It is
helpful to add extra space (8 pts) after each entry. Hint: begin your reference list as you start work on
your assignment, adding items as you locate each source. This will save time and energy later. To
this end, you are strongly advised to use any of such software (EndNote, Mendeley, Lytro, or
Microsoft Word).
In any case, any source that you use in your paper should appear in an alphabetized list on this page.
Here are the basic guidelines,
 Entries are in alphabetical order by author’s last name, or by title for sources without authors.
 Author’s first name is always reduced to initials.
 Entries should be double-spaced and have a period at the end.
 In article titles, only capitalize the first word and proper nouns.
 Use the ampersand “&” instead of “and” for entries with multiple authors.
 Use p. or pp. to abbreviate paper number.
 The first line of an entry is flush with the left margin. If an entry goes on to two lines, indent
it one-half inch.
 Italicize, not underline, books.
Citing Books
Basic Format
Author Name. (Year of publication). Title and subtitle. City of publication: Name of publisher.
Citing Articles from Journals, Magazines, and Newspapers
Basic Format
Author’s Name. (Date of publication in Parenthesis). Title and subtitle. Journal Title, Volume
number, Page number.
Citing Internet Websites and Blogs
Websites don’t follow the same rules as some of the other traditional sources from above do. Given
this fact, you may need to improvise at times, doing your best to still supply the same kind of
information that is required of a traditional publication.
 Author, if listed
 Website Title
 Date of Publication, (If none, put “n.d.”)
 Retrieval Statement (or “Available from” and a homepage)
Single Web Page
ECSU Library. Introduction to Research. (n.d.). Retrieved April 1, 2022, from the ECSU Library
website: [URL]
YouTube Video
Basic Format
Poster’s Username/Author. (Publication Year) Title of Video Clip. Medium. Retrieved from [URL to
video]
Personal communications
Personal communications include:
 telephone conversations
 interviews or notes that are not recoverable
 emails
 private letters
 non-archived discussion groups
In-text citation:

Shibabaw (personal communication, January 25, 2019) suggested in an email that..... Note that No
entry in the reference list is needed as personal communications are unable to be retrieved.

The following examples illustrate the basic reference listing following APA 7th referencing style
guide. For a more detailed guide, please visit: https://aut.ac.nz.libguides.com/APA7th

Article with a DOI

Dilkes-Frayne, E., Savic, M., Carter, A., Kakanovic, R. & Lubman, D. I. (2019). Going online: The
affordances of online counseling for families affected by alcohol and other drug
issues. Qualitative Health Research, 29(14), 2010–
2022. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732319838231
Article without a DOI and not from a Library database
Dayton, K. J. (2019). Tangled arms: Modernizing and unifying the arm-of-the-state doctrine. The
University of Chicago Law Review, 86.6, 1497–1737. https://bit.ly/2SkWwcy

Article without a DOI from a Library database, or a print version

Admassu, T. H., & Beneberu, A. W. (2019). Determinants of household dietary diversity in the
Yayo biosphere reserve of Ethiopia: An empirical analysis using sustainable livelihood
framework. (F. Yildiz, Ed.) Cogent Food & Agriculture, 1-29.
Kriesemer, S. K., Keding, G. B., Huluka, A. T., & Dürr, J. (2021, February 19). Leafy Vegetables
under Shade? Performance, Consumer Acceptance, and Nutritional Contribution of Cowpea
(Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) Leaves in the Yayu Coffee Forest Biosphere Reserve in
Southwest Ethiopia. Sustainability, 13(2218), 1-15.
Tesfay, B., Seifu, G., Solomon, S., & Katia, M. (2014). Urban food insecurity in the context of high
food prices: A community-based cross-sectional study in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. BMC
Public
Review articles
McAloon, J. (2020). Marilyn Waring: The political years [Review of the book The political years, by
M. Waring]. New Zealand Journal of History, 54(1), 143–144.
Article in press
Ruiza,L. A., Serranoa, L., Españab, P. P., Martinez-Indartc, L., Gómeza, A., Urangab, A., Castroa,
S., Artarazb, A., & Zalacaina, R. (in press). Factors influencing long-term survival after
hospitalization with pneumococcal pneumonia. Journal of Infection.
Magazine article
Bilger,B. (2019, November 25). Can babies learn to love vegetables? The New
Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/11/25/can-babies-learn-to-love-
vegetables
Newspaper article
Class actions key feature of litigations. (2020, January 8). The Northern Advocate, A014.
Books with More than one publisher
List all publishers in the order they appear separating names with a semicolon.
Page, J. T., & Parnell, L. J. (2019). Introduction to strategic public relations: Digital, global, and
socially responsible communication. Sage.
Books and ebooks with DOI
Ewert, E. W., Mitten, D. S., & Overholt, J. R. (2014). Natural environments and human health. CAB
International. https://doi.org/10.1079/9781845939199.0000
Group author (organisation)
The CORE Team. (2017). The economy: Economics for a changing world. Oxford University Press.
Edited book
Hamilton, L., & Ravenscroft, J. (Eds.). (2018). Building research design in education: Theoretically
informed advanced methods. Bloomsbury Academic.
ebook - free online, no DOI
Lessig, L. (2011). Republic, lost: How money corrupts – and a plan to stop it. Twelve.
https://lesterland.lessig.org/pdf/republic-lost.pdf
Published conference proceedings
Herculano-Houzel, S., Collins, C. E., Wong, P., Kaas, J. H., & Lent, R. (2008). The basic
nonuniformity of the cerebral cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of
the United States of America, 105(34), 12593-
12598. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805417105
Paper presentation
Mason, I. & Missingham, R. (2019, October 21–25). Research libraries, data curation, and
workflows [Paper presentation]. eResearch Australasia Conference, Brisbane, QLD,
Australia. https://bit.ly/2v1CjRg
Symposium contribution
Cochrane, T. & Narayan, V. (2019, February 14–15). Evaluation the CMALT cMOOC: An agile and
scalable professional development framework. In R. Shekhawat (Chairs). Breakout
session [Symposium]. Scholarship of Technology Enhanced Learning Symposium,
Auckland, New Zealand.
Annual report
Fletcher Building Limited. (2019). Annual report 2019. https://fletcherbuilding.com/assets/4-
investor-centre/annual-reports/2019-annual-report.pdf
Government report
Chiswell, S. & Grant, B. (2019). New Zealand coastal sea surface temperature (Report No. CR388).
National Institute of Water & Atmospheric
Research. https://www.mfe.govt.nz/sites/default/files/media/Marine/nz-coastal-sea-surface-
Published theses and dissertations
Miller, T. (2019). Enhancing readiness: An exploration of the New Zealand Qualified Firefighter
Programme [Master's thesis, Auckland University of Technology].
Tuwhera. https://openrepository.aut.ac.nz/handle/10292/12338
Unpublished theses and dissertations
Tewart, Y. (2000). Dressing the tarot [Unpublished master's thesis]. Auckland University of
Technology.

4. PRELIMINARY PAGES
This section provides a detailed explanation for writing the preliminary pages of the proposal and the
final thesis/dissertation.
Cover Page: The cover page should contain the official logo of the University (ECSU) at the top
centre of the page. The name of the college will be stated on the first line followed by the name of
the department/school/institute the student belongs to. Then write the title of the dissertation/thesis in
block (capital) letters, followed by the word ‘by’ and the name of the candidate. The month, year,
and place of submission (separated by commas) must be written at the bottom right end of the page.
See annex 1.
Title page: the title page contains the name of the university (now without a logo), the name of the
college, and then the department/school/institute to which the student belongs. This should be
followed by the title of the thesis/dissertation written in capital letters. Then, type the word ‘by’
followed by the name of the student and the names of his/her supervisors. This will be followed by
the statement ‘Thesis/dissertation is submitted to (name of department/school/institute) in partial
fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters/Ph.D. in (write field of specialization or
specific program). Finally, the month and year of submission as well as the location of the university
(Addis Ababa, Ethiopia) will be stated in the end. See annex 2.
Declaration: The declaration is required for the final thesis or dissertation but is optional to the
proposal. This is the place where the candidate declares that the thesis/dissertation is fully his own
original work and has never been submitted to any other institution to acquire any degree or
certificate. See annex 3.
Dedication (Optional) – This is a formal inscription written in a simple statement to whom you are
dedicating your work.
Supervisor’s Approval page: The supervisor approval form (approval page) is a page where the
supervisors confirm (by their signature) the completion of the research work and readiness for its
submission to the respective department for defense. This page must contain; the name of the
college, department, and then the phrase ‘Approval of Proposal/Thesis/Dissertation for Defense’ as a
heading. Finally, a statement of a declaration by supervisors followed by their names, signature, and
date must be provided. See annex 4.
Examiners' Approval Form: - This form is meant for the final thesis/dissertation to be signed by
the board of examiners after the open defense examination (after incorporating the comments). It
contains the following points as listed in the order below;
 Name of the University and then the college;
 Name of the department/school/institute
 ‘Approval of Thesis/Dissertation after Defense’ as a heading
 Statement of the board of examiners
 The board of examiners’ name, signature, and date. See annex 5.
Acknowledgment: An acknowledgment contains words of appreciation for any special assistance
offered by individuals or institutions in recognition of their financial, technical, or moral support
during the research work. It is optional for a proposal but needed for the final thesis/dissertation.
Please, do not reference religious terms such as Jesus Christ or Allah since a thesis/dissertation work
is a scholarly document prepared in a secular institution. See annex 6.
Table of contents: The table of contents should list all of the major headings and sub-headings
within the body of the thesis/dissertation. They must be worded exactly as they appear in the body of
the thesis/dissertation or proposal. The table of contents shall be generated automatically or prepared
in a hyperlink format so that searching topics in the document can be easily done.
List of Tables: First, the term ‘List of tables’ should be written in block letters and centered at the
top of the page. Tables are simply numerical values or text displayed in rows and columns indicated
by captions in the document. When listing tables, students must use the captions as they appear
above the tables in their main text.
List of Figures: First, the term ‘List of figures’ should be written in block letters and centered at the
top of the page. Figures are illustrations expressed using charts, graphs, maps, or photos used to
elaborate on the issue. They have to be listed by using the captions as they appear above the tables in
their main text.
List of abbreviations and acronyms: Abbreviations and acronyms are short forms of words or
phrases or the name of an institution. Specifically, an abbreviation is usually a shortened form of
words used to represent the whole (such as Dr.) but an acronym contains a set of initial letters from a
phrase that usually form another word (ECSU, FDRE). The list of abbreviations and acronyms
should be presented in alphabetical order. It is important to note that the universally recognized or
well-known abbreviations and acronyms (such as kg, km, etc) must not be included in the list of
abbreviations and acronyms.
Abstract: - An abstract is a concise explanation of the thesis or dissertation work that provides the
reader with a summary of the contents of the thesis/dissertation. The abstract must be
prepared/written after completing the write-up of the whole document. It should contain brief but
sufficient information to be self-contained so that readers can have a good initial impression of the
whole thesis/dissertation work. The abstract should be written in a single paragraph, italic form, and
should not exceed 250 words for Thesis and 450 words for dissertation. No reference is cited in the
abstract and abbreviations are not recommended. The abstract for proposal is optional. The abstract
is expected to include;
 A brief and precise statement of the problem followed by the main objective of the study;
 Brief methodology of the study (data nature and source, data collection methods; sampling
issues including sample size and methods of data analysis);
 The major findings of the study as per the specific objectives, then followed by concluding
remarks and a brief recommendation.
 Finally, the abstract should contain three to six keywords
5. MAIN BODY OF PROPOSAL AND THESIS/DISSERTATION)
Based on the structure/organization of the proposal and thesis/dissertation outlined above (in section
two), the following detailed explanation is given on what and how to write each section.

5.1. Introduction (Chapter One)

The main body of the proposal for both the thesis/dissertation begins with the introduction chapter.
The name of the first chapter is an introduction and it has to be written as ‘CHAPTER ONE’ on the
first line and the name of the first chapter has to be written on the second line as
‘INTRODUCTION’. The name should be centered and written in capital letters.

Introduction (optional)
The introduction sub-section is optional. If the candidate includes this, it should tell the reader what
the chapter is about, the key variables of the study, and how the chapter is organized. It should not
be numbered. At the end, the researcher may outline number of sections and their sequences in the
first chapter. Note that the introduction section should be very brief and just one paragraph.

1.2. Background of the study

The background of the study section deals with the rationale for the study through providing
evidences and conditions of the existing situation to make the reader feel the urgency of the issue to
be addressed and the need to study it in order to contribute to its solution. The background must
demonstrate masterly of the subject to be investigated by the scholar within 2-3 pages. This masterly
will be demonstrated among others by using current citations (any sources older than five years
should not be cited unless it has some historical importance). The candidate articulates
understanding of empirical studies done at the global, regional and national context in relation to the
study area to show his/her knowledge base. The section must demonstrate that the researcher is
aware of the historical evolution and theoretical developments of the proposed study area. It must be
consistently and carefully written. As a guide, the researcher is expected to write the background
section from general to specific as:
a) Globally, what key debates and (gaps) exist on the subject area to be investigated?
b) Regionally, what key debates (and gaps) exist on the subject area to be investigated?
c) Nationally, what key debates and (gaps) exist on the subject area to be investigated?
d) Locally, what key issues exist in your specific research area?

1.3. Statement of the problem

As a guide, the statement of the problem must not exceed a maximum of two to three pages! A
problem is the heart of the research and must show the urgency of why the scholar must be allowed
to conduct the study. It is recommended to present the problem statement in the first line of this
section with just a line or two in simple and clear language, followed by a backup of all sorts of
information including a literature review. This will help the reader to clearly know what problem is
being handled at first glimpse. The rest of the paragraph(s) is its elaboration, discussing a possible
solution and most importantly, why and how it is a problem that needs urgent attention (cite
scholarly references). The problem statement must generate questions for the researcher to answer.
A thesis/dissertation problem statement must seek to answer the following questions:
 What is the problem? Where is it? Is the problem a current issue?
 Will the problem persist if it is not solved? Who are affected adversely by the problem?
 Will this problem prove or disprove existing knowledge? Why do you want to solve the
problem? What is your research Gap?
The statement of the problem should be concise and yet comprehensive (maximum of two to three
pages pages!). The researcher is supposed to rely on the use of facts like the most recent statistical
information or citations from known authors in the field of research in a brief, specific and concise
manner. Such facts may be used to highlight the magnitude or extent of the problem. Major previous
researches undertaken on the subject should be cited (where applicable in case of theoretical
problems) and this will enable the candidate to indicate the gaps in the knowledge and justifies the
need for the proposed study.

1.4. Research Objectives

State clear, precise and indicative objectives of the study. The general and specific objectives you
want to achieve must be clearly written. Note that your research objectives must be strongly linked
to your statement of the problem. The number of objectives is therefore influenced by the statement
of the problem and the nature of relationships the researcher is interested to investigate. Since, the
number of specific objectives will influence the volume of the literature review and data to be
collected, it is reasonable to limit 3 to 5 specific objectives.
1.5. Research Questions and /Hypothesis
Research questions/hypotheses further clarify the research objectives and direction of relationships.
In other words, research questions/hypotheses help the researcher to see the problem more clearly.
Hypotheses are tentative assumption made in order to draw out and test its logical or empirical
consequences. Research Questions refer to questions which a researcher would like answered by
undertaking the study. Whether to include research questions/hypotheses in the proposal will be
influenced by the nature of the study. For example, as a guide, if the study is exploratory and
therefore there are no answers to predict the relationship, then the scholars may not be required to
state hypotheses. As a guide, qualitative studies may not be required to state the hypotheses.
Instead, you must state research questions. However, for quantitative studies, depending on the
nature the either hypotheses or research questions must be provided (but not both for the same
specific objective). For all studies that have a quantitative orientation, the researcher has to present
testable hypothesis. It is recommended that alternative hypothesis is formulated based on the
underlying theory to be tested. The number of research questions and or hypotheses to be specified
depends on the nature of the research problem.

1.6. Significance of the study

This refers to the relevance of the study in terms of academic contributions and practical application
that might be made of the findings to the organization/sector in which the researcher is based and to
the public at large. Since research is a scientific discovery of new knowledge, other researchers in
the related field will benefit from your findings. Your thesis will have empirical significance in
bridging the gap in the literature with regard to the topic of your research. It can have policy
significance which may contribute towards to filling the policy gap. Still, others will be able to
apply your findings in their attempt to solve practical implementation challenges (practical
significance). As such, your investigation and findings must be genuine and original. Outline a list
of contributions that you think your findings add to the literature. Your contributions must be
specific and focused. Provide significant evidence indicating that your research is worthy of
investigation.
1.7. Scope of the study (geographical, time, and thematic scope)
The scope provides for the boundary or limits of the research in terms of content (i.e., independent
and dependent variables to be investigated), geographical area, and time span of the research as well
as methodological scopes(if any).
1.8. Operational definition (optional)
If the student includes this sub-section in his/her document, he/she is expected to provide operational
definitions that are used in his/her research work.

1.9. Organization of the Document

In the section, the student is required to outline the organization of the remaining chapters and their
expected flows. Please begin your outline (organization) of the study from chapter two onwards
(exclude chapter one as it is addressed in the first chapter).

5.2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE (CHAPTER TWO)

Introduction (optional)
The introduction sub-section is optional and if the candidate includes this in the document, it should
not be numbered and should briefly tell the reader about the chapter and its main contents. It must
not address about the subject matter issue.
2.1. Theoretical Review of Literature
2.1.1. Review of Concepts
Review of concepts should provide conceptual clarifications related to theories that are going to be
used in the research work by the candidate. It consists of definitions of concept(s) provided by
different authors. In reviewing the concepts, candidates may borrow a definition of one author,
combine definitions or conceptualizations of different authors and harmonize them. The references
from which review/definitions of concepts have been borrowed need to be clearly indicated through
in-text citation.

2.1.2. Review of Theories

This sub-section focuses on a review of theories related to the problem under investigation. Here, it
is important to note that your review should not be simply a description/stating of what others have
said, rather it should take the form of a critical discussion, paraphrasing, showing insights and an
awareness of different arguments, theories, and approaches. In special cases where the graduate
research is qualitative in nature that may not require theory or if the interest of researcher is to
formulate grounded theory based on qualitative analysis, he/she may not be forced to include in
the document. This will be decided by the candidate and his/her supervisors. The candidates are
expected to identify/refer to related and well-established theories which can best explain the
variables of your study. Furthermore, candidates must make sure that the related theoretical review
of literature:
 Provides information that is relevant to the research question/objectives. You need to compel
a related literature review that supports your research question(s) and research objectives,
justifies the thrust of your research, and communicates a problem that is relevant and
significant (Torraco, 2005).
  Presents a carefully organized account of a critical review of relevant theories to study and
includes reasons why the theories are relevant or support the review with evidence and justify
the rationale for your research.
 Needs to be organized by topic/construct, chronologically, general to specific.
 Crafts related literature review to present what is currently known about the topic from
reliable sources, and show how your study fits within the area of the study topic. In so doing,
you will demonstrate your understanding of the topic. Be sure to include subheadings where
possible to help guide the advisor and examining committee members.
 Criticizes groups of studies rather than each one individually. When using any of the
chronological, conceptual/ theoretical organizational structures, address how other
researchers’ work informs the proposed research. How will your research build on, or fill the
gap? What problems suggested by the literature will your research address?
 Requires to be based on the assumption that knowledge accumulates and that we learn from
and build on what others have done. Hence, the researcher should undertake an extensive
survey of the literature related to the problem.
 Fully acknowledges the research of others and needs to avoid charges of plagiarism and the
associated penalties.
 Bringing together an argument in the process of the literature review is indispensable: To put
together a strong case, you need to bring the evidence together to show a comprehensive
picture of the current situation of research evidence in your chosen topic area. Present your
position by considering all of the evidence that you have found from the review, including
evidence that is both for and against your research question. Thus, you need to categorize
information and attempt for continuity and connectivity between themes of the study topic.
When you bring together all of the facts, generalizations, and theories you have gathered
from your review, you have to use it to form an argument that is academically interesting.
You have to present an objective and balanced view of the relevant literature to create a
strong background and strong underpinning for your research.
The example below provides what we mean by a balanced argument based on the available
evidence:

While scholars A, B, and C state that corporate governance issue is linked directly to the
dispersion of shareholders, scholars X, Y, and Z disagree and state that corporate
governance issue arises out of a lack of independence between board members and the
 management. While both sets of scholars disagree, all the research cited above suggests that
there is more than one dimension to the study of corporate governance. Therefore, the idea
of research on corporate governance from a multidimensional standpoint is important to
financial economists. Furthermore, this multidimensional approach will be adopted in this
research study.

5.2.3. Review of Empirical Studies

This sub-section should provide a review of the empirical studies. The empirical studies must be
related to the topic/research objectives. The relevance of the context in which the empirical study has
been conducted should be also taken into account. Thus, it should:

 Analyse and interpret: don’t just paraphrase other researchers—add your own interpretations
where possible, discussing the significance of findings in relation to the literature as a whole
 Critically evaluate: mention the strengths and weaknesses of your sources
 It needs to be brief and to the point, the student relates his/her study to the larger, ongoing
debates/dialogue/ discourses in the literature about the topic, filling in gaps and extending
prior studies.
 The review of empirical literature should place the current project in context through a
critical analysis of selected research reports.
 Place a given research project in the context of its contribution to the understanding of the
subject under review
 Identify areas of prior scholarship to prevent duplication of effort
 Provide a synthesis of findings in a "state-of-knowledge" summary in regard to the problem
area, including additional evidence as to the nature and/or the importance of the problem;
 Make clear how further research should extend, differ from, or replicate past studies,
including the identification of the critical variables in the problem area and important
hypotheses to be tested;
 Indicate shortcomings in the design of prior research that should be avoided, as well as
strengths to be repeated, in conducting another study;
 Provide a critique of the literature as a basis for any controversial methodological decisions
to be presented in the proposal.
 Resolve conflicts amongst seemingly contradictory previous studies
 Point the way forward for further research
It is important to note that some literatures which are neither theoretical nor empirical such as
policies, country contextual features, strategies, programs, and best practices that are relevant to the
research topic, can be provided in background of the study or at the last section of empirical review.

5.2.4. Research Gaps

After reviewing the literature, the researcher should identify the gaps. For instance, a researcher
intends to do research on civil service reforms in Ethiopia. Imagine that the existing research so far
has looked at Ethiopian civil service with the Weberian Model of Bureaucracy. Then, a researcher
may identify this gap and may come up with a new perspective i.e., an institutional approach to
understanding the civil service. That will become a valuable addition to existing literature. At the
end of this chapter, identify the principal research questions to be addressed in the thesis. These will
form the basis of your thesis in the subsequent chapter on research methodology.

5.2.5. The conceptual framework

In this sub-section, candidates are expected to operationally define the concepts, factors and
variables to be used in the research. The operational definitions would indicate the way the concepts,
factors, variables, and indicators need to be understood by the reader. In defining concepts,
candidates may borrow a definition of one author, or combine definitions of different authors, or
provide their own definition. The references from which definitions of concepts have been borrowed
need to be clearly indicated once again through in-text citation. The conceptual framework can better
be illustrated using a diagram, accompanied by a textual description of its elements (i.e., the
concepts, factors, variables, indicators, assessment themes, etc).

In this sub-section, candidates are expected to operationally define the concepts, factors, and
variables to be used in the research. The operational definitions would indicate the way the concepts,
factors, variables, and indicators need to be understood by the reader. The conceptual framework can
better be illustrated using a diagram, accompanied by a textual description of its elements: the
factors that cause and the effects of a phenomenon; the possible measures/indicators of a variable,
assessment themes/issues, etc.

5.3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY (CHAPTER THREE)

Introduction
Introduction in this chapter and in all chapters is optional and if the candidate prefers to include it in
the document, it should not be numbered and should briefly tell the reader about the chapter and its
main contents.

3.1 Description of the Study Area

This is a brief description (not more than one page) unless and otherwise your research is related to
investigation of how a specific context affects your research outcome. The purpose of description
about your study area is to provide basic socioeconomic and geographic related information to the
reader. The guiding questions may be: Where will the research be carried out? Why that specific
research area selected? What are the main geographic and social economic feature of the study area?
Thus, the candidate is expected to briefly describe the demography, climate, land use, vegetation,
socio-economic activities of the area. It is important to indicate the relative and absolute location of
the study area using latitudes, longitudes and official maps depending on the nature of the study,
however, this is not mandatory. Please avoid jargons and use clear and concise language while
writing and also try to justify why that particular study site is selected.

3.2 Research Philosophy and Paradigm

When describing the research philosophy and paradigm used in your research, it is essential to
clearly state the philosophy and paradigms you have to follow in your study and provide strong
reason for that.
 Research Philosophy: under research philosophy students may select either Ontological (i.e.,
exploring what does or doesn’t exist practically) or Epistemological (i.e., how to know the
reality).
 The research paradigms: As a research paradigm, students need to rationally decide either
Positivism (i.e., objectivism for quantitative study), or Interpretivism (i.e., constructivism,
subjectivism and naturalistic for qualitative study pragmatism).
3.3 Research Design and Approach
The choice of the research design and approach should be based on their appropriateness to the
objectives or research questions stated, the availability of resources and ethical. To come up with
good research design and approach, candidates should be able to know the state of knowledge of
his/her research problem, which will guide you in the process of selection of your research questions
and objectives.

3.4.1 Research Design

The guiding questions for the candidates to address this issue are: What types of research design you
have chosen and why? Which dimensions are considered for selection? Research design is basically
a plan, strategy, or framework for overall research work including the whole process of sampling,
the collection and analysis of data. The research design is identified based on the following
dimensions:
 Purpose of research (for example- exploratory, descriptive, correlation, explanatory or a
combination of them)
 Research strategy (for example- experimental, survey, phenomenology, ethnography, case
study, grounded theory, action research, etc.)
 Time dimension: Cross-sectional or longitudinal design (for example- Panel, cohort or
retrospective)
 Mode of inquiry: Quantitative or qualitative or mixed research.
In general, it is important to note that the chosen research design is competent to respond to the
research objectives and questions. State and justify why you choose that research design!

3.4.2 Research Approaches

Research approach refers to the tools, techniques, procedures or processes used to collect or review
data or information. There are different types of research approaches to choose from such as
deductive or inductive. Thus, students should rationally state their overall research and approach that
helps them to address the question “what approach do you select in finding the reality or knowledge
or answer your research questions?”

3.4 Types and Sources of Data

In this sub-section candidates must state the types of data to be used and where to get them along
with clear justifications. The guiding questions in this regard may include: what is the nature of your
data? what types of data are going to be used and why? What are their sources etc? Data sources
refer to primary or secondary sources.

3.5 Sampling Design

Research investigation can be either a Census based or sample survey. Census survey involves a
study conducted on entire population or engaging all members in research work as respondents.
Here, there is no need to discuss about sampling issues as samples are not used. Whereas, sample
survey requires a study on a part of the entire population since the whole population will not be
practically manageable due to limited resource such as time, money, and effort). When the study is a
sample survey, the candidate is expected to provide sample design showing detail procedures during
selection of the respondent. Hence, researchers need to draw samples with the right quality and
adequate quantity of elements from the population. This will be done by defining the target
population and determining sample size and sampling methods. However, there are some fields of
studies (such as engineering with different approaches to sample design or law or others that may
require purely qualitative approaches and related field specific design, sampling approaches and
techniques. In such cases, under the umbrella of this guideline, the concerned
departments/schools/institutes can revise a specific part of this document related to their
particular fields of study and get the approval from AC and Council of Graduate Studies before
its implementation.

3.5.1. Population, Sample Frame, and Sampling Unit

Population here refers to the entire elements of the unit of analysis from which a researcher draws a
sample and depending on the sample result will make conclusions (or infer) about it. The population
for your study may be individuals, households, organizations, regions, countries, plants, animals,
records, etc depending on the nature of your study. The nature and characteristics of the population
such as homogeneity or heterogeneity must be clearly defined in consistent with the statement of the
problem and stated objectives. The sample frame, also known as the source list, is the list of the
sampling units from which the researcher chooses his sample, whereas the unit of analysis refers to
the elements from which the researcher actually collects data. The unit of analysis may be a
household, an individual or organization or some other depending on your study.

In order to facilitate the process of sampling and sample size determination, it is very essential to
clearly identify and state the sampling frame and the unit of analysis. Thus, the sampling frame lies
between the population and sample. The frame may consist of either a list of units or a map of the
area (in case a sample of the area is being taken), such that every element in the population belongs
to one and only one unit. The frame should be accurate, free from omission and duplication
(overlapping), adequate, and up-to-date and the units must cover the whole of the population and
should be well-identified. This enables researchers to reduce the probability of sampling error or
random error. Generally, the way you define your study population, the sample frame and unit of
analysis depends on the problem you want to investigate and on the objectives of the study. The
exact number of N must be indicated if it is finite and known with an appropriate citation or source.

3.6.1 Sample Size Determination

Since sample size has an important implication on the quality of research and resource requirement,
it must be carefully determined based on scientific, statistical and logical procedures. In this regard,
the researcher should consider many factors when determining size of a sample in quantitative
researches. These may include the level of precision, different population proportions, operational
constraints such as cost and time, population size and characteristics such as homogeneity vs
heterogeneity etc.

For example, the smaller is acceptable error (the higher is the level of precision), the larger will be
the sample size. Similarly, given the need to balance time and costs, some sample sizes generated
from statistical formulas tend to give a large number of respondents that students may not be able to
handle within the short space of time allocated to them. Moreover, if your target population is
homogenous, you may not benefit much from large numbers since you will most likely get the same
information. That is, for a homogeneous population small sample may be adequate while in a
heterogeneous population, a larger sample size should be considered since there is wider variability
or diversification in the population. Generally, as a researcher, you may be required to justify what is
known as ‘optimal sample size’ by balancing all these factors. Remember, it’s better to be ‘honest’
and utilize a small sample size than to be ‘fake’ and use a large unrealistic sample size.

In experimental researches and qualitative types of studies, the sample size may not be that much
worrisome because such studies prefer to be more intensive and detail in their studies than to explore
issues extensively. In such cases, relatively small sample size may be adequate. When determining
sample size for qualitative studies, it is important to remember that there are no hard and fast rules.
There are, however, at least some factors that need to be considered. For example, the size of the
sample depends on the content and nature of the study, and perspectives he/she tries to investigate in
her/his research. The other factor may be the sample size that will reach saturation or redundancy.
For example- depending on the complexity of the research objectives, researchers can start with few
numbers of respondents and if the different data sets reconfirm each other the researcher may end the
discussion or sample selection at this point. The other factor may be the variation within the target
population. That means, the researcher may consider larger sample size that is adequate enough to
assess an appropriate amount of diversity exist in the population of interest. In general, researchers
should convince the readers that the sample size determined has used well-accepted statistical
decision criteria (formula) and followed scientific procedure and other logical considerations.

3.6.2 Sampling Techniques and Procedure

As outlined above, determining adequate and representative sample size (n) based on scientific and
acceptable procedure is an essential step in sample survey research. Under such conditions, after
determining the total sample size, the researcher is expected to clarify the sampling procedures and
techniques employed in his/her research. Broadley speaking there are two main sampling techniques;
probability and non-probability sampling. The probability sampling requires giving equal chance to
all members of the population to be included in the sample. They involve a random selection of the
unit of analysis or some group of population characteristics. It requires that a list of the population
under investigation exists or can be compiled, which is termed as the sampling frame. Sometimes it
is impossible to obtain a complete list of the population in which case researcher can use a wider
categorization and consider samples proportionately to the size procedure to make selection easier.
The methods of probability sampling include simple random, systematic sampling, stratified, and
cluster (area) random sampling.

As procedure, the researcher can apply multistage sampling, or also known as multistage cluster
sampling in situations where researchers divide geographically wide area and large population into
groups (or clusters) and further split into sub-groups at various stages to make it simpler to arrive at
the sample unit from whom data are collected. Researchers are expected to clarify the detail
procedures till arriving the last respondent.

Another broad group of sampling techniques is non-probability sampling or ‘non-random’ sampling,

where procedures different from randomness were applied to select the sample respondent. In this
case, researchers apply their own personal judgments than giving pure chances to each element of
the population. The common methods under this technique include purposive sampling, accidental
sampling, quota sampling, and snowball (chain) sampling. The non-probability sampling and the use
of a particular method of such sampling needs strong justification as why you go for such sampling,
otherwise it will introduce subjectivity in the selection procedure.

A key characteristic of sampling is its representativeness. Since researchers are expected to draw
valid conclusions about the population on the basis of a sample, they should give due care for the
whole procedure to get representative sample. A representative sample has all the important
characteristics of the population from which it is drawn. Generally, whichever techniques is applied,
researchers must provide specific types of sampling techniques and the actual selection procedures
used to arrive at the unit of analysis following clear, consistent, scientifically acceptable techniques
and procedures to select the last respondent.

3.6 Data Collection Instruments

The data collection methods, instruments, and detailed procedures used in a particular research work
must be clearly stated and well-justified in the document. Different methods and instruments are
available to collect quantitative and qualitative data from primary sources. For instance, to collect
primary data, instrumentations such as questionnaire (close or open-ended), interview (personal or
telephonic, informal or key informant), Focus Group Discussion (FGD), personal observation
(participant or non-participant), physical testing, case studies, and other relevant methods can be
applied. In the case where the researcher prepares and uses instruments or checklists for data
collection, the process of developing and designing the questionnaire, the sections, and the nature of
the questions in the instrument (as open-ended or clothed ended) should be described clearly. If
instruments are adopted from other authors, the source should be cited properly.

The manageability type and number of questions, typography and grammatical/issues of questions
(language, wording, and pre-test of questions), and training of data collectors need to be well
considered and stated. In any case, the development of a data collection instruments should consider
the context of the research such as the research objectives/question. The researcher should also
provide a reasonable description of the method(s) and the procedures. For example, each data
collection method has its own procedures or techniques which should be clearly stated. Each data
collection methods and procedure should be clearly stated with its justification.

3.7 Data Validity and Reliability

Data quality assurance is the process of data proofing to identify and eliminate inconsistencies and
other anomalies in the data by means of data cleansing activities (e.g., removing outliers, missing
data interpolation) so as to improve the data quality. Researchers should take the responsibility to
control the quality of their data to ensure its completeness, validity, and consistency. To do this, they
should state the methods and tools of assuring data quality in detail and clear way. This can be done
by means of making a pilot study or pre-test, to check the effectiveness and make improvements if
necessary. They are helpful in identifying potential issues early, which can then be rectified before
committing to the length and expense of a full investigation. Any part of the study could be tested,
for instance, the validity of the measure (e.g., does the questionnaire measure what it is supposed
to?) or whether a procedure is effective (e.g., does it take too long? Are the instructions too
complicated for participants to understand? or have any vital steps been left out? etc). Therefore,
researchers should describe the means to assure the data quality, validity, reliability, practicability,
and generalizability of the data before commencing the task of data analysis.

3.8 Methods of Data Analysis

Once adequate and right quality data have been collected, the task of data processing and analysis
should proceed. Data processing involves editing, coding, classifying, and tabulation of the collected
data so that they are amenable to analysis. The researcher will start data analysis after all data have
been checked and cleared for problems. The researcher must look for appropriate methods of data
analysis depending on the nature and type of data collected. Data analysis involves finding out
interpretable results and conducting different tests to facilitate further discussion and interpretation.
Basically, purpose of the study, type of data and level of data measurement, number of variables
involved, size of the sample, and application of ethical principles are important factors to be
considered during selection of a particular method of data analysis.

3.9.1 Quantitative Data Analysis

3.9.1.1. Model Specification

Model specification refers to describing the type of the model used and expressing the relationship
between dependent and explanatory variables in equation form. It involves identifying dependent
and independent variables, explaining their expected theoretical relationships and stating the
parameters to be estimated. Model specification must be done during proposed development time. In
general, the specification of a model should be based primarily on the purpose of the study, the
nature of the variable, the number of dependent and independent variables, and other relevant
factors. The research should tell the readers how and why the model is chosen.

3.9.1.2. Operationalization and Definition of Variables

This requires defining the variables used in the model, stating how they are measured and explaining
the expected theoretical relationships that may exist between dependent and independent variables if
such relationships exist. The operational definition and measurement of key variables should be
described in detail for each specific research objective or question. A detailed discussion of indexes
or scales of measurement is also needed. Besides, you need to show the potential external or
confounding variables and how you minimized them by using various kinds of controls.

Most variables can easily be defined and measured in terms of a numerical unit of measurement yet,
there are many different concepts that cannot be measured in such quantitative terms. Hence,
definition, conceptualization and operationalization of variables for such types concepts to be used in
the research should be discussed and well-presented. The measurement of concepts involves the
process of defining abstract concepts with specific characteristics (conceptualization) and specifying
the characteristics of such concepts to operationalize them to a specific study context. As a result,
researchers are expected to change their research-specific objectives or questions into operational
variables. In this regard, various levels of measurement scales may be used whenever appropriate.
The scales of measurement that are helpful to operationalize abstract concepts include nominal,
ordinal, interval, and ratio scales.

Statistical data analysis: As part of quantitative data analysis, various statistical methods may be
used to analyze the data such as methods of descriptive and inferential analysis. Descriptive analysis
is a statistical method of analysis using tabular, graphical, and numerical techniques for organizing,
analyzing data presenting the results. Researchers should specify the right analytical tools to be used
in research as part of descriptive statistical analysis. These may include distribution (absolute &
relative frequency, percentage, and proportions), a measure of central tendencies (like mean, median,
and mode), and a measure of dispersion (such as minimum value, maximum value, interquartile
range, variance, and standard deviation).

Besides to descriptive method of data analysis, researchers can also use inferential statistical
methods analysis based on the nature of their study. The inferential analysis is a statistical method
used to estimate parameters and infer about the population using sample statistical results. Several
methods, tools, and tests (parametric and non-parametric) may be used in inferential statistical
analysis in order to test mean difference, association/relationship and establish cause-effect.
Different methods of multivariate analysis such as factor analysis, principal component analysis,
discriminant analysis, etc. can be to estimate measurement models and create abstract constructs as
variables.

3.9.2. Qualitative Data Analysis

Qualitative data analysis involves the analysis of data which are not in metric measurement units
such as words/textual data, images, and audio-video data. Depending on the nature and type of
qualitative data different qualitative methods of analyses can be used such as content analysis,
narrative analysis, discourse analysis, thematic analysis, grounded theory (GT), and interpretive
phenomenological analysis (IPA) etc. The researcher should describe breifly why a specific method
of qualitative data analysis is chosen.

3.8 Ethical Consideration

Research ethics refers to the morals of investigation or intervention with regard to minimal abuse or
disregard of social and psychological wellbeing of persons, community, and/or animals that
participate in the research work. Therefore, the researcher needs to include a statement of ethical
consideration and needs to obtain ethical clearance. The benefits and harms (if any) to the
participants should be clearly presented. In addition to the consent and voluntary participation of
respondents, the issue of confidentiality should be clearly stated. Any research which involves
experiments on human subjects needs national ethical clearance from the relevant body.
5.4. Work and Financial Plan (for proposal)
Researchers should prepare a work and financial plan that indicates the activities to be performed
and the associated costs by considering various factors. The plan issues are briefly highlighted
below.

Work Plan: A good research timetable enables both the researchers and the advisor to inspect work
progress and provide timely feedback for modification. Accordingly, the GANTT chart is often used
to indicate the various research activities that must be completed and the duration of each activity.
Researchers should consider the research road map to be issued by the department (college) or
school of graduate studies and need to consider the following issues:

 When will your research start and complete?

 Are there particular stages to the research such as piloting and pre-review?
 Is the timetable or roadmap for the completion of the research realistic?
 How and for who will regular updates and progress reports be submitted?

Financial Plan: To facilitate budget approval and clearance processes for this specific research,
budget items need to be explicitly stated with adequate justification considering the existing research
finance policy of the university. It may include expenditure/cost components such as peridium,
travel costs, expenses to data collectors and data collection supervisors, expenses to consumable
supplies such as stationeries, secretarial services and educational materials, communications
expenses etc. Just like the activity timetable, the budget breakdown should also be included as an
appendix during proposal development.

6. FINAL THESIS/DISSERTATION WRITING

In the final thesis/dissertation write-up section, the first three chapters included and explained in the
proposal section (chapters on introduction, literature review, and methodology) are directly taken to
the corresponding sections of the thesis/dissertation writing because they are basically similar in
structure except that the contents, in this case, maybe revised or updated in line with additional
information obtained after proposal stage. Moreover, an abstract will be added in this case.
Therefore, considering that the explanations provided on research proposal in these three sections as
stated above, here we emphasize on remaining section of the thesis/dissertation that continues
starting with the result and discussion section in chapter four.

6.1. Results and Discussions (Chapter Four)

This chapter is the core of students’ final thesis/dissertation work and is expected to be reported,
interpreted, and discussed rigorously, accurately, and clearly. It must be carefully organized and
written to the academic standards in terms of language, grammar, logical flow, and structure. First,
the chapter itself must be written in bold and block letters and should be centered. It is immediately
followed by an introduction to the chapter(optional). Note that the discussion provided under this
chapter are both for Thesis and Dissertation writing.

The introduction sub-section is optional and if the candidate includes this in the document, it should
not be numbered and should briefly tell the reader about the chapter and its main contents. Any
introductory idea related to the subject matter under investigation or any other explanations related
to methodological issues of your research should not be included as a part of an introduction here.

4.1. Demographic Characteristics and Response Rate

Since it is necessary to provide information about the response rate before reporting the results or
presenting the demographic characteristics of respondents, students are expected to include the
response rate from their surveys using a separate paragraph here (without a sub-title).
The demographic and socioeconomic features of respondents may be provided using descriptive
summary tables or graphs, or any other relevant tools depending on the context of the study.
Students may create separate sub-titles for the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of
respondents depending on the volume. However, it is not recommended to use two different tools
(such as tables and graphs at the same time) to describe the same feature of the respondents.
Moreover, as graphs and tables are self-explanatory, it is important to minimize extensive
explanations after a table or a graph. However, the description of the demographic and the
socioeconomic characteristics of respondents is an optional part for qualitative researches that
uses data from limited qualitative sources.

Note also that tables and graphs here and elsewhere in the documents should be well formatted, with
proper headings or captions indicated at the top for tables and at the bottom for graphs. Please refer
to the formatting sub-section in this document for more information on this issue.

4.2. Findings, interpretations, and discussions

In this sub-section, the research findings are first presented or reported under a sub-title followed by
interpretations and discussions on the findings as another sub-title. However, it is important to note
that this for master’s thesis. For PhD dissertation, as stated above, each objective must stand as one
chapter even though the issues of reporting the findings, interpretation and discussions on the
findings are as maintained. It is summarized as follows.
4.2.1. Findings of the first objective
First, the findings of the first objective of the study should be reported or presented by using well-
edited tables, graphs, and figures or maybe using written text explanations (qualitative results)
depending on the nature of the study. As such, this sub-section is entirely devoted to reporting the
findings of research objectives/questions without any intention of discussion or interpretation of the
results at this stage. Note the following additional information when writing this sub-section.

 It is preferable to number tables and figures sequentially in Arabic numerals, beginning with
for example (Table/Figure 1.1, if there is a table or figure in chapter one) and Table/Figure
4.1 for tables/figures in chapter 4, and so on.
 If information is taken from another source/s, there must be an appropriate citation and the
source must be written in the referencing list. For more information on citation and reference
writing please refer to the citation and reference writing section of this guideline.
Tables
 Table and figure placement should be consistent throughout the text
 Keep table and figure captions brief (or short) and do not use multiple sentences.
  The spacing of all table and figures captions, as well as equations, should remain consistent
throughout the document.
 The title of a table should precisely reflect the content of the table and be placed above the
table, in single-spaced and 11 font size.
 The source should be written below the table.
 Do not split a table if it can fit on a single page or it is expected to be finalized on one page.
 Tables may be inserted vertically (i.e., in the “portrait” orientation)
Figures
 All kinds of illustrations - such as photographs, graphs, diagrams, and maps are presented as
figures.
 As with tables, each figure must have a figure caption that is precisely and uniquely titled
and must be presented below the figure.
Equations
 Equations should be prepared and numbered sequentially
 Equations must be prepared using Microsoft equation on MS-Word and should be well-
formatted.
 A list of equations is not required. It is customary/expected to set equations off from the rest
of the text and you may choose to number them consecutively throughout the document,
especially if a list of equations is present in the front matter

4.2.2. Discussion on the first objective

After the findings for the first objective are provided as stated above in separate sub-section, the
interpretation and discussion session will follow for that objective. The discussion must be clearly
made in a separate (different) sub-title and students are not expected to repeat the result already
presented/reported above.

The interpretation and the discussions made should strictly be in line with findings, must be clear
and strong (rigorous), and should try to link (compare) the findings with similar empirical studies
elsewhere as reviewed in the literature. Moreover, the discussion should provide logical links with
the ongoing debates, links with pervious empirical studies and must show policy implications.

4.3. Findings of the second objective

Similar to that of objective one, students must first present the findings of the second objective by
using well-edited tables, graphs, and figures depending on the nature of the study.

4.2.4. Discussion on the second objective

The discussions made should very be clear, and rigorous. Must try to link (compare) the findings
with similar empirical studies elsewhere as reviewed in the literature. Moreover, the discussion
should provide logical links with the ongoing debates and also must show policy implications.

Finally, it should be noted that the candidate must follow a similar procedure for presenting findings
and making discussion for the remaining objectives of your study till they are all done.

6.2. Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations (Chapter Five)

The summary, conclusions, and recommendations sections are the binding parts of the thesis/
dissertation work. They should be based on research objectives and/or research questions stated in
chapter one of the research work because the sole purpose of the whole research work is to give
answers to the research questions.

5.1. Summary of Findings

A summary is a concise statement or account of the main points of a text. Its purpose is, to sum up,
the main points of the study. The summary sub-section is expected to reflect (express) the following
important points when writing;
 Begin by explaining the main purpose/objective of the study;
 Provide a brief outline of the methodology used including the nature and sources of data,
sampling techniques and procedures, and brief methods of data analysis including models
used (if any).
 Summarizing the major findings- a summary of the major findings must be expressed for
each research objective/research question. When summarizing the findings, it is
recommended not to include the detailed figures/numerical values already reported and
discussed in chapter four.

5.2. Conclusions
 A conclusion is the end of a chapter and its main purpose is to conclude the text smoothly.
 A good conclusion should be both interesting and attractive and must provide the reader with
a good impression of the whole document. It is expected to contain the deductions made
 based on the main points of the study, and implications of the problems discussed in a way it
can help for recommendations.
 Conclusions are answers to the hypothesis or research question stated in chapter one. They
are not the same as summary statements and should not simply restatement the finding.

A student can make concluding remarks primarily based on the findings; but can also take into
consideration, the existing policy contexts, and the researcher’s experiences and exposures in
expressing them. A conclusion is broader and more encompassing than a specific finding and several
findings may be incorporated into one conclusion or several findings may be used to support one
conclusion.

5.3. Recommendations

The final section of the chapter is a recommendation that emerges out of the findings and
conclusions. Recommendations should be softly and precisely stated, justified by the finding of the
data. Recommendations are provided for practical action. Practice recommendations are expected to
be strict or inflexible and must address what should be done by practitioners or concerned bodies in
terms of professional practice and policy. These recommendations are generally based on the results
of the study. Please don’t use jargon and some general statements or generic issues when writing
recommendations. They must be clear, specific, and written for each research finding.

5.4 Suggestions for Future Research

Finally, any research is not free from limitations and challenges. The limitations may create an
opportunity for the future research to make further investigation on the problems. Here students are
required to highlight important drawbacks of the study including conceptual, methodological, and
perspective limitations which may need further research or extension of body knowledge. It contains
suggestions to fill the gaps or limitations through future studies.

7. References
The explanation for this is provided on reference writing and intext citation section.

8. Annexes
Annex 1. Sample Cover page
 ETHIOPIAN CIVIL SERVICE UNIVERSITY

[Write Name of College here]

[Write Name of the Department/School/Institute here]

[Write Title of Dissertation/Thesis here]

By

[Write Name of the Candidate here]

[Month, Year]
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Annex 2- Sample Title Page

ETHIOPIAN CIVIL SERVICE UNIVERSITY

 [Write Name of College here]
[Write Name of the Department/School/Institute here]

[Write Title of Dissertation/Thesis here]

By

[Write Name of the Candidate here]

[PhD Dissertation/Master’s Thesis] submitted to the [write Name of

Department/School/ Institute here] in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the
Degree of [Doctor of Philosophy/Masters of Science/Arts] in [write Name of the
Specialization or specific field of study]

[Write Name of Principal Supervisor/Advisor here]

[Write Name of Co- Supervisor/advisors’ here (if any)]

[Month, Year]
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

© year [Name of the candidate]

Annex 3: Declaration Form

Declaration
This is to declare that the thesis/dissertation entitled “----------------------”, submitted in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy/Master
of [Science/Arts] in the (write the name of Department/School/Institute) of ---,
Ethiopian Civil Service University, is a record of original work carried out by me and
has never been submitted to any other institution to get any other degree or
certificates. The assistance and help I received during the course of this investigation
have been duly acknowledged.

Name of the candidate ------------------------ Date-------------------- Signature---------

Annex 4- Advisor/Supervisor Approval Form

ETHIOPIAN CIVIL SERVICE UNIVERSITY

 [Write Name of the College/Faculty here]
[Write Name of Department/School/Institute here]

Approval of Dissertation/Thesis for Defense

I hereby certify that I have supervised, read, and evaluated this thesis/dissertation
titled “___________________________________________________________” by
________________________________ prepared under my guidance. I recommend
the thesis/dissertation be submitted for oral defense.
_____________________ ________________ _____________
Supervisor’s name Signature Date

_____________________ ________________ _____________

Co- supervisor’s name Signature Date

_____________________ ________________ _____________

Name of Department Head Signature Date

Annex 5- Board of Examiner’s Approval Form

ETHIOPIAN CIVIL SERVICE UNIVERSITY

 [Write Name of the College/Faculty here]
[Write the Name of Department/School/Institute here]

Approval of Dissertation/Thesis after Defense

As members of the board of examiners, we examined this dissertation/thesis entitled

‘-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------' by
____________________. We hereby certify that the thesis/dissertation is accepted for
fulfilling the requirements for the award of the degree of
“______________________”.

Board of Examiners
External examiner 1
Name Signature Date
_____________________ ________________ _____________

External examiner 2 (for Dissertation)

Name Signature Date
_____________________ ________________ _____________

Internal examiner
Name Signature Date
____________________ ________________ _____________

Chair person’s
Name Signature Date
_____________________ ________________ ______________

References
1. Manual for Masters Research Proposal and Thesis Writing of Ethiopian Civil Service
University, 2012.
2. Senate Legislation, ECSU, (2017).
3. Dissertation and Thesis Guideline, Bahir Dar University, 2020.
4. A Comprehensive Graduate Studies Guideline (For Master’s and PhD Programs), Hawassa
University, 2020.
5. Guideline to Writing Thesis/Dissertation, KDI School of Public Policy and Management
6. Comprehensive Graduate Studies Guideline (For Master’s and PhD Programs), 2020, Hawassa
University
7. Guideline for Doctoral Training Program, 2021, Jimma University.