J. Liu et al.

Construction and Building Materials 305 (2021) 124784

Table 7
Performance test results of modified bio-asphalt.
No. VC/% CC/% PC/% Pen Spt G*/sinδ Jnr0.1 Jnr3.2 S m

1 6 35 20 71.7 56.7 28.52 1.45 2.46 166.5 0.376

2 6 25 15 92.3 45.5 8.52 2.56 3.06 84.0 0.383
3 9 25 10 167.3 40.6 6.14 5.39 18.02 65.2 0.413
4 6 15 10 102.7 46.5 5.51 5.57 8.13 194.9 0.385
5 6 25 15 83.5 45.1 8.03 3.18 3.13 84.3 0.399
6 3 35 15 117.3 43.5 5.29 5.95 10.14 60.2 0.406
7 6 25 15 84.4 47.1 10.83 2.64 3.66 95.5 0.391
8 3 25 20 44.2 60.1 18.01 0.08 0.20 226.1 0.335
9 9 25 20 76.9 48.8 38.41 0.15 1.34 163.1 0.383
10 3 15 15 65.8 48.3 0.84 2.15 2.78 245.5 0.326
11 6 25 15 90.6 46.6 8.54 2.97 3.17 94.8 0.386
12 6 35 10 189.9 34.7 0.09 13.3 28.53 40.9 0.426
13 9 35 15 159.2 39.1 12.03 3.83 14.99 42.1 0.423
14 6 15 20 55.7 51.7 15.53 4.77 5.98 285.5 0.337
15 9 15 15 107.4 41.0 9.59 3.06 5.19 166.1 0.378
16 6 25 15 85.2 45.6 8.12 2.53 3.75 99.8 0.377
17 3 25 10 117.5 42.1 13.52 6.81 11.71 75.8 0.398

factor xi ; 2.2.4. Rheological performance tests

βij is the interaction coefficient between the two influencing factors;
βii is the quadratic effect coefficient of xi .
Analysis of variance was used to test for significance, and a second-
order polynomial model was established by multi-factor analysis. The
model is used to analysis the influence of various influencing factors on
the response value, and finally generate a response surface. On the basis
of the actual conditions of different roads, different setting conditions of
response values can be set, and finally the best combination suitable for
the actual conditions of different roads can be obtained.
2.2.2. Preparation of modified bio-asphalt
The bio-asphalt consists of neat asphalt and vegetable oil (3%–9%)
and castor oil (15%–35%) of neat asphalt. First of all, the neat asphalt
was heated in the oven and until it had promising fluidity. The vegetable
oil and castor oil were dehydrated in a vacuum drying oven for 2–3 h at
110 ℃ and 0.1 MPa and then cooled down for use. Then, dehydrated
vegetable oil and dehydrated castor oil were added into the neat asphalt
in proportion, the shearing instrument was started, the rotating speed
was raised to 3000 r/min, the asphalt temperature was controlled at
130–140 ℃, and the bio-asphalt was gained by shearing at a constant
speed for 30 min.
Then, chain extender and polyurethane are mixed to the bio-asphalt
successively. The mass of the chain extender is 5% of the total mass of
monomer, and the mass of polyurethane is 10%–20% of the mass of neat
asphalt. While the polyurethane and chain extender were added, the
chain extender and polyurethane were manually stirred by a glass rod to
make them distributed evenly in the bio-asphalt. Then the shearing in­
strument was started, the shearing rate was controlled at 3000 r/min,
the temperature of the mixture was controlled at 130–140 ℃, and the
shearing time was 45 min. Therefore, the CPBA was prepared in a total
of 75 min.
2.2.4.1. Temperature sweep (TS) test. In this paper, a dynamic shear
rheometer model DHR-1 was used. The TS test is to uncover the rheo­
logical properties of asphalt and determine the high-temperature per­
formance of asphalt through temperature sweep. The asphalt sample is
between two flat plates with a diameter of 25 mm, and the thickness of
the asphalt between the two flat plates is 1 mm. The strain control
method is adopted, the strain control level is 12%, the TS range is
40–90 ◦ C, and the heating rate is 2 ◦ C/min. The rutting index is selected
as the evaluation index.
2.2.4.2. Multiple stress creep recovery test (MSCR) test. MSCR test can
determine the elastic recovery and stress effect of asphalt. The MSCR test
at 58 ℃ were used to determine its high-temperature performance. In
the process of actual use asphalt is subjected to continuous repeated
loads in the form of asphalt pavements rather than general static loads.
Therefore the DSR test can better study its deformation characteristics
under dynamic load. The non-recoverable creep compliance is used as
the evaluation index
2.2.4.3. Bending beam rheometer test (BBR) test. Since the two bio-oils
contain more impurities, the asphalt is prone to stress concentration
during the stretching process, which will affect the ductility test results.
Consequently, in this paper, the low-temperature performance was
evaluated according to the BBR test. The length of the sample is 127 mm
± 2.0 mm, the thickness is 6.35 mm ± 0.05 mm, and the width is 12.70
mm ± 0.05 mm. The BBR test temperature is − 18 ℃, the data acquisi­
tion system records the load and deformation of the sample in 240 s, and
the stiffness modulus S and creep rate m are automatically calculated by
the computer. The low-temperature performance of asphalt is judged by
stiffness modulus and creep rate.

2.2.3. Physical tests 2.2.5. Microstructure analysis

2.2.3.1. Penetration test. The penetration test was carried out according
to the specification [35]. In a 25 ◦ C water bath, let the standard needle
fall freely for 5 s to test the penetration of the CPBA. There are five
parallel tests in the same test, and the average value is used as the result
of the penetration test.
2.2.3.2. Softening point test. The softening point test was carried out
according to the specification [35]. The softening point reflects the high-
temperature performance of asphalt. In this study, 17 groups CPBA were
tested, and two parallel tests were carried out.
2.2.5.1. Fourier transform infrared reflection (FTIR) test. The functional
group molecules that make up asphalt vibrate constantly and have
different absorption peaks in the infrared spectrum. Due to the different
absorption frequencies of different functional groups, they will be in
different positions on the infrared spectrum in order to obtain the
functional group information of the asphalt. In this study, the IS5 Fourier
Infrared Spectrometer manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific is
selected to analysis the functional groups of neat asphalt, bio-oil, and
CPBA. The wavelength range used in the experiment is 4000–600 cm− 1 ,
the resolution is 4 cm− 1 , and the scan is repeated 32 times.