HL OMFOGA^AMKOL FAH EQMFC LMVA

AH OMEOMAMVA ^AVC^MC FA K^O[VC

OMV^CFQKKOÛM
Hl Nonhol mcs amsaül qua Focs as lutïmto
lutïmtokc,
kc, varlz y goah. Ïh as
axlktleamta kcec sa mcs ravahl am hls askroturls, mc as um omvamtc
fa muastrl oeliomlkoûm. Focs soaepra
soaepra fakhlrl hhc
c qua as varflfarc,
varflfarc,

as oepcsonha qua
kuephoeoamtc fa eoamtl. _ faeuastrl
sus prceasls. Fasar varflfarc
elmarl qua,l trlvïs fah goah
mcsctrcs mc
fanaecs fuflr mo pcr um omstlmta am hl prceasl fa qua Ïh vchvarì
pcr su puanhc, somc kcmgolr phamleamta am asl prceasl.
QML AM[AÜLMRL KL^FOMLH
Hl saiumfl vamofl fa Krostc as uml fa hls fcktromls gumfleamtlhas
fa hl ga krostolml. Hcs lpûstchas kcmstlmtaeamta dlnhlrcm scnra asta
ihcrocsc avamtc, asta arl um tael nìsokc am hls amsaülmzls
lpcstûhokls. Ctrc dakdc qua avofamkol hl partomamkol
par tomamkol fa asta eamslba
plrl hcs proearcs krostolmcs as qua, hcs eoaenrcs fa hl oihasol
proeotovl
amumkolnlmschålm slhuflrsa avcklmfc
hl axprasoûm ah lfvamoeoamtc
lrleal elrlmltdl, fa Krostc,[aücr
qua soimogokl ahhcs
muastrc, vam. As bustleamta ah prcgumfc lmdahc fah lpûstch Bulm lh
gomlhozlr ah honrc fa Lpcklhopsos2 så, vam, [aücr Basòs. Lfaeìs, ah
lpûstch Plnhc hhlel l hl saiumfl vamofl fa Krostc hl asparlmzl
nuamlvamturl. Pafrc sa ragoara l ahhl kcec uml daramkol
omkcrruptonha, omelkuhlfl, y qua mc sa elrkdotlrì.
[om aenlric, fasfa hcs omokocs fah krostolmosec dlstl muastrcs fåls
astl fcktroml dl sofc ectovc fah eìs garcz asklrmoc pcr plrta fa hcs
amaeoics fah krostolmosec. Vcklmta l astc am > Pafrc ;26 ah lpûstch
lfvoarta qua am hcs òhtoecs fåls vamfrålm nurhlfcras fokoamfc2
³Fûmfa astì hl prceasl fa su vamofl3 Vcfcs daecs askukdlfc
lhiuoam fakor ‘yc tamic tcfl hl vofl cyamfc qua Krostc voama y mc
voama mumkl. Parc astc mc fana scrpramfarmcs mo faslmoelrmcs,
puastc qua Basòs lgoreû qua hl lktotuf fa hl iamta lmta su saiumfl
vamofl sarål fa lnschutl omfogaramkol y lpltål.
HL[ [AÜLHA[ FA [Q WAMOFL
Am Eltac >6 cnsarvlecs l Basòs prcmumkolmfc ah glecsc sareûm
fah Ecmta fa hcs Chovcs, fcmfa amuearl l sus foskåpuhcs uml saroa
fa saülhas qua prakafarålm y lmumkolrålm su ratcrmc. Kcec hls
iuarrls,
fa glhscshls amgareaflfas,
elastrcs. [aülhashlsqua
kltìstrcgas mlturlhas
fål fål sa kuepham y hllmta
prchogarlkoûm
muastrcs
cbcs. Parc am astl mckda quoarc kcmkamtrlrea am hcs varscs fah ;7-
;?, fcmfa dly tras amsaülmzls qua quoarc kceplrtor kcm ustafas
raspaktc l hl saiumfl vamofl fa Krostc.
 <. QM EQMFC LPÌVOKC
LPÌVOKC L HL WA^FLF FA FOC[
[aiòm hls plhlnrls fa Basòs am astcs varscs hl omfogaramkol fa hl
iamta lh eamslba fah avlmiahoc sarål uml saülh fa su vamofl. _
muastrcs fåls sa klrlktarozlm prakosleamta pcr asc. L mcsctrcs mcs
dl tcklfc vovor am hl ïpckl fa elycr omfogaramkol l hls varflfas fah
avlmiahoc. Fa lkuarfc l um astufoastufocc ralhozlfc pcr hlhl kceplüål
kceplüål
amkuastlfcrl Ilhhup, am hcs ;0 fah soihc plslfc eìs fa um 90% fa
hcs astlfcumofamsas lsostålm l uml oihasol. Parc scrpramfamtaeamta
am hcs òhtoecs lücs asta pcrkamtlba sa dl rafukofc lòm eìs, fa tlh
ecfc qua am ah >0>0 schc ah 69% fa hcs astlfcumofamsas lsaiurlrcm
qua partamakålm l uml kceumoflf rahoiocsl. Pcr proearl vaz am
vaomta lücs ah pcrkamtlba fa parscmls qua lsostam l hl oihasol sa
unokû pcr fanlbc fah 10%. Parc asta mc as um gamûeamc plrtokuhlr fa
AAQQ: puas lsoeosec astì sukafoamfc am Aurcpl y hcs faeìs
kcmtomamtas, fcmfa ah mòearc fa parscmls kceprceatofl kcm uml
kceumoflf fa ga sa astì rafukoamfc. Hcs Astlfcs bumtc l hcs
crilmosecs trlmsmlkocmlhas astìm fosaülmfc pchåtokls kuyc
prcpûsotc as arrlfoklr hcs vlhcras krostolmcs fa hl sckoaflf.
Mcs praiumtlecs, amtcmkas ³quï astì dlkoamfc hl iamta am huilr fa
lsostor l hls oihasols3 Eukdcs dlm fagomofc l astl sckoaflf kcec hl
sckoaflf fah amtratamoeoamtc, uml sckoaflf dafcmostl y modohostl,
fcmfa ah gom supraec as hl fovarsoûm som oepcrtlr hcs eafocs. Pcr asc
am huilr fa askukdlr ah eamslba fah avlmiahoc y kcmgolr am hls
varflfas fah raomc hl iamta astì pragoroamfc ctrls lktovoflfas
sckolhas, kcec or lh koma, lh plrqua, volblr, gastablr c mlvailr furlmta
hlrils dcrls am omtarmat. [a astoel qua ah toaepc prceafoc qua f furl
url
klfl parscml am omtarmat as fa 7 dcrls pcr fåls, hc kkulh ulh am så eosec
mc as elhc. Hc elhc as qua astc dl sustotuofc l Focs am hl vofl fa

eukdls
ah parscmls.
omtarmat Plrlgrlsalmfc
dl vamofc hls plhlnrls
l ecstrlrmcs fa Popar,
qua hl rlzûm pcr yc
hl foic
qua qua
mc
nusklecs l Focs mc as pcr glhtl fa toaepc, somc pcr glhtl fa omtarïs.
Astl omfogaramkol l hl varflf fa Focs arl ah aspårotu fa hl sckoaflf am
hcs fåls lmtas fah Fohuvoc, hls parscmls astlnlm omvchukrlfls am
tcfcs hcs lsumtcs sckolhas, eamcs am askukdlr ah eamslba fa Focs
qua Mcï praicmlnl. Kcec axprasl ah plstcr ElkLrtdur2 [u gohcscgål
fa hl vofl arl prakosleamta hc qua ah lpûstch Plnhc fobc qua
pcfål asparlrsa fa kulhquoar parscml qua klrazkl fa hl
asparlmzl fa hl rasurrakkoûm2 Kcelecs y nanaecs, pcrqua
elülml ecroraecs (< Kc. <12;>).
Eos darelmcs,
omfogaramkol fa hl as mlturlh
iamta qua mcs
l hl varflf somtlecs
fa Focs, lghoiofcs rakcrflr
parc fanaecs lmta hl
qua hl lpltål l hl varflf fah avlmiahoc y ah rakdlzc sostaeìtokc l hcs
vlhcras krostolmcs am muastrl sckoaflf as uml saülh kcmtumfamta fah
ratcrmc fa Krostc l nusklr l su puanhc.
 >. PQAFA [QKAFA^ AM KQLH\QOA^
KQLH\QOA^ ECEAMVC
ECEAMVC
Ctrc lspaktc oepcrtlmta raspaktc l hl vamofl fa Krostc as hl
omeomamkol fa asta lkcmtakoeoamtc. Puas fa lkuarfc l hls plhlnrls
fa Basòs, am ah eceamtc fa elycr omfogaramkol l hl varflf fa Focs
hhaiû ah fohuvoc y sa hcs hhavû l tcfcs. _ lülfa, lså sarì hl vamofl fah
dobc fah dcenra. Plrl hcs askrotcras slirlfcs fah Muavc Vastleamtc
hl vamofl fa Krostc pcfål ckurror am kulhquoar eceamtc. Pcr asc scm
tlm lnumflmtas hls axdcrtlkocmas l astlr voiohlmta lmta ah omeomamta
ratcrmc fa Krostc.
_ ldcrl, dobotcs, parelmakaf
parelmakaf am ïh, plrl qua kulm
kulmfc
fc sa
elmogoasta, tamilecs kcmgolmzl, plrl qua am su vamofl mc mcs
lhabaecs fa ïh lvaricmzlfcsº
(< Bm. >2>4)
mc fablmfc fa kcmirailrmcs, kcec lhiumcs toamam pcr
kcstuenra, somc axdcrtìmfcmcs: y tlmtc eìs, kulmtc vaos qua
lquah fål sa lkarkl.
Danracs <02>1

Plnhc astlnl kcmskoamta fa qua hl vamofl fa Krostc pcfål ckurror am

kulhquoar eceamtc fa su vofl, pcr asc ïh foka2 mcsctrcs hcs qua
vovoecs, hcs qua dlylecs quaflfc, saraecs lrranltlfcs
bumtleamta kcm ahhcs am hls munas plrl rakonor lh [aü
[aücr
cr am
ah lora.

;. AH FÅL _ HL DC^L MLFOA HC [LNA

Pcr ctrl plrta, ah fål
fål y hl dcrl mlfoa hhc
c slna. Eukdcs glhscs prcgatls
sa dlm ltravofc l vltokomlr ah lfvamoeoamtc
lf vamoeoamtc fa Krostc y dlm grlklslfc.
[lnaecs qua ah ratcrmc fa Krostc as omeomamta, puafa sukafar am
kulhquoaravamtc.
ihcrocsc eceamtc.Hcs Parc mlfoa am
foskåpuhcs slna ah cklsoûm
uml eceamtcha axlktc fa asta
praiumtlrcm l
Basòs qua, so rastlurlrål ah raomc fa Osrlah am asta toaepc, y ha
raspcmfoû2 Mc cs kcrraspcmfa l vcsctrcs slnar hcs toaepcs mo
hls ïpckls qua ah Plfra dl goblfc kcm su prcpol lutcroflf. Omkhusc
Basòs gua lòm eìs habcs kulmfc fobc am Elt >62;72 Parc fah fål y hl
dcrl mlfoa slna, mo lum hcs ìmiahas fa hcs koahcs, somc sûhc eo
Plfra. Pafrc mcs lfvoarta qua hl vamofl fa Krostc vamfrì kcec
hlfrûm am hl mckda. Am > Pafrc ;24 hl Nonhol mcs foka qua plrl Focs
um fål as kcec eoh lücs, y eoh lücs kcec um fål. Fa elmarl qua, ah
toaepc fa hl vamofl Basòs puafa sar dcy, parc tlenoïm puafa sar
famtrc fa vlrocs lücs eìs.
KCMKHQ[OÛM

³KQÌH FANA [A^ MQA[V^L LKVOVQF LMVA [Q WAMOFL3

Daecs vostc qua hl lktotuf fa lquahhcs qua mc soiuam l Krostc as hl
omfogaramkol, uml prcgumfl faslgakkoûm l hl varflf fa Focs. [om
aenlric, am mcsctrcs asta ihcrocsc lkcmtakoeoamtc fana sar ectovc
fa iczc omaglnha, uml amtrail som rasarvl l Focs, uml vofl hhaml fa
asparlmzl y uml lktotuf fa voiohlmta.
 ICRC OMAGLNHA
[o um moüc sa aeckocml kulmfc sa amtarl qua su plpì vamfrì l
nusklrhc plrl plslr uml tlrfa fa fovarsoûm kcm ïh, kulmtc eìs iczc
fa prcfukor am mcsctrcs slnar qua am kulhquoar eceamtc Krostc
vamfrì l nusklrmcs plrl qua plsaecs tcfl uml atarmoflf bumtc l Ïh.
Pafrc faskrona l hcs rakaptcras fa su proearl klrtl kcec parscmls
qua sa lhairlnlm kcm iczc omaglnha pcr hl prceasl fah lfvamoeoamtc2
l quoam leìos som dlnarha vostc, am quoam, krayamfc, lumqua
ldcrl mc hc vaìos, cs lhairìos kcm iczc omaglnha y ihcrocsc (<Pa
<24). Hl kartazl fa slnar qua um fål varålm tcfls hls prceasls fa
Focs kuephofl am Krostc hc kchelnl fa um iczc omfaskroptonha.

 QML AMV^AIL [OM ^A[A^WL L FOC[

Hl vamofl fa Krostc tlenoïm fana prcvcklr am mcsctrcs uml amtrail
som rasarvl l hl klusl fa Krostc y um fasac um omtamsc fa krakar am
hl saeablmzl fa Krostc. ^aspaktc l astc ah lpûstch Bulm mcs foka2 _
tcfc lquah qua toama astl asparlmzl am ïh, sa purogokl l så eosec,
lså kcec ïh as purc (< Bulm ;2;). Lquahhcs qua schc dlm cåfc dlnhlr

fa astl asparlmzl
ltascrlm vovam
hl asparlmzl lh elriam
fah ratcrmc fa Focs,
fa Krostc am suparc lquahhcs
kcrlzûm qua
prckurlm
hl slmtoflf.
 QML WOFL HHAML FA A[PA^LMRL
[cnra astl asparlmzl Plnhc mcs foka2 Pcrqua hl irlkol fa Focs sa
dl elmogastlfc plrl slhvlkoûm l tcfcs hcs dcenras,
amsaüìmfcmcs qua, ramumkolmfc l hl oepoaflf y l hcs fasacs
eumflmcs, vovlecs am asta soihc scnrol, bustl y polfcsleamta,
liulrflmfc hl asparlmzl noamlvamturlfl y hl elmogastlkoûm
ihcrocsl fa muastrc irlm Focs y [lhvlfcr Basukrostc, (Votc >2<<-
<;). \uoamaspuastc
asparlmzl, asparlm
quahlastìm
saiumfl vamofl fa
kcmvamkofc quaKrostc astìm fa
ah rairasc hhamcs fa
Krostc
raprasamtl hl kuheomlkoûm fah phlm rafamtcr fa Focs. Asa fål sarì ah
eceamtc kulmfc fosgrutlraecs phamleamta fa tcfcs hcs namagokocs
qua Basòs ilmû plrl mcsctrcs am hl Kruz.
  QML LKVOVQF WOIOHLMVA
Kulmfc Basòs kuheomû hl plrìnchl fa hls våriamas prufamtas a
omsamsltls, lfvortoû hc soiuoamta2 Wahlf, puas, pcrqua mc slnïos ah
fål mo hl dcrl am qua ah Dobc fah Dcenra dl fa vamor (Elt >12<;).
Eos darelmcs mc mcs amvchvlecs am hcs lglmas fa asta eumfc,
dlstl ah pumtc qua faskuofaecs muastrl rahlkoûm kcm Focs. Kcec
fobarl ah prcgascr Yohholm Nlrkhly2
A s tcs
tcs vars åk
åkuh
uhcs
cs s cm uml lfvart
fvartamkol
amkol pl
plrl qua
qua mc as as tae
aecs
cs tlm
tlm
omears cs am ah toaepc
toaepc qua chvo
chvofa
faec
ecss hl atarmo
atarmofl
flf.
f. P lrl qua
mumkl pareo
pareotl tlec
ecss qua hhcs
cs omtaras as fah eumfc, pc pcrr euy
makas lro cs qua s al alm,
m, mcs fos trl
trloi
oi lm tct
tctl
lheamt
heamta af fa
a rakcrfl
rakcr flrr
qua dly
dly F ocs , qua hhlls kcms akuamko ls fa hl hl vofl
vo fl y fa hl euarta
euarta
astìm am sus elmcs…

Yohholm Nlrkhly