’LÜJ MH 
MH IL XECQHVPLIC_L@CÐE
XECQHVPLIC_L@ CÐE MH IL PLIXM––
PLIXM––  

AL@XI]LM @CHE@CLP MH IL PLIXM

HP@XHIL TVJAHPCJELI MH JMJE]JIJKÂL

@C@IJ? QCC.

MJ@HE]H ]X]JV? MV.@M. MLQCM PXLVH_ EL]CQCMLM

]HBL? ]CTJP MH LV]C@XILMJVHP S BLEHOJ MHI LPL.

@XVPJ? TVJP]JMJE@CL @JBTIH]L.

CE]HKVLE]H
IHCQL VJOLP JP@LV AHVELEMJ

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C.  CE]VJMX@@CÐE

Ijs lrtc`uilmjrhs sje lmctlbhetjs mh krle utcicmlm plrl ijs `cruolejs mhetcstls `jbj plrl ijs
tã`ec`js mhetlihs. Hstjs phrbcthe leliczlr ils rhil`cjehs j`iuslihs he sus mcstcetls pjsc`cjehs
y bjvcbchetjs. Mhsmh <;6> `ulemj Tchrrh Aju`nlrm blthrcliczð sus prcbhrls cmhls mh
lrtc`uilmjrhs. Hstjs nle cmj hvjiu`cjelemj nlstl iihklr l ij quh `jej`hbjs njy (<).

He hsth trlfloj, prhthemhbjs mlr uel vcscðe sjfrh il utcicmlm mh ijs lrtc`uilmjrhs
shbcloustlfihs y sus rhsph`tcvjs lr`js al`clihs, bìs sus cemc`l`cjehs, lpjyìemjejs he ils
mcvhrsls icthrlturls he`jetrlmls sjfrh hi thbl .

Ijs LPL sje uslmjs lbpiclbheth he il l`tulicmlm, quhmlemj `lsc jfsjihtjs ijs lrtc`uilmjrhs
ej loustlfihs, luequh, ij bìs rh`jbhemlmj hs hi usj mh lrtc`uilmjrhs `jbpihtlbheth
loustlfihs mhfcmj l su krle aclfcicmlm he il rhprjmu``cðe mh ijs bjvcbchetj blemcfuilrhs.
Hstjs ÿitcbjs sh mcahrhe`cle mh ijs LPL yl quh phrbcthe rhkcstrjs mceìbc`js
trcmcbhescjelihs.

Hs prh`csj bhe`cjelr quh l ij ilrkj mh ijs lüjs sh nle cmj mhslrrjiilemj hstjs lmctlbhetjs
`je hi ace mh pjmhr rhprhshetlr il leltjbâl y acscjijkâl nublel plrl lsâ rhli
rhliczlr
czlr trltlbchetjs
l`jrmh l ils eh`hscmlmhs y hxckhe`cls mh ils phrsjels.

Hi lrtc`uilmjr hs ue cestrubhetj cbprhs`cemcfih plrl trlflolr mh l`uhrmj l ijs hstìemlrhs quh

il jmjetjijkâl mhi sckij ^^C hxckh. Hstjs cestrubhetjs surkchrje leth il eh`hscmlm mh pjmhr
cbctlr ijs bjvcbchetjs blemcfuilrhs auhrl mh il fj`l mhi shr nublej, phrbcthe rhil`cjelr
ijs bjmhijs mh ils lr`lmls mhetlrcls mh ijs pl`cheths y lsâ iihvlr l `lfj prj`hmcbchetjs ilrkjs
`jbj hi mclkeðstc`j, il thrlpãutc`l auhrl mh fj`l. Tlrl hiij, hi usj mh ijs lr`js al`clihs sje
rhquhrcmjs, yl quh al`cictle il trlesahrhe`cl mhi bjmhij blxcilr he cmãetc`l rhil`cðe quh
kulrml `je hi `rìehj.
 

CC. LV]C@XILMJVHP

Hi lrtc`uilmjr hs ue mcspjsctcvj bh`ìec`j bhmcleth hi `uli pjmhbjs lsj`clr ijs

bjmhijs mh ijs blxcilrhs mhi pl`cheth plrl quh ijs prj`hmcbchetjs mh mclkeðstc`j y

trltlbchetj sh puhmle rhliczlr auhrl mh il fj`l. Ijs mcheths mhi lr`j al`cli sh utciczle
 plrl trlesahrcr hi bjmhij mh `rìehj blxcilr he il bcsbl rhil`cðe quh hi bjmhij
blxcilr. Hstjs cestrubhetjs surkhe mh il eh`hscmlm mh pjmhr cbctlr hi bjvcbchetj mh
il blemâfuil auhrl mh il fj`l mhi suohtj (6).

Hi lrtc`uilmjr scrvh plrl?

◊  Mclkeðstc`j.
◊  Tilecac`l`cðe mh trltlbchetjs? Hstumclr ijs plsjs l shkucr he hi trltlbchetj y

vhrcac`lr ijs rhsuitlmjs leths mh shkucr hi trltlbchetj.

◊  Bhmcj mh `jbuec`l`cðe `je hi pl`cheth. Tjmhbjs heshülr li pl`cheth hi

trltlbchetj quh sh ih vl l rhliczlr.

CCC.  @ILPCAC@L@CÐE MH IJP LV]C@XILMJVHP

L.  @ilscac`l`cðe shkÿe il ufc`l`cðe mh ijs `ðemcijs

◊   Lr`ðe? Hsahrls `jemcilrhs he il rlbl ceahrcjr mhi lrtc`uilmjr (0).
◊   Ej Lr`ðe? Hsahrls `jemcilrhs pjsc`cjelmls he il rlbl suphrcjr mhi
lrtc`uilmjr (0).

F.  @ilscac`l`cðe shkÿe hi krlmj mh loustlfcicmlm?

◊   Lrtc`uilmjr Ej Loustlfih (LEL)? Cestrubhetj scbpih quh ej
 phrbcth lousths. Pu icbctl`cðe hs quh ej rhprjmu`h hi lr`j rhli mh
`chrrh, mhfcmj l quh hi hoh `jemcilr y ijs mcheths `jetchehe uel phquhül
mcstle`cl (0).

Trhshetl bjvcbchetjs mh lphrturl y `chrrh, mhphemchemj mhi

cestrubhetj rhliczl bjvcbchetjs hx`ãetrc`js, `je il mhsvhetlol quh
sje mcstjrscjelmjs y lrfctrlrcjs. Ej rhliczl bjvcbchetjs rhlihs he
 fj`l (0).
 

Il bìxcbl cethr`uspcml`cðe hs il ÿec`l pjsc`cðe hxl`tl quh hstlfih`h

hsth tcpj mh lrtc`uilmjr, pjr ij tletj, hi bjetloh scstãbc`j quh sh
buhstrl he hsth lplrltj hs il bìxcbl cethr`uspcml`cðe he il
Mcbhescðe vhrtc`li mh il J`iuscðe. Hstj `jeiihvl l uel pjsc`cðe
mcstjrscjelml mh il rhil`cðe cethrblxcilr (0).
◊
  Lrtc`uilmjr Phbcloustlfih (LPL)?
Cestrubhetj quh prjmu`h likuejs bjvcbchetjs blemcfuilrhs
sltcsal`tjrclbheth, quh puhmh iihklr l phrsjeliczlrsh, phrj sce
 prh`cscðe (=).
Tjshh bh`lecsbjs loustlfihs plrl il mcstle`cl cethr`jemcilr, ìekuij mh
Fheeht, ce`icel`cðe he il kuâl `jemâihl y il phrsjeliczl`cðe he il kuâl
lethrcjr. Pu mhsvhetlol hs hi pjscfih usj mhi lr`j al`cli (=).
◊  Lrtc`uilmjr ]jtlibheth Loustlfih (L]L)?

Pu prce`cpli `lrl`thrâstc`l hs quh rhprjmu`h mh ajrbl hxl`tl ijs

bjvcbchetjs blemcfuilrhs mhi pl`cheth he tjmj lsph`tj, sh utciczl

tlbfcãe lr`js al`clihs `jbpihojs, `jej`cmjs `jbj hoh `cehbìtc`j mh
 fcslkrl, `jetchehe pletðkrlajs quh vle l phrbctcr trlzlr il lbpictum y
mcrh``cðe mh ijs bjvcbchetjs blemcfuilrhs. Lsâ bcsbj, phrbcth
 prjkrlblr hi lrtc`uilmjr mh l`uhrmj l ijs mltjs mhi pl`cheth.
He hsth tcpj mh lrtc`uilmjr ijs plrìbhtrjs l bjmcac`lr sje vlrcjs,
`jbj? il ce`icel`cðe `jemcilr, il kuâl ce`cscvl, il mcstle`cl
cethr`jemâihl y hi ìekuij mh Fheehtt (8).

@.  @ilscac`l`cðe he aue`cðe mhi cestrubhetj?

➝ @ilsh C ? Thrbcthe `lptlr ue rhkcstrj cethrj`iusli hstìtc`j, lmhbìs mh
 phrbctcr ijs bjvcbchetjs mh lphrturl y `chrrh (fcslkrl). Hstjs
mcspjsctcvjs ej `jetchehe bjvcbchetjs hx`urscvjs, ej tchehe rhil`cðe
`je hi hoh cethr`jemâihj, ej rhprjmu`he il pjsc`cðe hxtrâesh`l.
@jej`cmj tlbfcãe `jbj vhrtc`uilmjr j pjsc`cjelmjr (6).
➝ @ilsh CC? Pje bìs `jbpihojs quh ijs lrtc`uilmjrhs `ilsh C, phrbcthe
rhliczlr likuejs bjvcbchetjs hx`urscvjs blemcfuilrhs. Lmhbìs,
 pjscfcictle ijs bjvcbchetjs mh ilthrlicmlm, lphrturl y `chrrh. Ej sh
rhprhshetle ijs bjvcbchetjs mhi pl`cheth `je acmhicmlm (6).
 

➝  @ilsh CCC? Pje bìs `jbpihojs y rhprhshetle hi tlblüj mh il `lfhzl mh

ue pl`cheth. Pcbuile ils trlyh`tjrcls `jemâihls y ijs bjmhijs hstìe
jrchetlmjs he rhil`cðe li L]B. Tuhmh shr? Lr`ðe y ej Lr`ðe. Hstjs
lrtc`uilmjrhs sh `lrl`thrczle pjr shr lrtc`uilmjrhs shbcloustlfihs, yl
quh al`uitle il krlmul`cðe plrl tjblr hi rhkcstrj mh ijs pl`cheths (6).
➝ @ilsh CQ? Ijs lrtc`uilmjrhs `ilsh `ultrj sh `lrl`thrczle pjrquh nl`he
uel ij`liczl`cðe prh`csl mhi hoh mh fcslkrl. Il vhetlol mh hsth tcpj mh
lrtc`uilmjr hs quh buhstrle ijs rhkcstrjs trcmcbhescjelihs, kulrmle
rhil`cðe mcrh`tl `je hi L]B, prjmu`he ijs bjvcbchetjs blemcfuilrhs
mh tli blehrl quh phrbcth loustlr y prjkrlblr `je hxl`tctum ils
`lrl`thrâstc`ls mhi pl`cheth. Hxcsthe mjs tcpjs mh hstumcj quh vle l
 phrbctcr prjkrlblr hi lrtc`uilmjr, ijs `ulihs sje? Hsthrhjkrlaâl quh
vcheh l rhprhshetlr hi rhkcstrj cetrljrli y il Tletjkrlaâl quh vcheh l
rhprhshetlr hi rhkcstrj hxtrljrli (6).

CQ.  QHE]LOLP MHI LV]C@XILMJV

◊   Ijkrl al`cictlr il cethrprhtl`cðe y `jbprhescðe mhi trltlbchetj pjr plrth mhi
 pl`cheth (6)(8)(1).
◊  Thrbctcr trlflolr sce hi pl`cheth (6)(8) (1).
◊  Thrbcth hvliulr mcahrheths jp`cjehs mh trltlbchetj (6)(8)(1).
◊  Hs ue hihbhetj buy ÿtci he ils htlpls mh mclkeðstc`j, trltlbchetj y hvliul`cðe
(6)(8)(1)
◊   Hi bjmhij sh puhmh vhr `ilrlbheth (6)(8)(1).

Q.  Mhfcmj
MHPQHE]LOLP MHI LV]C@XILMJV
l il alitl mh lrtc`uil`cjehs, bÿs`uijs y icklbhetjs, ecekÿe tcpj mh lrtc`uilmjr
 puhmh rhprjmu`cr il acscjijkâl mhi scsthbl jrli y blxcilr `je lfsjiutl acmhicmlm
(6)(8)(1).

QC.  BJE]LOHP MH BJMHIJP HE HI LV]C@XILMJV

LV]C@XILMJV
PHBCLOXP]LFIH

L.  MH]HVBCEL@CÐE TVÌ@]C@L MH IL J@IXPCÐE NLFC]XLI

➦   ]ã`ec`l mh ils `ÿspcmhs he `hrl ? Hstl sh rhliczl `je plstl

zcequheðic`l. Mhfhbjs cec`clr rhliczlemj mjs nhemcmurls he Q sjfrh

 

`lml ilmj mhi rjmhth suphrcjr h ceahrcjr, he hi rjmhth suphrcjr sh sctÿl

ue phmlzj mh `hrl `je flsh he liÿbcel7 pjsthrcjrbheth sh `jij`l
vlshicel mh prhahrhe`cl sðicml sjfrh il nhemcmurl ceahrcjr, sh lpic`l il
`hrl mh liÿbcel suphrcjr, pjr ÿitcbj, sh ufc`l ils flshs he il fj`l y sh
kuâl li pl`cheth quh `chrrh il fj`l (;).

Il `hrl quh sh lmc`cjel he`cbl mhi rjmhth suphrcjr sh loustl y bjimhl

l ils nhemcmurls mhi rjmhth ceahrcjr ajrblemj uels `ÿspcmhs `je
hs`jtlmurl phrah`tl(;).

  ]ã`ec`l mh il iilvh he bhtli? Tlrl pjmhr rhliczlr hstl tã`ec`l sh

➦

hbpihle iilvhs mh bhtli quh sh hetcfcle y sh cetrjmu`he he hi rjmhth

suphrcjr, sh jbcthe ils plrths quh sjfrhplsle hi bcsbj. Pjfrh hi
rjmhth ceahrcjr, `je rhsph`tj l ils iilvhs mhi rjmhth suphrcjr, sh quctl
il `hrl mholemj uel ajrbl rh`tlekuilr. Il `hrl
`hr l prhvclbheth quctlml sh

rhhbpilzl `je il mh il flsh mh liÿbcel (;).

@je ue pce`hi prj`hmhbjs l `jij`lr vlshicel sðicml sjfrh il iilvh
bhtìic`l, sh hetcfcl il `hrl mh liÿbcel, sh `jij`le ils flshs he il fj`l
y sh cemc`l li pl`cheth quh `chrrh il fj`l kuclemj il blemâfuil. Il
iilvh bhtìic`l sh `jrrhspjemhrì `je il il `hrl mhi rjmhth ceahrcjr,
`rhlemj cethr`uspcml`cðe he lbfjs blxcilrhs (;).

Xel vhz cestlurlml il rhil`cðe mh j`iuscðe sh flol il thbphrlturl mh

ils flshs `jij`ìemjils he lkul `je nchij, sh lshle ils iilvhs mh blehrl

bhtc`uijsl
 prjflr mh pjscfihs
sce hohr`hr hx`hmheths mh `hrl y il j`iuscðe sh vuhivh l
prhscðe(;).

Pc il pjsc`cðe hs rhcthrltcvl, hi rhkcstrj sh puhmh tjblr `jbj vìicmj7

mh `lsj `jetrlrcj, `ulemj hi pl`cheth ej he`uhetrl su pjsc`cðe sh tjbl
il pjsc`cðe quh rhpcth `jesh`utcvlbheth. Ph utciczl plrl hi bjetloh mh
ijs mcheths suphrcjrhs y lethrj ceahrcjrhs, plrl ijs pjsthrj ceahrcjrhs sh
`jetceÿl `je ijs rjmhths pilejs y sh cemc`l li pl`cheth l `jij`lr ils
`ÿspcmhs he `ãetrc`l(;).

Ijs pilejs vle l shr mhspuãs rhhbpilzlmjs pjr ijs mcheths lrtcac`clihs
uel vhz sh nlyl `jbprjflmj hi `jemc`cjelbchetj (;).
 

QCC.  VHKCP]VJ MH ILP VHIL@CJEHP PLKC]LIHP

L.  HI LV@J AL@CLI

Hs uel nhrrlbchetl mh `licfrl`cðe utciczlml plrl jfthehr il rhil`cðe hetrh hi

blxcilr suphrcjr rhsph`tj l il flsh mhi `rìehj y trlesahrcr hstl rhil`cðe l il
rlbl suphrcjr mhi lrtc`uilmjr (<).

F.  TLV]HP MHI LV@J AL@CLI

➦   Jicvls lurc`uilrhs? Pcrvh plrl ij`liczlr he ajrbl lrfctrlrcl hi hoh
cethr`jemâihj mhi pl`cheth. Lmhbìs, phrbcth acolr mcstle`cl hetrh ijs 6
`ðemcijs blemcfuilrhs (<).
➦   Elscje? Hs ue l``hsjrcj quh scrvh plrl mhthrbcelr hi thr`hr puetj
leltðbc`j mh rhahrhe`cl, hi puetj sufjrfctlrcj l ecvhi mhi elscje
leltðbc`j (<).
➦   ]hehmjr u njrquciil? Hsth mcspjsctcvj tcheh ajrbl mh X y phrbcth

lshkurlr il pjsc`cðe h cebjvcicmlm mhi lr`j al`cli, tlbfcãe bletcheh

il pjsc`cðe mhi bjmhij suphrcjr (<).
➦   Frlzjs? Pcrvh plrl lshkurlr il pjsc`cðe mhi thehmjr y acolr hi krlmj mh
shplrl`cðe mh ils jicvls (<).

@.  @ILPCAC@L@CÐE MH IJP LV@JP AL@CLIHP

Acojs j mh Pejw (`jij`lmj he hi Blx.sup)? Puhih utciczlr bhmcmls prjbhmcj

 plrl jfthehr il rhil`cðe fc`ðemcij blxcilr. Ijs Bðvcihs j @cehbìtc`js
(`jij`lmj Blx.cea)? Pje cestrubhetj `uyls thrbcelihs `licfrlmls sh puhmhe
loustlr `je hi ace mh l`hptlr il ij`liczl`cðe hxl`tl mhi hoh cethr`jemcilr (6).

Xtciczl`cðe prì`tc`l

Tlrl quh ue rhkcstrj puhml `jescmhrlrsh vìicmj hs hshe`cli quh il njrquciil he

il quh vl mhs`leslr il flsh mhi rhkcstrj hstã hstlfih plrl quh puhml shr
sjsthecmj pjr hi pl`cheth mh blehrl she`ciil y aì`ci `je uel sjil blej, plrl
ij `uli hs cbpjrtleth nl`hr ue l`jemc`cjelbchetj prhicbcelr (;).
 

Pjfrh il suphrac`ch mh il njrquciil sh `jij`l uel pil`l mh `hrl flsh mlemj il

ajrbl mh ’nhrrlmurl‒. Hi fjrmh hxthrej sh lmnchrh, sh rhliczle ijs l`lflmjs
`je uel hspìtuil prhvclbheth `lihetlml, he`cbl mh il `hrl sh mcfuol il iâehl
bhmcl (;).

Hi rjmhth y il pil`l flsh suphrcjr sh rh`ufrh `je vlshicel. Ph ce`jrpjrle

`letcmlmhs ckulihs mh flsh y `ltliczlmjr mh il plstl li ’ðxcmj mh zce` hukheji‒,
mc`nl `jescsthe`cl sh lkrhkl he tjml il suphrac`ch mh il njrquciil icstl y sjfrh
hstl sh sjstcheh hi rjmhth nl`chemj `jce`cmcr il iâehl bhmcl `je il iâehl
mcfuolml he`cbl mh il `hrl. He hi bjbhetj quh il plstl sh vuhivh murl sh
`jetceÿl `je ’hi pjsc`cjelbchetj mhi `jbpihoj pil`l flsh suphrcjr y njrquciil
he il `lvcmlm jrli mhi pl`cheth‒ (;.)
pl`cheth‒ (;.)

Hs eh`hslrcj quh hi lscstheth lyumh l ufc`lr hi lr`j al`cli sjfrh il `lrl mhi
 pl`cheth y `jij`lemj ils jicvls `jemcilrhs he ijs jâmjs mhi bcsbj, sh mhfhe

loustlr mh blehrl `jrrh`tl. Ph `jij`l mh blehrl `ucmlmjsl hi sjpjrth

sjp jrth elsli he
hi bjbhetj quh tjmjs ijs puetjs mh rhahrhe`cl sh nlyl ufc`lmj `jrrh`tlbheth,
sh prj`hmh l ufc`lr ’il njrquciil `je il lrtc`uil`cðe mh rhkcstrj y hsth `je hi
`uhrpj mhi lr`j‒, plrl pjmhr loustlr ijs tjreciijs, hsth sh rhliczl mh blehrl
`ucmlmjsl y he `jestleth `jbuec`l`cðe `je hi pl`cheth plrl ej ilstcblrij. Ph
mhfh prhscjelr fche plrl quh il pjsc`cðe ej puhml shr bjmcac`lml. Ph
`jbpruhfl quh ej hxcstl mhspilzlbchetj mh ijs rjmhths murleth hi rhkcstrj, sh
rhtcrl hi lr`j mhi rjstrj mhi pl`cheth y sh mhrcvl li ilfjrltjrcj (;).

QCCC.  TVHTLVL@CÐE MH IJP BJMHIJP LE]HP MH

BJE]LVPH
Ph mhfhe prhplrlr y `jij`lr ijs bjmhijs he hi lrtc`uilmjr `je il acelicmlm mh ijkrlr
ijs puetjs mh rhahrhe`cl. Ph tcheh quh rhliczlr mcvhrsjs sur`js quh vle l shrvcr `jbj
le`iloh ij `uli vl nl`hr quh il ceshr`cðe y rhbj`cðe cekrhsh mh blehrl aì`ci he il flsh
mhi lrtc`uilmjr. Ils ce`cscjehs tchehe quh shr mh ajrbl trclekuilr he hi phrâbhtrj mh
il flsh mhi zð`lij mhi bjmhij sjfrh ils `ulihs sh vl sctulr hi yhsj `je hi `uli sh vl
lmnhrcr li lrtc`uilmjr. Xel vhz l`jemc`cjelmjs ijs bjmhijs sh lmnchrhe he hi
lrtc`uilmjr `jeshrvlemj ils lr`lmls he il bcsbl pjsc`cðe mh rhkcstrj (0)(=).
 

C^. BJE]LOH
BJE]LOH MH IJP BJMHIJP HE HI LV]C@XILMJV 
Tlrl pjmhr `jbhezlr thehbjs quh nlfcictlr hi lrtc`uilmjr plrl quh sjij sh puhmle
rhliczlr bjvcbchetjs mh lphrturl y `chrrh, sh cebjvciczl he hi puetj `hrj `je il
 plile`l vhrtc`li plrl quh puhml `lhr sjfrh hi `hetrj mh il kuâl ce`cscvl lethrcjr,
acelibheth sh `jij`le ijs sjpjrths bhtìic`js mh ijs bjmhijs he hi lrtc`uilmjr plrl

 pjmhr acolrijs (=).

Tlrl rhliczlr il ’tã`ec`l
’tã`ec`l il
 il njrquciil mhi lr`j al`cli‒,
al`cli‒, he
 he il `uli sh vl sjsthehr h cencfcr
`je ’plstl mh ðxcmj mh zce`-
zce` -hukheji‒ li `cbchetj mhi rhkcstrj suphrcjr, sh `jij`l he
 fuhel pjsc`cðe `je rhsph`tj li lrtc`uilmjr. Pjfrh hi `cbchetj mhi rhkcstrj sh vl
ce`jrpjrlr hi bjmhij sh`uemlrcj mhfcmlbheth hbflmurelmj `je vlshicel he plstl, mh
ckuli blehrl sh puhmh `jij`lr likÿe lcsileth plrl yhsj, sh mhfh rhsphtlr ils
`letcmlmhs plrl il prhplrl`cðe mhi yhsj cemc`lmls pjr hi alfrc`leth, uel vhz icstj sh
lkrhkl il bhz`il he`cbl mhi bjmhij pjr mjemh sh rhliczlrje ijs sur`js, mh ckuli
blehrl sjfrh il flsh mhi lrtc`uilmjr quh hstì sctulml he il rlbl suphrcjr. Mhspuãs sh
 flol il rlbl suphrcjr y sh ueh hi bjmhij l il plrth suphrcjr mhi lrtc`uilmjr rhliczlemj
 prhscðe, il `uli sh tcheh quh shkucr hohr`chemj nlstl quh hi yhsj `jbche`h l arlkulr.
Ph mhfh quctlr ijs hx`hsjs y mlrihs ijs l`lflmjs li zð`lij plrl quh sh vhl prjicoj y
 prhshetlfih. @ulemj hi yhsj nlyl thrbcelmj mh arlkulr, sh prj`hmh l rhtcrlr il
njrquciil, hi bh`lecsbj mh sjpjrth y hi sjpjrth
sjp jrth mhi bjmhij. Xel vhz quh il fls
flshh hstì
lmnhrcml li lrtc`uilmjr, sh vjithl quhmlemj he j`iusli hi rjmhth suphrcjr, sh lshl y
vhrcac`l quh ej hxcstle rhscmujs mh yhsj plrl pjmhr mhs`leslr il flsh ceahrcjr,
ijkrlemj quh ijs rjmhths suphrcjr h ceahrcjr
ceahr cjr sh he`uhetrhe he hi bìxcbj `jetl`tj hetrh
ijs mjs pilejs njrczjetlihs (;).

Hi bjmhij ceahrcjr sh sctÿl oustlbheth sjfrh il pil`l flsh y sh

s h lmnchrh li suphrcjr `je
ils flshs bhtìic`ls ils `ulihs sh acole sjfrh ijs zð`lijs. He hsth puetj, hs mh subl
cbpjrtle`cl vhrcac`lr quh ej hxcstl `jetl`tj pjsthrcjr mh ijs bjmhijs. Li bjbhetj
mh `hrrlr hi lrtc`uilmjr, vjivhbjs l vhrcac`lr quh il puetl mhi lstl vhrtc`li `jetl`th
`je il piltcel ce`csli, vjivhbjs l `jij`lr yhsj he`cbl mhi zð`lij mhi bjmhij ceahrcjr
mh il bcsbl ajrbl quh sh rhliczð he hi suphrcjr. He hi bjbhetj quh hi yhsj hstã murj
sh vuhivh l kcrlr hi lrtc`uilmjr plrl pjmhr icbpclr, puicr y sh rhtcrl hi mcspjsctcvj mh
 fijquhj mh ijs bjmhijs (=)(8).
 

^.  @JE@IXPCJEHP

☈ Ijs lrtc`uilmjrhs sje lrtciukcjs bh`ìec`js quh rhprhshetle ils lrtc`uil`cjehs

thbpjrjblemcfuilrhs y al`cictle rhil`cjelr ijs bjmhijs mh hstumcj scbuilemj il
acscjijkâl mhi pl`cheth.
☈ Ijs lrtc`uilmjrhs shbc loustlfihs rh`rhle, luequh ej mupic`le tjmjs ijs bjvcbchetjs
blemcfuilrhs, mh bjmj quh su aue`cðe prcblrcl hs l`tulr `jbj sc auhrl ue pl`cheth
he lushe`cl mhi bcsbj rhprjmu`chemj il mceìbc`l blemcfuilr l ecvhi `ðemcij.
☈ Hxcsthe mcahrheths tcpjs mh lrtc`uilmjrhs `je mcahrheths `lrl`thrâstc`ls y ej tjmjs
 phrbcthe hi hbpihj mh lr`j al`cli.
☈ Hxcsthe mcahrheths tcpjs mh lrtc`uilmjr he vlrchmlmhs mh prh`cjs y aue`cjehs plrl ue
 fuhe usj
us j quh ejs lyuml l nl`hr ue bhojr trlfloj. L`tulibheth sh
s h hstìe hbpihlemj
lrtc`uilmjrhs mckctlihs, hvcmhe`clemj hi `jetceuj mhslrrjiij mh ils `che`cls.
☈ Hxcsthe tcpjs mh lrtc`uilmjrhs y `ilshs mh hiijs ijs `ulihs vle l phrbctcr quh mh l`uhrmj
l sus `lrl`thrâstc`ls puhmle lmh`ulrsh l il phrah``cðe ijs bjvcbchetjs mhi L]B lsâ
`jbj tlbfcãe puhmhe vlrclr mh l`uhrmj l hiils.

☈ Hi jfohtcvj mh ijs lrtc`uilmjrhs hs hi hstumcj mh ijs `lsjs `iâec`js pjr bhmcj mhi
bjetloh mh bjmhijs mhetlrcjs plrl hi mclkeðstc`j y hilfjrl`cðe mhi pile mh
trltlbchetj.
☈ Hs cbpjrtleth he`lbcelr ils euhvls th`ejijkâls y lprjvh`nlr hi krle mhslrrjiij quh
sh nl prjmu`cmj y sh sckuh prjmu`chemj he hi ìrhl mh il ceajrbìtc`l plrl prjvhhr l
euhstrj `lbpj ils nhrrlbchetls quh ejs phrbctl mhslrrjiilr bhojrhs trltlbchetjs.
 

^C.  <.  VHAHVHE@CLP

Iðphz E. Bjetloh mh FCFICJKVÌAC@LP
ue lrtc`uilmjr `je lr`j al`cli WCethrehtR. Xecvhrscmlm mh
Kulylquci Al`uitlm pcijtj mh jmjetjijkâl. H`ulmjr 64<3 W`ctlmj hi <8 mh j`t
mhi 6464R. 14 p. Mcspjecfih mhsmh? 
mhsmh?  
rhpjsctjrcj.uk.hmu.h`/fctstrhlb/rhmuk/;61>/</IJTH_ehiiy.pma  

6.  [cegihr, P. Trjstjmje`cl tjtli WCethrehtR. Cestctutj Tjictã`ec`j El`cjeli.

W`ctlmj hi <8 mh j`t mhi 6464R. 8>4 p. Mcspjecfih mhsmh?  mhsmh? 
nttps?//hicfrj.eht/hs/hrhlmhr/uilmh`n/<4<;30:plkh2<=8  
nttps?//hicfrj.eht/hs/hrhlmhr/uilmh`n/<4<;30:plkh2<=8
0.  Hs`uce ]. Trðthscs mhetli C Kucl mh prl`tc`ls. <ª hm. Hmctjrcli Xecvhrsctlt mh
Flr`hijel. Hsplül7 6448.
=.  Tãrhz B. Lrtc`uilmjrhs Mhetlihs he hi Trj`hsj mh Heshülezl y Lprhemczloh

he Hstumcleths mh Jmjetjijkâl. @hetrj El`cjeli mh Hstjbltjijkâl. 64<6?

<4(>)? 0=-81. Mcspjecfih he? 
he? 
www.hstjbltjijkcl64<8.sim.`u/cemhx.pnp/hstjbltjijkcl/ejv64<8/plphr/vch
wAcih/;<;/=01  
wAcih/;<;/=01
8.  Jmjetjphru`nl. Vji mh Lrtc`uilmjrhs. P@VCFM. 644>7 6(<)?6( <)? <-<1. Mcspjecfih
he? nttps?//hs.s`rcfm.`jb/mj`/8=01=8=/VJI-MH-IJP-LV]C@XILMJVHP
he?  nttps?//hs.s`rcfm.`jb/mj`/8=01=8=/VJI-MH-IJP-LV]C@XILMJVHP  
1.  @lrrcðe G. Lrtc`uilmjrhs, J`iuscðe. P@VCFM. 64<67 0(6)? <-<6. Mcspjecfih
he? nttps?//hs.s`rcfm.`jb/mj`ubhet/<41436>16/LV]C@XILMJVHP-
J@IXPCJE  
J@IXPCJE
;.  Vjols O. Trjstjmje`cl `jbpihtl WCethrehtR. Thrÿ 64<3
64 <3 W@ctlmj > j`tufrh 6464R.
Mcspjecfih mhsmh?
nttps?//`lbpus.uilmh`n.hmu.ph/bjm/rhsjur`h/vchw.pnp:cm2;=8630&rhmcrh`t 
nttps?//`lbpus.uilmh`n.hmu.ph/bjm/rhsjur`h/vchw.pnp:cm2;=8630&rhmcrh`t  
2<
2<  
 

^CC.  LEH^JP

AC@NL E´ <

Lutjr? Ehiiy Iðphz Flrfhry.

]âtuij? Bjetloh mh ue lrtc`uilmjr `je lr`j al`cli.
Ejbfrh mh il rhvcstl? XECQHVPCMLM MH KXLSL\XCI AL@XI]LM TCIJ]J MH
JMJE]JIJKÂL HP@XHIL MH TJP]KVLMJ ’MV. OJPÃ LTJIJ TCEHML. 
TCEHML. 
Tlâs? H`ulmjr.
Cestctu`cðe quh hmctl?Xecvhrscmlm mh Kulylquci.
Ah`nl? 6443.
Eÿbhrj mh pìkcels? 14 p.
Lüj y eÿbhrj mh rhvcstl?
XVI?  nttp?//rhpjsctjrcj.uk.hmu.h`/fctstrhlb/rhmuk/;61>/</IJTH_ehiiy.pma  
XVI?

Tlrl rhliczlr hi bjetloh mh ijs bjmhijs mhacectcvjs, prcbhrj sh plrth pjr hi bjmhij suphrcjr
y pjsthrcjrbheth `je il lyuml mh hsth sh prj`hmh l nl`hr hi bjetloh mhi bjmhij ceahrcjr.
Trhvcj li bjetloh hs hsphrlfih quh hi lrtc`uilmjr thekl uel kuâl `jemâihl mh 04´ yl quh ij
 pjsc`cjel he rhil`cðe `ãetrc`l, ue ìekuij mh Fheeht mh <8´ y sh rhtcrl
r htcrl il pÿl ce`csli plrl quh
 phrbctl hi pjsc`cjelbchetj mhi lr`j al`cli. Ph `jetceul `je hi rhkcstrj `je hi h i lr`j al`cli. Il
 pil`l flsh y hi rjmhth suphrcjr mhfhe
mhf he hstlr lmnhrcmjs li thehmjr plrl
p lrl il tjbl mh rhkcstrj. uel

vhz jfthecmls ils rhil`cjehs sh lvlezl `je hi bjetloh mhi bjmhij suphrcjr. Tlrl hi bjetloh
mhi bjmhij ceahrcjr hs eh`hslrcj jfthehr il rhil`cðe `ãetrc`l mhi pl`cheth y sh ijkrl
hbpihlemj `uliquchrl mh ils tã`ec`ls hxcstheths, phrj il tã`ec`l fcbleuli mh Ththr Mlwsje
hs uel mh ils she`ciils. Jfthecml il rhil`cðe `ãetrc`l sh lshkurle ijs rjmhths plrl quh il
ufc`l`cðe mh hstjs ej sh mcstjrscjeh
mcstjrs cjeh y lsâ pjmhr ufc`lrijs he hi bjmhij suphrcjr
suphr cjr prhvclbheth
bjetlmj. Ph aceliczl `je hi bjetloh mhi bjmhij ceahrcjr pjsc`cjelemj hi bjmhij he su
rhsph`tcvl pil`l flsh y lkrhklemj hi yhsj (<).
 

AC@NL E´ 6

LX]JV? Pnhimje [cegihr .

]âtuij?Trjstjmje`cl tjtli.
Hmctjrcli?Cestctutj Tjictã`ec`j El`cjeli.
Iuklr mh pufic`l`cðe?
Lüj? 64<4.
Eÿbhrj mh pìkcels? 8>4 p. <>; plkcel mh cethrhs.
Xri?  nttps?//hicfrj.eht/hs/hrhlmhr/uilmh`n/<4<;30:plkh2<>3
Xri? nttps?//hicfrj.eht/hs/hrhlmhr/uilmh`n/<4<;30:plkh2<>3  

Hi hbpihj mh ijs lrtc`uilmjrhs, he hsph`cli ijs shbcloustlfihs y tjtlibheth loustlfihs ejs

 phrbcthe trlflolr
 prjkrlbl`cðe `je`jbj sc hstuvcãshbjs
sus mltjs. Lsâ bcsbj,hephrbcthe
prhshe`clscbuilr
mhi pl`cheth, yl quh
ils L]B, ijs pjscfcictle
blxcilrhs, su
il
bus`uilturl mh il fj`l, ijs icklbhetjs, hetrh jtrjs.
He Bc`nckle sh rhliczð ue shbcelrcj mh prjstjmje`cl tjtli he <3;6 mjemh sh hstlfih`cð il
`ilscac`l`cðe mh ijs lrtc`uilmjrhs shkÿe su aue`cðe. Mhsmh hetje`hs hstjs mcspjsctcvjs sh
`ilscac`le he lrtc`uilmjrhs `ilsh C, `ilsh CC, `ilsh CCC, `ilsh CQ. Ckulibheth ils `ilscac`l`cjehs
leths bhe`cjelmls sh sufmcvcmhe he L, F y @ l hx`hp`cðe mh ijs lrtc`uilmjrhs `ilsh C (6).