OEPA

MAED-chemistry
Physical chemistry
What is Physical Chemistry
Physical chemistry is a branch of chemistry that incorporates
physics principles, theories, and techniques into chemistry to
understand the properties of chemical substances better.

The nature of physical chemistry is a confluence of physics, with

all its mathematical base, and definition of chemistry. This blend
gives the chemists answers to many of their questions, helps
formulate processes to extract elements or synthesize compounds,
make chemical reactions go faster or slower, tap chemical energy,
etc.
Branches and Topics in Physical Chemistry
=> Physical chemistry is a part of chemistry. But the
field of physical chemistry includes many branches
within it. Each of these branches of physical
chemistry finds application in our daily life. They offer
exciting insight into how this field of science serves
us.
 Some of these branches are:
Spectroscopy:
⇒ study of the effect of electromagnetic radiation on matter. A
simple example of spectroscopy is the splitting of white light as
it passes through a prism. Or sunlight through water droplets in
the sky to produce a rainbow.
⇒ Spectroscopy has many applications. It uses different
spectrometers to study the emissions from distant galaxies, the
structure of atoms and molecules, changes in molecular
structure, the density of microorganisms, and the structures of
biomolecules.
Identification of Elements
Energy striking atoms can make its electrons jump from one energy
level to a higher one. The energy that they absorb is different for
each element, kind of like a fingerprint, which can be used to
identify the elements contained in a substance. When the electron
drops back down to its original level, it emits energy, which is also
characteristic of the elements. The energy used to cause these
transitions can be a flame, a beam of electrons, or electromagnetic
radiation (light). The branch of physical chemistry involved here is
spectroscopy, and the instruments used are spectrophotometers.
 Photochemistry
⇒ is the area of physical chemistry that deals with chemical
reactions and behavior that occur in the presence of visible or
ultraviolet light.
⇒ In nature, reactions using light energy happen in photosynthesis,
formation of ozone in the upper layers of the atmosphere.
⇒ Other applications of photochemistry include developing photo
films, cosmetics, organic molecules like vitamin D3, fluorescent
dyes, and photovoltaic cells.
⇒ Scientists use spectrophotometers and spectroscopes to
determine the nature of radiation released.
 Chemical Kinetics
⇒ branch of physical chemistry that deals with the rates at
which chemical reactions occur is chemical kinetics. By
studying chemical kinetics, scientists can determine the
reaction processes, and determine the best way for the
reaction to occur.
⇒ the investigation of chemical kinetics tells the scientists
the composition of the reactants with respect to time. To
study the chemical kinetics of the desired reactions,
chemists use equipment called stopped-flow apparatus
and centrifugal analyzer.
 Thermochemistry
⇒ Thermochemistry deals with heat changes and changes in state in
chemical reactions.
⇒ Thermochemistry has many applications in real life.
- The food oxidized in the cells gives energy that helps in homeostasis.
- Power plants that produce electrical energy use coolants to absorb
the heat created during the reactions. Chemical engineers work to find the
different coolants suitable for machines, vehicles, etc.
- With the help of thermochemistry, scientists select fuels for cars,
aircraft, and spacecraft.
- Scientists and nutritionists use bomb calormeters to determine the
energy value of different food items.
-Reaction calorimeters are the other pieces of apparatus for
experiments in thermochemistry.
Heat Transfer
In chemical reactions, heat can be transferred into a substance or
out of it. Thermochemistry tells us whether a reaction gives off heat
like the burning of wood or whether it absorbs heat like chemical
cold packs used for an injury. When a reaction creates heat, it is
called exothermic, and when the reaction absorbs heat, it is
endothermic. Practical applications include air-conditioning and
heating of homes.
 Electrochemistry
⇒ Electrochemistry is a niche in physical chemistry. It is
concerned with the production of electrical energy from
spontaneous ionic chemical reactions. Alternatively,
electrical energy causes non-spontaneous reactions to
take place.
⇒ Electrochemistry finds wide use -from cosmetic hair
removal to production and refining of metals. Scientists
use electrolytic and electrochemical cells in this field.
 Electrochemistry
⇒ One practical use of electrochemistry is plating, where an
expensive metal can be plated onto another less
expensive metal. Metals can also be electroplated
decoratively onto plastic or glass. Batteries use
electrochemical processes to break bonds and release
contained energy as electricity.
1. An archeologist finds an object and wants to know its composition. The
branch of physical chemistry they should use is _____. The instrument they
can use is a _____

2. To know how fast a reaction occurs, a scientist needs to know the _____
_____. The branch of physical chemistry that uses rates of reaction is called
_____.

3. Photosynthesis is a process in which energy is absorbed. This process is

an example of an _____ reaction. The branch of physical chemistry involved
with the transfer of heat is _____.
1. An archeologist finds an object and wants to know its composition. The branch of physical chemistry
they should use is _____. The instrument they can use is a _____

2. To know how fast a reaction occurs, a scientist needs to know the _____ _____. The branch of physical
chemistry that uses rates of reaction is called _____.

3. Photosynthesis is a process in which energy is absorbed. This process is an example of an _____

reaction. The branch of physical chemistry involved with the transfer of heat is _____.

Answers
1. spectroscopy; spectro-photometers.
2. kinetics; rate constant.
3. endothermic; thermochemistry.
 Prepare & submit
1. Reflection/Reaction Paper: Nature of Physical
Chemistry
2. Laboratory Activity: Properties of Solid, Liquid
and Gases
Presentation/Submission: April 15, 2023
THERMODYNAMICS
• Thermodynamics: The science of energy
Greek word: Therme - means HEAT
Dynamis – means POWER
THERMODYNAMICS
Is the science that deals with
energy production, storage,
transfer, and conversion.
 THERMODYNAMICS
It studies the effects of work,
heat and energy on a system
HOW IMPORTANT
IS
THERMODYNAMI
CS IN OUR DAILY
 Otto von Guericke
The first man to make a vacuum pump
somewhere about 1654. It was a crude pump,
with joints kept airtight by water immersion.
Soon after Boyle produced a much improved
piston pump, made by Robert Hooke.
 Improvement to human life
•vacuum pumps are used to manufacture light bulbs, the freeze drying
process in the medical, food and biological industries, and the atomic
energy industry.
 Improvement to human life
•Compressed air allowed for better and more powerful pneumatic tools that helped
the growth of big cities through the process of construction. Many important buildings
in today's days society are possible because of these tools, such as skyscrapers,
hotels, tenements, and stadiums.
 Improvement to human life
•through the use of reciprocating pumps, engines were created
allowing for the use of automobiles.
THERMODYNAMICS
AS SCIENCE
OF HEAT & WORK
POWER PLANTS
 Energy: The ability to cause
changes.
Conservation of energy Principle:
During an interaction, energy can
change from one form to another
but the total amount of energy
remains constant.
Energy cannot be created nor
destroyed.
 CLASSIFICATION OF
THERMODYNAMICS
Statistical Thermodynamics
-which is devoted largely into reactions and
solutions.
Classical Thermodynamics
-concerned with the production and use of
work and power
 THERMODYNAMICS ANALYSIS
Macroscopic Thermodynamics
- is the level on which we live in. it is concern on the overall
effect of the individual molecular interaction. The measurements
are large compared with the measurement of events on the
molecular levels, such as distance in meter, time in second, etc.

Microscopic Thermodynamics
-look at every molecule and analyze collective molecular
action by statistical methods.
 SYSTEM, BOUNDARY & SURROUNDINGS
SYSTEM (Thermodynamics system) is that portion of the
universe, an atom or a galaxy, or some certain quantity of
matter, which we specifically wish to study.

BOUNDARY is an imaginary partition that separates the

system from the surrounding environment.

SURROUNDING is the region outside the boundary or anything

not in the system.
 TYPES OF SYSTEM
OPEN SYSTEM is a system where matter and energy pass
across its boundaries.
* examples are coffee in a cup, pump, air conditioner,
hair blower, etc.
 TYPES OF SYSTEM
CLOSED SYSTEM is a system where matter does not cross the
boundaries.
*energy can pass through boundaries
*examples are coffee in a closed container, air in a balloon,
mercury in a thermometer, pressure cooker, etc.
 TYPES OF SYSTEM
ISOLATED SYSTEM is a system where neither mass nor
energy pass through its boundaries.
* example of a partially isolated system is a thermos
ENVIRONMENTA
L
SYSTEMS
Understanding what a system is and
how it works can allow us to tackle
really hard on some of the worst
environmental problems that we ever
had. A good example would be the
Aral Sea.

Aral Sea sits on the border of

Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. It used
to be the 4th largest inland sea/lake
on the planet.
The Soviet Union was irrigating off the
Aral sea to grow cotton and it was not a
super efficient irrigation.

If you watch what happened to the

Aral Sea from 1989 until 2014,

Aral sea essentially became a desert ,

we just see the South Aral Sea on the
western region.
 FISHES ALL DIED

ECONOMY
FISHING
COLLAPSE
DIED
 Earth
Systems Steady
System Analysis State

Output Feedback
Input
Negative Positive

Closed
System Matter Open
Energy
System

Thermodynamics
Conserved
1st Law 2nd Law
Surroundings

Boundary

SYSTEM

Closed
Surroundings

Boundary

SYSTEM

Open
 % composition
% composition by of
by mass mass of body
human
ocean water

Matter
ENERGY

Useful Energy
Input Energy

Waste Energy
Systems Analysis Steady State
Input

Output
Systems Analysis Steady State

NEGATIVE
FEEDBACK
Systems Analysis
Steady
State
Negative
Feedback
 Earth
Did You Learn? Systems Steady
System Analysis State

Output Feedback
Input
Negative Positive

Closed
System Matter Open
Energy
System

Thermodynamics
Conserved
1st Law 2nd Law
Systems Analysis
- Prepare a video presentation
- Systems Analysis: Aral Sea Ecological Disaster.