Library News

News
November 2023
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Happy
Thanksgiving from
Come To The Library! the Library!
Library Hours
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Welcome All Veterans
and Serving Military!
Monday thru Thursday: to our re-creation of the
9AM – 6PM South Jefferson Library is hosting a reception for veterans,
serving military & former Rosie Riveters on Sunday,
Saturday November 12, 2023, from 2 - 4 pm, in thanks for their service.
10AM– 2PM Come and see our 1940s canteen with music by Ricochet!
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Sunday: 1PM – 5PM
Library closing 11/22 @ 2pm
Closed 11/23 - 24/23
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Art in the Library

100TH show
Art In the Library!!!!!
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Saturday, November 18th

11am – 3pm
Calling all sewers! We will work on two
projects for local charities – NICU quilts
for preemies and pillow cases for foster
Reception 11/5/23 – 2-4PM kids. Bring your own machine, thread
exhibit on display in the and notions. All fabrics provided.
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Library Meeting Room SJPL Board of Directors meetings are held
(Available for viewing when on the 2nd Tuesday of each month at 5:00
Meeting Room is not in use) PM except for July and December. These
November thru December 2023 are open to the public.
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The Origins of Veterans Day
US Department of Veterans Affairs
2006 Veterans Day Poster
In 1921, an unknown World War I American soldier
was buried in Arlington National Cemetery. This site, on
a hillside overlooking the Potomac River and the city of
Washington, D.C., became the focal point of reverence
for America’s veterans.
Similar ceremonies occurred earlier in England and
France, where an unknown soldier was buried in each
nation’s highest place of honor (in England,
Westminster Abbey; in France, the Arc de Triomphe).
These memorial gestures all took place on November
11, giving universal recognition to the celebrated
ending of World War I fighting at 11 a.m., November
11, 1918 (the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th
month). The day became known as “Armistice Day.”
Armistice Day officially received its name in America in
1926 through a Congressional resolution. It became a
national holiday 12 years later by similar Congressional
action. If the idealistic hope had been realized that
World War I was “the War to end all wars,” November
11 might still be called Armistice Day. But only a few
years after the holiday was proclaimed, war broke out
in Europe. Sixteen and one-half million Americans took
part. Four hundred seven thousand of them died in
service, more than 292,000 in battle.
Armistice Day Changed To Honor All Veterans
The first celebration using the term Veterans Day
occurred in Birmingham, Alabama, in 1947. Raymond
Weeks, a World War II veteran, organized "National
Veterans Day," which included a parade and other
festivities, to honor all veterans. The event was held on
November 11, then designated Armistice Day. Later,
U.S. Representative Edward Rees of Kansas proposed a
bill that would change Armistice Day to Veterans Day.
In 1954, Congress passed the bill that President
Eisenhower signed proclaiming November 11 as
Veterans Day. Raymond Weeks received the
Presidential Citizens Medal from President Reagan in
November 1982. Weeks' local parade and ceremonies
are now an annual event celebrated nationwide.
On Memorial Day 1958, two more unidentified
American war dead were brought from overseas and
interred in the plaza beside the unknown soldier of
World War I. One was killed in World War II, the other
in the Korean War. In 1984, an unknown serviceman
from the Vietnam War was placed alongside the others.
The remains from Vietnam were exhumed May 14,
1998, identified as Air Force 1st Lt. Michael Joseph
Blassie, and removed for burial. To honor these men,
symbolic of all Americans who gave their lives in all
wars, an Army honor guard, the 3rd U.S. Infantry (The
Old Guard), keeps day and night vigil.
A law passed in 1968 changed the national
commemoration of Veterans Day to the fourth Monday
in October. It soon became apparent, however, that
November 11 was a date of historic significance to
many Americans. Therefore, in 1978 Congress returned
the observance to its traditional date.
National Ceremonies Held at Arlington National
Cemetery
The focal point for official, national ceremonies for
Veterans Day continues to be the memorial
amphitheater built around the Tomb of the Unknowns.
At 11 a.m. on November 11, a combined color guard
representing all military services executes “Present
Arms” at the tomb. The nation’s tribute to its war dead
is symbolized by the laying of a presidential wreath. The
bugler plays “taps.” The rest of the ceremony takes
place in the amphitheater.
Veterans Day ceremonies at Arlington and elsewhere
are coordinated by the President’s Veterans Day
National Committee. Chaired by the Secretary of
Veterans Affairs, the committee represents national
veterans’ organizations.
Governors of many states and U.S. territories appoint
Veterans Day chairpersons who, in cooperation with
the National Committee and the Department of
Defense, arrange and promote local ceremonies.
Additional Information Additional information on the
history of Veterans Day, the Veterans Day National
Committee, the national ceremony, a gallery of
Veterans Day posters from 1978 to the present and a
colorful and informative Veterans Day Teacher’s
Resource Guide can be found on the Internet at
http://www.va.gov/vetsday/
 Thanksgiving in Thanksgiving in America
America vs. versus Thanksgiving in Canada
comparison chart
Thanksgiving in
Thanksgiving Thanksgiving
Canada in America in Canada
www.diffen.com
Yes -- No --
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Holiday is observed Atlantic
in all 50 Canada (NL,
states in the NS, NB, PEI)
U.S.
In the United States, Thanksgiving is
celebrated on the fourth Thursday of Origins Thanksgiving What
November but in Canada, it is celebrated on was founded started out
the second Monday in October (which as a religious as a
is Columbus Day in the U.S.). While Americans observance religious
and Canadians both celebrate Thanksgiving for all the feast about
Day, there are several differences between members of giving
the traditions and practices in the two the thanks for a
neighboring countries. community bountiful
to give harvest, has
Thanksgiving in America thanks to evolved into
versus Thanksgiving in Canada God for a one of the
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purpose. important
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in America in Canada reasons for on the
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Date of 4th Thursday 2nd Monday thanksgivings calendar.
celebration in November in October are: the 1541
Weekend Four day Three day thanksgiving
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Significance Thankful for Thank God Vásque
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generosity of
Thanksgiving in Canada originated purely as a
Native
harvest festival. On January 31, 1957, the
Americans
Canadian Parliament proclaimed:
A Day of General Thanksgiving to Almighty
God for the bountiful harvest with which
Canada has been blessed – to be observed on
the 2nd Monday in October.
English explorer Martin Frobisher hosted the
first Canadian Thanksgiving. It was held in
what is now Newfoundland during his
expedition's attempts to find the Northwest
Passage to the Orient in 1578 and marked
their safe arrival to the New World. So it was
not hosted to celebrate a bountiful harvest.
With time, French, Scottish and German
immigrants to Canada added some of their
traditions to the harvest festival. American
traditions like the turkey were added by
the United Empire Loyalists around the time
of the American Revolution.
The first American Thanksgiving was
celebrated 43 years later in 1621 at the site of
Plymouth Plantation, in Massachusetts.
The Wampanoag Native Americans helped
the pilgrims who arrived in Massachusetts
cultivate the land and fish, saving them from
starvation. At harvest time in the winter of
1621, they were very thankful that they had a
good crop of food to eat during the coming
winter. They thanked God and the
Wampanoags for teaching them how to grow
crops. The Thanksgiving holiday became a
national phenomenon during the Civil War
and a true national holiday during FDR's
presidency. This article in the New York
Times describes in detail the history of the
Thanksgiving holiday and its various
proponents, from Sara Hale to George
Washington to Lincoln to Franklin Roosevelt.
Date of Thanksgiving
In the United States, Thanksgiving was
observed on various dates but by the mid-
20th century, most states celebrated on the
last Thursday in November. On December 26,
1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed a
bill into law making Thanksgiving a national
holiday and settling it to the 4th Thursday in
November. The day after Thanksgiving is also
a holiday so Thanksgiving is always a 4-day
weekend for Americans.
Similarly, in Canada, the festival did not have
a fixed date until the late 19th century, at
which time it was typically held on November
6. In 1957 the Canadian Parliament
proclaimed Thanksgiving to be observed on
the 2nd Monday of October. Thanksgiving is a
3-day weekend in Canada.
Differences in Traditions
There are many common Thanksgiving
traditions in Canada and the United States.
Travel and family
In both countries Thanksgiving is a time to get
together with family. In the U.S. the
Thanksgiving holiday weekend is the busiest
travel day of the year. Some Canadians use
the 3-day holiday for a weekend getaway.
Thanksgiving meal
During the American Revolution, Americans
loyal to England moved to Canada and
brought along Thanksgiving customs and
practices. So there are many similarities in
the Thanksgiving meals in both countries.
A traditional Thanksgiving meal
The featured item in a traditional
Thanksgiving meal in America
is turkey (Thanksgiving is sometimes called
"Turkey Day"). The meal is usually a feast
cooked for 5-10 people because families (and
friends) often get together on this day.
Stuffing, mashed potatoes with gravy, sweet
potatoes, cranberry sauce, sweet corn, other
fall vegetables, and pumpkin pie are
commonly associated with Thanksgiving
dinner.
There are some differences
between Canadian and American
recipes for Thanksgiving. For
example,
 Canadian pumpkin pie is spicy, with
ginger, nutmeg, cloves and cinnamon,
while American pumpkin pie is typically
sweet and has custard in it.
 Canadians bake their sweet
potatoes or mash them into a puree,
while Americans add butter, sugar
and spices to make a casserole topped
with marshmallows.
 Canadians use bread crumbs or rice for
stuffing and in the U.S. stuffing is made
with cornbread base in Southern
states, oysters are used in the Eastern
states and the Northern states use rice
like Canadians.
 Canadians traditionally serve wheat-
based rolls of bread with Thanksgiving
dinner, while Americans tend to serve
corn bread rolls, muffins or sliced
loaves.
 The traditional Thanksgiving meal is
dinner on Thursday in the U.S. whereas
in Canada the feast could be held
either on Sunday or Monday.
Shopping
In America the day after Thanksgiving is
characterized by heavy shopping, encouraged
by several enticing deals and discounts
offered by retailers. Stores typically open
early on Friday morning and people line up at
night to be the first ones through the door
when stores open so that they get the
choicest "door buster" deals. The day is called
"Black Friday" because traditionally that is the
day when retail stores go from red to black
(turn a profit) for the year. The Monday after
Thanksgiving is called "Cyber Monday"
because of the heavy online shopping people
do on that day.
Parades and Football
Thanksgiving in the United States is
characterized by large parades, the Macy's
Parade being most well-known. Parades in
Canada are smaller and at a local level. The
Kitchener-Waterloo Oktoberfest parade
serves as Canada's only Thanksgiving Day
parade and is broadcast nationwide.
Canadians also enjoy football on Thanksgiving
Day - the Canadian Football League holds a
nationally televised doubleheader known as
the "Thanksgiving Day Classic".

Who Was D.B. Cooper?
And how did the infamous 1971 skyjacker vanish
into thin air with $200,000?
BY: ELLA MORTON WWW.HISTORY.COM
UPDATED: MAY 8, 2023 | ORIGINAL: MAY 13, 2015
BETTMANN ARCHIVE/GETTY IMAGES
It's the only unsolved hijacking case in the history of
commercial aviation. On the afternoon of November
24, 1971—Thanksgiving Eve—a man aboard a flight
from Portland to Seattle threatened to detonate a
bomb if he didn't receive a hefty ransom. Once he got
the money, the hijacker released all passengers and
ordered the crew to fly to Mexico. En route, with cash
in hand, the man parachuted from the aircraft.
This man was known as D.B. Cooper. After a 45-year
FBI investigation, his identity, whereabouts and
motive remain unknown. No one even knows whether
he survived the jump—and one of the prime suspects
died in 2019
. en route to the next destination, he jumped from the
The FBI's extensive record on D.B. Cooper describes
him as a "white male, 6'1" tall, 170-175 pounds, age-
mid-forties, olive complexion, brown eyes, black hair,
conventional cut, parted on left." Cooper boarded
Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 305, he settled in his
aisle seat at the rear of the 727, lit a cigarette, and
ordered a bourbon and soda. Then he handed a note
to Florence Schaffner, a 23-year-old flight attendant.
"I have a bomb in my briefcase," it read. "I want you to
sit next to me."
Schaffner did as instructed. Cooper told her the rest
of his demands: $200,000 and four parachutes,
delivered on landing at Sea-Tac Airport. While police
and airline staff on the ground scrambled to
assemble the money and chutes, the pilots flew in
circles above Seattle. Passengers were told that a
minor mechanical issue had forced the plane to burn
fuel, prolonging a flight that would normally take 30
minutes.
After three-and-a-half hours in the air, the 727 finally
landed. Having received his money and parachutes,
Cooper dismissed all 36 passengers and two of the
six crew members. The plane refueled and took off for
Cooper's next requested destination: Mexico, via
Reno and Yuma to refuel. During the first leg, with the
crew in the cockpit, Cooper lowered the rear stairs
and parachuted into a thunderstorm. He has never
been found.
The FBI followed thousands of leads to find Cooper,
considering more than 800 suspects in the five years
following the incident. Below are some men who have
been considered suspects.
Richard McCoy, Jr.
AP PHOTO CONVICTED SKYJACKER RICHARD F. MCCOY JR. , WHO
BAILED OUT OF A JETL INER WI TH $500 ,000 IN 19 72.
On April 7, 1972, a man traveling under a fake name
boarded a Newark-Los Angeles flight. Shortly after
take-off, he handed a note to one of the flight
attendants. The note demanded $500,000 and four
parachutes. If these were not furnished, the man, a
seasoned skydiver and helicopter pilot, would bomb
the plane. The 727 landed and refueled, the hijacker
exchanged passengers for cash and parachutes, and,
rear stairs to freedom. Sound familiar?
This hijacking occurred less than five months after
the D.B. Cooper incident, leading many to suspect
that the same culprit may have been responsible. The
perpetrator of the April crime, Richard McCoy, Jr., was
convicted of air piracy and received a 45-year prison
sentence. On August 10, 1974, however, he and
some fellow inmates hijacked a garbage truck and
escaped their Pennsylvania penitentiary. When the
FBI finally tracked McCoy down in Virginia three
months later, a shoot-out left him dead.
Sheridan Peterson
A more under-the-radar suspect through the years has
been Sheridan Peterson, who fell under suspicion
within a week of the skyjacking but wasn't interviewed
by the FBI until decades later. Peterson, a former
Boeing employee, worked in the department that
wrote the flight manual for the Boeing 727 jet that
was hijacked—a familiarity that might explain how the
perpetrator knew the aircraft had back stairs he could
open and jump from. An accomplished skydiver,
Peterson worked for a time as a smokejumper in
Montana. He also worked at the Issaquah Skydive
Center in the early 1960s—the same place that would
later provide parachutes used by Cooper in his
escape.
Unlike descriptions of Cooper, however, Peterson has
blue eyes, not brown. And while Cooper had chain-
smoked on the flight, Peterson is not known to have
been a smoker. At the time of the hijacking, Peterson
told authorities, he was living with his wife and family
in Nepal, although he offered no definitive proof that
he hadn't traveled back at the time of the hijacking.
Robert Rackstraw
BETTMANN ARCHIVE/GETTY IMAGES THE NORTHWEST
AIRLINES 727 ON T HE RUNWAY DURING THE D. B.
COOPER HIJA CKING ON& NBSP; NOVEMBER 24, 1971.
Back in the 1970s, pilot and former paratrooper
Robert Rackstraw had a whole lot going on. Grand
theft, $75,000 worth of bad checks, and the possible
murder of his stepfather were just a few of the
infractions for which authorities nabbed him. After
being acquitted of the murder charge, Rackstraw saw
fit to fake his own death in 1978 by logging a false
mayday call from a rented plane in northern
California. He spent two years in prison for check
fraud and theft of an aircraft.
In the 2016 book The Last Master Outlaw, authors
Thomas J. Colbert and Tom Szollosi
presented evidence gathered during a five-year
investigation into Rackstraw's past. They concluded
he was the legendary hijacker, a claim Rackstraw's
lawyer called "the stupidest thing I've ever heard."
Rackstraw died from a heart condition on July 9,
2019.
Kenneth Christiansen
Kenneth Christiansen had a more direct link to the
Cooper incident: he had worked for Northwest—the
hijacked airline—as a mechanic, flight attendant and
purser. Kenneth's brother Lyle claims that when
Kenneth was on his deathbed in 1994, he said,
"There is something you should know, but I cannot tell
you!"
Kenneth had been a military paratrooper. The year
after the D.B. Cooper hijacking, despite being on a
modest flight attendant's salary, he bought a house in
cash.
Clues in the D.B. Cooper Case
BETTMANN ARCHIVE/GETTY IMAGES DECOMPOSED $20 BILLS , BELIEVED
TO BE THE MONEY GIVE N T O HIJACKER D.B. C OOPER, FROM 1 971.
THE MONEY WAS FOUND IN 19 80 BY AN 8 -YEAR-OLD BOY ON THE
SHORE OF COLUMBIA RI VER PARTIALLY BURIED IN THE SAN D.
Cannily, Cooper had taken his ransom note back from
the flight attendant, so investigators were unable to
examine it. Cooper did leave a few traces behind,
though: some cigarette butts, a hair on the headrest
of his seat and a clip-on necktie, which he tore from
his collar before hurtling himself from the plane.
Unfortunately, the FBI could not get any fingerprints
from the items.
Though it was initially believed that Cooper was a
battle-scarred skydiver—perhaps a paratrooper—
further analysis found that he was likely no expert.
"No experienced parachutist would have jumped in
the pitch-black night, in the rain, with a 200-mile-an-
hour wind in his face, wearing loafers and a trench
coat," said FBI Special Agent Larry Carr in 2007.
Investigators also thought Cooper acted alone. If he
had worked with an accomplice, he would have
requested a much more specific flight path rather
than saying "Fly to Mexico" and jumping out when
visibility was poor.
In 1980, a child's discovery reignited interest in the
mystery. Eight-year-old Brian Ingram was digging in
the sand on the banks of Washington's Columbia
River when he found a bundle of rotting $20 bills
totaling $5,800. When his parents contacted the
police, they learned the serial numbers on the cash
matched those from the stash given to D.B. Cooper.
Aside from the few items left behind on the plane, this
is the only material evidence found from the
hijacking. Six years after he discovered the money,
Ingram was allowed to keep $2,760 of it. In 2008 he
sold 15 of the fragmented $20 bills at auction for
$37,433.38.
In the wake of the hijacking, the Federal Aviation
Administration ordered that "Cooper vanes," named
after the elusive D.B., must be installed in all Boeing
727 aircraft. A Cooper vane is a small latch fitted to
the outside of all planes with rear stairs. The latch
prevents anyone from opening the door mid-flight,
just as D.B. Cooper did as he leaped into the air—and
vanished into obscurity.
 Fall of Berlin Wall:
How 1989 reshaped
the modern world
www.bbc.com 5 November 2019
World events often move fast, but it is hard to match the pace and
power of change in 1989. IMAGE SOURCE, GETTY IMAGES
It culminated in one of the most famous scenes in
recent history - the fall of the Berlin Wall.
The wall came down partly because of a bureaucratic
accident but it fell amid a wave of revolutions that left
the Soviet-led communist bloc teetering on the brink of
collapse and helped define a new world order.
How did the Wall come down?
It was on 9 November 1989, five days after half a
million people gathered in East Berlin in a mass protest,
that the Berlin Wall dividing communist East Germany
from West Germany crumbled.
East German leaders had tried to calm mounting
protests by loosening the borders, making travel easier
for East Germans. They had not intended to open the
border up completely.
The changes were meant to be fairly minor - but the
way they were delivered had major consequences.
Notes about the new rules were handed to a
spokesman, Günter Schabowski - who had no time to
read them before his regular press conference. When
he read the note aloud for the first time, reporters
were stunned.
"Private travel outside the country can now be applied
for without prerequisites," he said. Surprised journalists
clamored for more details.
Shuffling through his notes, Mr Schabowski said that as
far as he was aware, it was effective immediately.
In fact, it had been planned to start the next day, with
details on applying for a visa.
But the news was all over television - and East Germans
flocked to the border in huge numbers.
Harald Jäger, a border guard in charge that
evening, told Der Spiegel in 2009 that he had watched
the press conference in confusion - and then watched
the crowd arrive.
There were emotional scenes as East Berliners entered the
West IMAGE SOURCE, GETTY IMAGES
Mr Jäger frantically called his superiors, but they gave
no orders either to open the gate - or to open fire to
stop the crowd. With only a handful of guards facing
hundreds of angry citizens, force would have been of
little use.
"People could have been injured or killed even without
shots being fired, in scuffles, or if there had been panic
among the thousands gathered at the border crossing,"
he told Der Spiegel.
"That's why I gave my people the order: Open the
barrier!"
Thousands flowed through, celebrating and crying, in
scenes beamed around the world. Many climbed the
wall at Berlin's Brandenburg gate, chipping away at the
wall itself with hammers and pickaxes.
A turbulent year had reached a climax.
Why did the Wall come down?
After World War Two, Europe was carved up by the
Soviet Union and its former Western allies, and the
Soviets gradually erected an "Iron Curtain" splitting the
East from the West.
Defeated Germany was divided up by the occupying
powers - the US, UK, France and the USSR - with the
eastern part occupied by the Soviets. East Germany,
officially known as the German Democratic Republic,
became the Soviet Union's foothold in Western Europe.
But Berlin was split four ways, with British, French and
American zones in the west of the city and a Soviet
zone in the east. West Berlin became an island
surrounded by communist East Germany.
The wall was eventually built in 1961 because East
Berlin was hemorrhaging people to the West.
By the 1980s, the Soviet Union faced acute economic
problems and major food shortages, and when a
nuclear reactor at the Chernobyl power station in
Ukraine exploded in April 1986, it was a symbolic
moment in the impending collapse of the communist
bloc.
Mikhail Gorbachev, the comparatively young Soviet
leader who took power in 1985, introduced a reform
policy of "glasnost" (openness) and "perestroika"
(restructuring).
But events moved far faster than he could have
foreseen.
Revolutionary wave
Reform movements were already stirring in the
communist bloc. Years of activism and strikes in Poland
culminated in its ruling communist party voting to
legalize the banned Solidarity trade union.
By February 1989, Solidarity was in talks with the
government, and partially free elections in the summer
saw it capture seats in parliament. Though the
Communists retained a quota of seats, Solidarity swept
the board wherever it was allowed to stand.
Poland's Solidarity movement was successful in partially free
elections IMAGE SOURCE GETTY IMAGES
Hungarians, too, launched mass demonstrations for
democracy in March. In May, 150 miles (240km) of
barbed wire were dismantled along the border with
Austria - the first chink in the Iron Curtain. Hungary's
1956 revolution was brutally suppressed by the Soviets,
but this was succeeding.
By August, the revolutionary wave had truly re-ignited
on the fringes. Two million people across Estonia, Latvia
and Lithuania - then part of the Soviet Union - held one
of the most memorable demonstrations of the so-called
Singing Revolution when they formed a 370-mile
(600km) human chain across the Baltic republics calling
for independence.
Many East Germans were overcome by emotion as they crossed
into Austria IMAGE SOURCE, GETTY IMAGES
In the heat of August, Hungary opened it borders to
Austria in the west, allowing East German refugees an
escape.
The Iron Curtain was buckling.
Czechoslovakia, whose push for liberalizing reform had
been brutally suppressed in 1968, provided another
means of escape. East Germans could travel to the
neighboring socialist nation without restriction, and
began to flood the West German embassy there by the
hundreds, eventually being evacuated to the West by
train.
East Germany ended up closing its border with
Czechoslovakia in October to stem the tide.
But by then the revolution had spread to East Germany
itself.
East Germany rebels
It began with demonstrators rallying for freedom in the
center of the city of Leipzig.
On 9 October, within days of East Germany celebrating
its 40th anniversary, 70,000 people took to the streets.
There were calls for free elections from West Germany,
and talk of reform from East Germany's new
communist leader Egon Krenz. No-one knew the fall of
the Wall was weeks away.
In late October parliament in Hungary, which had been
among the first to hold mass demonstrations, adopted
legislation providing for direct presidential elections
and multi-party parliamentary elections.
And then on 31 October, the numbers demanding
democracy in East Germany swelled to half a million.
Mr. Krenz flew to Moscow for meetings - he recently
told the BBC that he had been assured German
reunification was not on the agenda.
On 4 November, a month after the East German
protests had begun, around half a million people
gathered in Alexanderplatz in the heart of East Berlin.
Three days later, the government resigned. But there
was no intention to give way to democracy and Egon
Krenz remained head of the Communist Party and the
country's de facto leader.
He would not be there long. Five days later; Mr.
Schabowski gave his world-changing press conference.
Why didn't the Soviets use force?
Earlier in '89, Beijing demonstrators in Tiananmen
Square who had called for democracy in China were
crushed in a major military crackdown.
The USSR had used its military to put down rebellions
before. So why not now?
Within the Soviet Union itself, it did, killing 21 pro-
independence protesters in the Soviet republic of
Georgia. But elsewhere in the communist bloc, they did
not.
In a break with Soviet policy, Mikhail Gorbachev
decided against using the threat of military might to
quell mass demonstrations and political revolution in
neighboring countries.
"We now have the Frank Sinatra doctrine," foreign
ministry spokesman Gennady Gerasimov told US
television. "He has a song, `I (Did) It My Way.' So every
country decides on its own which road to take."
A new chapter in European history
On 3 December, Mr. Gorbachev and US President
George HW Bush sat side by side in Malta, and released
a statement saying the Cold War between the two
powers was coming to a close.
More than half a million people gathered in Prague for this
November 1989 demonstration as Czechoslovak communism
was overthrown IMAGE SOURCE, GETTY IMAGES
The 1989 wave of revolutions was not over yet.
Student demonstrators in Prague clashed with police,
triggering the Velvet Revolution which overthrew
Czechoslovak communism within weeks.
In Romania, demonstrations ended in violence and saw
the fall of communist dictator Nicolae Ceausescu. A
new government took over as the ousted leader fled his
palace and angry crowds stormed it.
The Romanian revolution was the only one in Eastern Europe that
year that saw bloodshed IMAGE SOURCE, GETTY IMAGES
He and his wife Elena were captured and executed on
Christmas Day. More than 1,000 people were killed in
unrest before and after the revolution, setting Romania
apart from the largely bloodless events elsewhere.
Postscript to 1989
And the Soviet Union itself?
In 1990, Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia took advantage of
their new-found political freedoms to vote out their
communist governments and make moves towards
independence. The Soviet Union was falling apart, but
Mr Gorbachev made one last ill-fated attempt to
reform it by calling together the leaders of the 15 Soviet
republics.
Hardline communists opposed to his reforms pre-
empted him, attempting a coup while he was on
holiday in Crimea in August 1991 and putting him under
house arrest.
The coup was defeated in three days as pro-democracy
forces rallied round Boris Yeltsin, president of the
Russian republic.
But it was the death knell for the USSR, and one by one
its constituent republics declared independence. By the
end of the year the Soviet flag had flown for the last
time.
Susan B. Anthony
Arrested for Voting in
Presidential Election
https://worldhistory.us/ November 5, 2016
Susan B. Anthony
On this day in history, November 5, 1872, Susan B.
Anthony and 14 women in Rochester, N.Y., defied the
law by attempting to vote in a presidential election. She
was later arrested, tried, found guilty and fined.
Born into a strict Quaker family in Massachusetts in
1820, Susan was a precocious child and learned to read
and write at age three. After her education, she taught
at a female Quaker boarding school in upstate New
York.
Anthony then settled in her family home in Rochester,
New York, where she began her work on behalf of
temperance. The women’s suffrage movement evolved
from both the abolitionist and temperance crusades.
“The Revolution” Published
In July 1848, 300 suffragists met at the women’s rights
conference in Seneca Falls, New York. Quaker women
presented the Declaration of Sentiments, which
included a suffrage resolution. Exactly 100 of the
attendees signed the document.
In 1854, Anthony devoted herself to the anti-slavery
movement and became an agent for the American Anti-
Slavery Society. Then, she began to publish the New
York liberal weekly, The Revolution.
The journal’s motto was: “The true republic — men,
their rights and nothing more; women, their rights and
nothing less.” Anthony was the publisher and business
manager, and Elizabeth Cady Stanton was the editor.
They had met at the Seneca Falls convention.
The Revolution promoted women’s and African-
Americans’ right to suffrage, but also discussed issues
like equal pay for equal work, more liberal divorce laws,
and the church’s position on women’s issues.
After the Civil War, Anthony and Stanton formed the
National Woman Suffrage Association, and Lucy Stone
organized the American Woman Suffrage Association,
later combined into the National American Woman
Suffrage Association, with Anthony serving as president
in the early 1890s.
Anthony Defies the Law
When Congress aimed to pass an amendment giving
black men the vote, Anthony urged that it be granted to
women as well. When this failed, she adopted a new
strategy that interpreted the 14th Amendment as
granting all Americans citizenship and voting rights.
Anthony led a group of women, including her three
sisters, to a voter registration office in Rochester on
November 1, 1872, and demanded they be permitted
to register. She expected to be denied this request, but
she convinced the authorities to register her and the
others after threatening to go to court.
Four days later, Anthony arrived at the West End News
Depot in the city to vote. She voted for every
Republican on the ballot, including President Ulysses
Grant. Two of the three inspectors made her vote
official.
However, on November 14, the U.S. commissioner
issued a warrant for the arrest of Anthony and the
other women for voting “without having a lawful right
to vote,” a violation of the Enforcement Act of 1870.
Anthony Arrested for Voting
Four days later, a deputy marshal arrived at Anthony’s
house and asked that she turn herself in. She
demanded that she be “arrested properly,” forcing him
to handcuff her. A grand jury indicted her in January
1873. After she was released on bail, Anthony toured
the area around Rochester delivering speeches.
“It was we, the people; not we, the white male citizens;
nor yet we, the male citizens; but we, the whole
people, who formed the Union,” she declared. “And it is
a downright mockery to talk to women of their
enjoyment of the blessings of liberty while they are
denied the use of the only means of securing them
provided by this democratic-republican government — “In fighting for the vote, women have shown a passion
the ballot.” of earnestness, persistence, and above all a command
of both tactics and strategy, which have amazed our
Anthony’s lawyer argued at her trial in June that she did
master politicians,” wrote The New York Times in an
not violate the Enforcement Act, which states that a
editorial. “A new force has invaded public life.”
person cannot knowingly vote illegally because she
believed she had the right to vote. Supported by recent Anthony’s image was chosen for a commemorative
Supreme Court cases, the judge found that the 14th stamp in 1936, and she was honored with the Susan B.
Amendment did not guarantee women the right to Anthony dollar coin in 1979, making her the first
vote. woman to be depicted on American currency.
He also ruled that Anthony was aware that she could And her words live on, too. “I shall earnestly and
not legally vote, and fined her $100 plus court costs. persistently continue to urge all women to the practical
She refused to pay the fine, and the authorities did not recognition of the old revolutionary maxim,” she said.
try very hard to collect it. A year later, the Supreme “Resistance to tyranny is obedience to God.”
Court ruled that states were not required to allow
women the right to vote.
The Suffragette Movement
Soon, the suffragettes changed their strategy to a
constitutional amendment guaranteeing women the
right to vote, which was introduced in Congress in
1878. Wyoming became the first state to allow women
to vote in 1890, and nine other states did so by 1912.
Anthony organized the International Council of Women
in 1888 and the International Woman Suffrage Alliance
in 1904. Then, she remained in Rochester, where she
died of heart disease and pneumonia in 1906.
Although Anthony did not live to see the victory of
suffrage for women, the establishment of the 19th
Amendment to the Constitution was largely due to her
efforts, as well as those of millions of other American
women.
In 1914, the National Federation of Women’s Clubs,
with more than two million members, endorsed
suffrage and, in 1916-17, members of the new National
Women’s Party held hunger strikes and picketed the
White House to publicize the cause.
Both the Democratic and Republican parties endorsed
women’s suffrage by 1916. And a turning point was
reached when New York adopted it in 1917 and
President Woodrow Wilson supported the amendment
in 1918.
The 19th Amendment
The 19th Amendment — which states that “the right of
citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied
or abridged by the United States or by any state on
account of sex” — was finally ratified on August 18,
1920.
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 Teen time
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BEING A
LEARNER
New Books www.teenagerswith
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YA fiction
6/2/2019
Jennifer L. Barnes The Brothers
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It’s also super important to stay in a
place you’re comfortable with. Your
instructor will build your skills up and
might push you to do things you don’t
feel ready for so make sure you’re
clear. If they want you to go to a big
roundabout but you’re not ready, ask
to stick to smaller ones. You will have
to deal with them eventually but as
aforementioned, it’s about building
skill and doing things when you’re
ready.
This especially applies if you’re out in
your car/your parent's car with
someone who’s not an instructor -
the law in the UK states anyone can
take you out, provided they’re in the
passenger seat, 21 or over and have
held a full license for at least three
years. If you’re going out with
between lessons, then build on the
skill you have rather than try to make
new ones. This means practicing
certain maneuvers that may have
come up in your lessons or going on
roundabouts you’ve become familiar
with during the lessons as well. I’ve
found that I’ve picked up bad habits
when trying to learn something new
with my mum in the car - your
instructor will teach you everything to
test standard so don’t do anything
that would go against it.
Another thing to remember is that it
might take time. Some people learn
to drive in four months, whilst others
take nine months and some take
years. It may be that it’s not a priority
for you, or you just don’t pick up
certain things. That’s 100% fine - it
took me almost six weeks to change
gears properly. You’ll get used to the
car you’re learning (or your own/your
parent's car) and it’ll come naturally
eventually.
Lastly, explore automatic cars.
Manual cars, for learners, can be
quite stressful - worrying about
changing gears adds to the
multitasking and having a clutch
pedal adds a whole extra one to the
mix. Automatic cars can’t stall and
they don’t have a clutch; you only
have to occasionally worry about
shifting the lever between drive, park
and neutral. It may be worth trying
both; I did and found that I preferred
a manual car, but I know a few other
people have found automatic cars to
be the most preferable option. The
only downside is that you can’t drive
a manual car if you pass on an
automatic test but it’s hardly limiting.
It might be that you pass a test in an
automatic and move onto a clutch
after a few years of experience.
Automatic cars are hugely popular in
America; only eighteen percent of
people in the USA drive a manual
and ninety-five percent of cars
manufactured have automatic shift
boxes. It really can make the driving
experience better and may be a
worthwhile option for you.
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How many do you see?
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 Roasted
Butternut
Squash with
Onions,
Spinach, and
Cranberries
www.allrecipes.com Recipe by Marcia
Updated on September 25, 2023
A delicious deviation from the typical squash
preparation, this recipe has kind of a nutty flavor with
or without the nuts. Good as-is, but of course each
person can salt and pepper their own serving to taste.
The leftovers are good served as a cold salad if you
don't like the cooked spinach that results from re-
heating. Almonds and walnuts can be used in addition
to or instead of the pecans.
Prep Time: 15 minutes Cook Time: 25 minutes
Total Time: 40 minites Servings: 6
Ingredients
 1 butternut squash
 1 cup chopped red onion
 2 tablespoons olive oil
 3 ounces fresh spinach, stems removed
and leaves torn in bite-size pieces
 ⅓ cup sweetened dried cranberries (such
as Craisins)
 ⅓ cup chopped pecans (Optional)
Directions
1. Preheat oven to 450 degrees F (230
degrees C). Lightly grease a baking sheet.
2. Slice butternut squash cross-wise into 1-
inch slices; peel and clean each slice,
removing and discarding seeds and
stringy pulp from the center. Cut cleaned
slices into 1-inch cubes.
3. Toss squash cubes, onion, and olive oil
together in a bowl until coated; transfer
to the prepared baking sheet.
4. Roast in the preheated oven until squash
is tender and starting to brown, 25 to 30
minutes.
5. Toss squash mixture, spinach, dried
cranberries, and pecans together in a
serving bowl and serve warm.
Acorn
Candy
Cookies
www.allrecipes.com
Recipe by What's for dinner, mom?
Updated on July 20, 2015
Cute little treats all on their own or a fun decoration
for your cupcakes! Enjoy as is or use to decorate
cupcakes. If you are good at piping try adding some
colored leaves made of frosting to the top of the
Nilla® Wafer.
Prep Time: 15 minutes Add’l Time: 30 minutes
Total Time: 45 minutes
Servings: 24 Yield: 2 dozen acorns
Ingredients
 1 tablespoon prepared chocolate frosting
 24 milk chocolate candy kisses (such as
Hershey's Kisses®), unwrapped
 24 mini vanilla wafer cookies (such as
Nilla®)
 24 butterscotch chips
Directions
Smear a small amount of frosting onto the flat
bottom of a candy kiss. Press onto the flat
bottom of the vanilla wafer. Smear a little more
frosting onto the flat bottom of a butterscotch
chip, and press onto the rounded top of the
cookie. Repeat with remaining ingredients. Set
aside to dry, about 30 minutes.
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