CHEMISTRY OF WATER

Water molecule – Made up of Three atoms one is oxygen and 2 Hydrogen

CHARACTERISTIC OF WATER MOLECULE

- OXYGEN attracts more than its fair share of electrons
- OXYGEN ENDS acts NEGATIVE
- HYDROGEN ENDS acts POSITIVE
- cause the water to be polar
- Water is NEUTRAL

NEUTRAL – equal number of electron and proton

HYDROGEN BOND - negative oxygen end is attracted to the positive hydrogen end of another molecule to form
hydrogen bond
- Exist between water molecules
- form between a highly electronegative atom of polar molecule and a hydrogen
- One hydrogen bond is week while MANY are strong

PROPERTIES OF WATER MOLECULES

COHESION - attraction between particles of the same product ( water attracted to water) which results in surface
tension ( measure of the strength of water’s surface) also produces surface film.

ADHESION – attraction between two different substances causing the capillary action which when the water is towing
each other along

HIGH SPECIFIC HEAT – amount of heat needed to raise or lower 1g of substance

HIGH HEAT OF VAPORIZATION - amount of heat needed to change 1g of substance to gas/ hydrogen bond needs to be
broken for evaporation to happen
- in order for water to evaporate, each gram needs 540 cal/g
LESS DENSE AS A SOLID – mas masikip daw kapag liquid sya kesa sa solid less dense kapag solid

PROPERTIES OF WATER
Dipolar - having equal and opposite electric charges or magnetic poles
Water molecules forms hydrogen bond
universal solvent
Has high surface tension
cohesive and adhesive
has high specific heat capacity
water in pure state has neutral pH
has high latent heat of vaporization – eto 1 g ang sukatan per substance
has high latent heat of fusion – eto naman per kilo

PARAMETERS OF NATURAL WATER

1. Temperature - necessary to consider their maximum temperature and optimum temperature for organisms to survive
Maximum – the highest temperature were the organisms can survive.
Optimum – in which it will Thrive
2. pH – measure of the solutions acidity
 - if the pH level is too low or too high organisms will die
- can also affect the solubility and toxicity of chemicals and heavy metals in water
- majority of aquatic creatures prefer a pH range of 6.5-9.5
3. Turbidity – caused by particles suspended or dissolved in water that scatter light making the water cloudy.
harmful daw kasi yung direct daw na ganto sa mga fish eh nakakamatay tas di daw makapagdevelop mga
organisms sa tubig
4. Dissolved Oxygen – oxygen gas molecules present in water. / product of photosynthesis of plants in water
5. Nitrate - Nitrogen is essential for all living things as it is a component of protein
6. Phosphate- small quantity is essential for plant growth and metabolic reactions.
- induced algal blooms that increase dissolved oxygen by photosynthesis but after it dies more oxygens
are consumed by bacteria and this may cause change in the types of plants which live in the ecosystem.
7. Coliform Bacteria - commonly found in soil, on vegetation, and in surface water. used as an indicator group to
determine the sanitary quality of drinking water because they are commonly found in the sewage
8. Hardness - amount of dissolved calcium and magnesium in the water.
9. Biochemical Oxygen demand - the amount of dissolved oxygen needed (i.e. demanded) by aerobic biological
organisms to break down organic material present in a given water sample at certain temperature over a specific time
period.

9. Biochemical Oxygen demand - the amount of dissolved oxygen needed (i.e. demanded) by aerobic biological
organisms to break down organic material present in a given water sample at certain temperature over a specific time
period.
Terms
Hydrosphere – the part of the earth that contains water.
Water Cycle - how water is exchanged through earth.
Evaporation – process were liquid change to gas
Condensation – gas to liquid/
Precipitation – not a process/ any liquid or solid water that falls to earth
Runoff - describes how water moves across land
Transpiration – process of water vapor being released from plants and soil.
water treatment process- any process that improves the quality of water
Floc - the particles bind with the chemicals and form larger particles

DRINKING WATER PROCESSES

Coagulation and flocculation
- chemicals with positive charge are added to water
-which neutralized the negative charge of impurities
Sedimentation
- flocs settles to the bottom of the water supply
Filtration
-edi finifilter
Disinfection
- adds disinfectant to the water after filtration such as chlorine etc.
Reverse Osmosis
- purification technology that uses a semipermeable membrane to remove ions, molecules and larger particles from
drinking water.

SEWAGE WATER TREATMENT PROCESS

- edi process ng paglinis ng tubig kanal para magamit.
Pre-treatment
 - screening and removal of large debris
Secondary Treatment
- introduction of oxygen and uses aerobic bacteria to break organic matter/ reduce the amount of contaminant
- air is pumped to the water to break bacteria
Final Treatment
- water is passed through settlement tank/ sludge if formed in the bottom of the tank when the bacteria settles
- almost free from harmful bacteria
-The water is allowed to flow over a wall where it is filtered through a bed of sand to remove any additional
particles

POLLUTION AND DEGRADATION OF WATER RESOURCES

Chemical pollution – edi nahahaluan ng harmful chemical like metals, mercury and etc
Thermal Pollution – heat from factories can decrease oxygen content and lead to fish kill
oil spills – self-explanatory
Plastics- nahahaluan ng kaibigan mo yung tubig

CHEMISTRY OF SOIL

Soil
- any material within 2 m of the Earth’s surface that is in contact with the atmosphere/ in short lupa
- natural body comprised of solids (minerals and organic matter), liquid, and gases that occurs on the land surface,
occupies space, and is characterized by
- horizons or layers that are distinguishable from the initial material and has the ability to support rooted plants
- 10 % of the earth's surface/ not all soil is optimal for agriculture.
- a 3dimensional body

Soil formation
- Parent material is slowly broken down by biological, chemical and physical weathering.
Biological
- brought about by various activities of living organisms.
Chemical
- caused by rain water reacting with the mineral grains in rocks to form new minerals
Physical
- process of rocks breaking apart without changing their chemical composition

SOIL COMPOSITION
45% Mineral particles 25% Water 25% Air 5% Organic matter
Soil Organism – millions in one teaspoon of fertile soil / provides ecological services
Soil Horizons - as soil thickens it forms a layer called horizons

LAYERS OF SOIL HORIZON

O horizon – humus or organic matter
A topsoil - Mostly minerals from parent material with organic matter incorporated.
E eluviated - - Leached of clay, minerals, and organic matter, leaving a concentration of sand and silt particles of quartz
or other resistant materials
B subsoil – rich in minerals move down form A or E
C parent material - deposit where the soil developed
R bedrock – mass of rock
IMPORTANCE OF SOIL
Resist changes in pH through their buffering capacity. Soils can neutralize acids or bases.
marami pa to di ko na nilagay commonsense lang kasi gaya ng habitat ng mga organisms ganern

PROPERTIES OF SOIL
Soil Porosity
-refers to the spaces between soil particles that contain air
two types of porosity
micropores - space diameter up to 20 μm can hold water and known as capillary pores
Macropores- space diameter up to 20 –50 μm cannot hold water and known as non-capillary pores

Soil texture -
- relative proportions of particles of various sizes such as sand, silt and clay in the soil.
Soil Color
- gives indication of the processes going on the soil
Soil Permeability
- ability of soil to transmit water and air
Inherit soil Fertility
- capability of the soil to provide nutrients to crops
Capacity to store water and moisture
- affects soil formation, its structure and stability, and erosion run-off.
pH of soil
- measure of its hydrogen ion concentration and indicates the acidity or alkalinity of the soil
- Optimum availability of nutrients occurs around pH=6.5
-Toxic concentrations of H and Al occur when the pH drops below 5.5.
Soil buffering capacity
- the capacity of the soil to resist pH change.

SOILS AND THE CARBON CYCLE

- Carbon (C) storage is an important ecosystem function of soils
SOIL AND THE WATER CYCLE
- functions of accepting, storing, transmitting and cleaning of water
- provide important ecosystem services
such as - provisioning services of food – water security – regulating services associated with moderation and purification
of water flows, – cultural services such as landscapes and water bodies that meet recreation and aesthetic values

SOIL EROSION
- accelerated removal of topsoil from the land surface through water, wind or tillage.
water erosion
- overland flow entrains soil particles detached by drop impact or runoff
wind erosion
- occurs when dry, loose, bare soil is subjected to strong winds
Tillage erosion
- direct down-slope movement of soil by tillage( preparation of land for growing crops)
SOIL RESTORATION
Organic soil amendments – such as compost, shredded tree bark, manure etc;

CHEMISTRY OF ATMOSPHERE

Environmental Chemistry
- study of the chemical process that occurs in Water, Air, Terrestrial, living environments, the effects of human activity
on them

Atmosphere
- filters out the harmful radiation
LAYERS OF ATMOSPHERE
Exosphere - last layer of the atmosphere, difficult to tell where it starts and stops, has very few atoms
Thermosphere – air is very thin, temperature changes due to solar activity,
Mesosphere – temperature drops
Stratosphere – contains ozone that absorbs much of sun’s ultraviolet rays
Troposphere - contains most cloud and weather

PHOTODISSOCIATION a
-process in which high-energy ultraviolet solar radiation is absorbed by molecules, causing their chemical bonds to break
PHOTOIONIZATION
- Process that absorbs high-energy solar radiation

Photo Chemical smog

- smog-producing pollutants enter the troposphere when fossil fuels such as coal, natural gas, and gasoline are
burned
Greenhouse Effect
- The greenhouse gases help to keep the temperature of the earth in balance
good ang greednhouse if balance pag sobra mas umiinit ang mundo

Cause of increase in greenhouse effect

Carbon Dioxide - added to the atmosphere when people burn coal, oil (gasoline), and natural gas FOSSIL FUELS,
Deforestation - clearing of forests, also increases the amount of CARBON DIOXIDE in the air because in photosynthesis
plants take in carbon dioxide and remove it from the atmosphere, they make oxygen
Volcanoes – adds CO2
Methane - produced when garbage is buried in landfills, from animal waste
As temperatures increase, evaporation increases which adds water vapor

Gases Due To Human Activities

Carbon Dioxide - excess burning of carbon-containing fuel.
Carbon Monoxide - produced by automobiles
Ozone - produced in the exhaust of internal combustion engine , and the variation of ozone concentration in the
stratosphere.
Nitrogen Oxides - due to the production of NO in the internal combustion engine.
Methane - produced due to treatments of large amount of waste.
Sulfur Oxides - produced in mining
Chlorofluorocarbons - gases used as refrigerant. When disposed into the atmosphere, they cause the ozone
concentration to decrease.

RA NO. 8749 – Philippine clean air act of 1999

- provides the policy framework for the country’s air quality management program.
DI KO NA SINAMA MGA PARAMETERS NETO PARA SAKIN KASI DI NA NEED MASYADO TINGNAN NYO NA LANG IF
WANT NYO