ORIGIN OF THE

EARTH

 COMPOSITION OF THE EARTH
 The Earth is composed of several layers with distinct characteristics.
The primary layers are:

Crust
Composition: Primarily composed of solid
rock. It includes the continental crust (made
mainly of granite) and the oceanic crust
(mostly basalt).

CRUST
 COMPOSITION OF THE EARTH
 The Earth is composed of several layers with distinct characteristics.
The primary layers are:

Mantle:
Composition: Mostly solid rock, but with some
partially molten areas. It consists of silicate
minerals rich in iron and magnesium. Outer

MANTLE
 COMPOSITION OF THE EARTH
 The Earth is composed of several layers with distinct characteristics.
The primary layers are:

Outer Core:
Composition: Predominantly composed of
liquid iron and nickel. The movement of
molten iron is responsible for the Earth's
OUTER CORE
magnetic field.
 COMPOSITION OF THE EARTH
 The Earth is composed of several layers with distinct characteristics.
The primary layers are:

Inner Core:
Composition: Solid iron and nickel due
to high pressure, despite high
temperatures. It is the Earth's innermost
layer. These layers are commonly
referred to as the Earth's structure and
are responsible for various geological
phenomena, including tectonic activity,
earthquakes, and the generation of the
planet's magnetic field
 STRUCTURE OF THE
EARTH
The Earth's structure is typically divided into several
layers based on composition and physical properties:

Crust:
Composition: Primarily solid rock.
Types: Continental crust (mainly granite) and oceanic crust (mostly
basalt).
Thickness: Varies from about 5 to 70 kilometers.

Mantle:
Composition: Solid rock with some partially molten regions.
Types: Upper mantle (partially molten) and lower mantle (mostly
solid).
Thickness: Extends from about 70 kilometers to about 2,900
kilometers below the Earth's surface.
 STRUCTURE OF THE
EARTH
The Earth's structure is typically divided into several layers based on composition and
physical properties:

OUTER CORE INNER CORE

Composition: Predominantly liquid iron and
nickel.
State: Molten.
Thickness: Extends from about 2,900 kilometers
to about 5,150 kilometers below the Earth's
surface.
Composition: Solid iron and nickel due to high
pressure.
State: Solid.
Thickness: Extends from about 5,150
kilometers to the Earth's center at
approximately 6,371 kilometers.

These layers collectively form the Earth's internal structure, and the interactions between them
contribute to geological processes and phenomena such as earthquakes, volcanic activity, and the
Earth's magnetic field.
 The Earth
Through Time
c

c
 Introduction
What is Geologic Time Scale?
Geologic Time Scale
Period Era

Epoch
Epoch Eon
Precambrian Eon
Phanerozoic Eon
•

•
LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE
 WHAT IS
ATMOSPHERE?
The atmosphere refers to the layer
of gases that surrounds the Earth.
It consists mainly of nitrogen and
oxygen, along with small amounts of
other gases. The atmosphere provides
vital protection, regulates
temperature, and supports weather
and climate systems.
LAYERS OF EARTH'S
ATMOSPHERE
Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere
Exosphere
TROPOSPHERE
The troposphere is the lowest layer of
Earth's atmosphere, extending from
the Earth's surface up to an average
altitude of about 12 kilometers

It is the layer where weather occurs,

and it is where we live and breathe.

Hot air balloons and airplanes fly within

the troposphere because it provides the
necessary conditions for safe and
efficient air travel.
STRATOSPHERE
The stratosphere is the layer of

Ozone Layer
Earth's atmosphere located above the
troposphere. It extends roughly from
an altitude of about 12 kilometers to 50
kilometers above the Earth's surface.

The stratosphere is also home to the

ozone layer, which shields the Earth
from harmful UV radiation.

Radiosondes can collect data and travel

up to the lower part of the
stratosphere.
MESOSPHERE
The mesosphere is the third layer of
Earth's atmosphere. It extends
approximately from an altitude of about
50 kilometers to 85 kilometers above
the Earth's surface.

The mesosphere is characterized by

thin air and low atmospheric pressure.
It is also the layer where meteors burn
up upon entry into the Earth's
atmosphere, creating the visual
phenomenon known as shooting stars.
THERMOSPHERE
The thermosphere is the fourth layer
of Earth's atmosphere. It begins
approximately at an altitude of 85
kilometers and has no clearly defined
upper boundary. The thermosphere is
primarily composed of individual gas
molecules, such as oxygen and
nitrogen, rather than molecular
combinations.
The thermosphere is also where the
auroras, such as the Northern Lights
and Southern Lights, occur.
EXOSPHERE
The exosphere is the outermost
layer of Earth's atmosphere, located
above the thermosphere. It is the
uppermost region of the atmosphere
and gradually transitions into the
vacuum of space.

The exosphere is where satellites

and other human-made objects in
Earth's orbit are found. Satellites
are strategically placed in orbit
within the exosphere to perform
their various functions.