Mohenjo-daro

Coordinates: 27°19′45″N 68°08′20″E

Mohenjo-daro (/moʊˌhɛndʒoʊ ˈdɑːroʊ/; Sindhi: ‫ﻤﻮﻫﻦ ﺟﻮ دڙو‬, lit. 'Mound of the

Mohenjo-daro
Dead Men'; Urdu: ‫[ ﻣﻮﺋﻦ ﺟﻮ دڑو‬muˑənⁱ dʑoˑ d̪əɽoˑ]) is an archaeological site in
Larkana District, Sindh, Pakistan. Built c. 2500 BCE, it was the largest
settlement of the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation, and one of the world's
earliest major cities, contemporaneous with the civilizations of ancient Egypt,
Mesopotamia, Minoan Crete, and Norte Chico.[2][3]

With an estimated population of at least 40,000 people, Mohenjo-daro

prospered for several centuries, but by c. 1700 BCE had been abandoned,[4]
along with other large cities of the Indus Valley Civilization.

The site was not rediscovered until the 1920s. Significant excavation has since
been conducted at the site of the city, which was designated a UNESCO World
Heritage Site in 1980, the first site in South Asia to be so designated.[5] The site
is currently threatened by erosion and improper restoration.[6]

Etymology
The city's original name is unknown. Based on his analysis of a Mohenjo-daro
seal, Iravatham Mahadevan speculates that the city's ancient name could have
been Kukkuṭārma ("the city [-rma] of the cockerel [kukkuta]"). Cock-fighting
may have had ritual and religious significance for the city. Mohenjo-daro may
also have been a point of diffusion for the clade of the domesticated chicken
found in Africa, Western Asia, Europe and the Americas.[7]

Mohenjo-daro, the modern name for the site, has been interpreted as "Mound of
the Dead" in Sindhi.[3][8]
Shown within Sindh

Location Show map of Sindh

Show map of Pakistan
Show map of South Asia
Mohenjo-daro is located off the right (west) bank of the lower[9] Indus river in
Larkana District, Sindh, Pakistan. It lies on a Pleistocene ridge in the flood plain Show all
of the Indus, around 28 kilometres (17 mi) from the town of Larkana.[10] Location Larkana District, Sindh,
Pakistan

Historical context Coordinates 27°19′45″N 68°08′20″E

Type Settlement
Mohenjo-daro was built in the 26th century BCE.[11] It was one of the largest Area 250 ha (620 acres)[1]
cities of the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation, also known as the Harappan
History
Civilization,[12] which developed c. 3000 BCE from the prehistoric Indus
culture. At its height, the Indus Civilization spanned much of what is now Founded 26–25th century BCE
Pakistan and North India, extending westwards to the Iranian border, south to Abandoned 19th century BCE
Gujarat in India and northwards to an outpost in Bactria, with major urban
centers at Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, Lothal, Kalibangan, Dholavira and Cultures Indus Valley Civilisation
Rakhigarhi. Mohenjo-daro was the most advanced city of its time, with
UNESCO World Heritage Site
remarkably sophisticated civil engineering and urban planning.[13] When the
Indus civilization went into sudden decline c. 1900 BCE, Mohenjo-daro was Official name Archaeological Ruins at
abandoned.[11][14] Moenjodaro
Criteria Cultural: ii, iii
Rediscovery and excavation Reference 138 (https://whc.unesc
o.org/en/list/138)
The ruins of the city remained undocumented for around 3,700 years until R. D.
Inscription 1980 (4th Session)
Banerji, an officer of the Archaeological Survey of India, visited the site in 1919–
20 identifying what he thought to be a Buddhist stupa (150–500 CE) known to Area 240 ha
be there and finding a flint scraper which convinced him of the site's antiquity.
This led to large-scale excavations of Mohenjo-daro led by K. N. Dikshit in 1924–25, and John Marshall in 1925–26.[15]
 In the 1930s major excavations were
conducted at the site under the leadership
of Marshall, D. K. Dikshitar and Ernest
Mackay. Further excavations were carried
out in 1945 by Mortimer Wheeler and his
trainee, Ahmad Hasan Dani. The last major
series of excavations were conducted in
1964 and 1965 by George F. Dales. After
1965, excavations were banned due to
Archaeological ruins at Moenjodaro
weathering damage to the exposed
structures, and the only projects allowed at
the site since have been salvage excavations,
surface surveys, and conservation projects. In the 1980s, German and Italian
survey groups led by Michael Jansen and Maurizio Tosi used less invasive
archeological techniques, such as architectural documentation, surface surveys,
and localized probing, to gather further information about Mohenjo-daro.[5] A
dry core drilling conducted in 2015 by Pakistan's National Fund for Mohenjo-
daro revealed that the site is larger than the unearthed area.[16] Map showing the major sites and
theorised extent of the Indus Valley
Civilisation, including the location of the
Architecture and urban infrastructure Mohenjo-daro site

Mohenjo-daro has a planned layout with rectilinear buildings arranged on a

grid plan.[17] Most were built of fired and mortared brick; some incorporated sun-
dried mud-brick and wooden superstructures. The covered area of Mohenjo-daro is
estimated at 300 hectares.[18] The Oxford Handbook of Cities in World History
offers a "weak" estimate of a peak population of around 40,000.[19]

The sheer size of the city, and its provision of public buildings and facilities,
suggests a high level of social organization.[20] The city is divided into two parts, the
Regularity of streets and buildings
so-called Citadel and the Lower City. The Citadel – a mud-brick mound around 12
suggests the influence of ancient
metres (39 ft) high – is known to have supported public baths, a large residential
urban planning in Mohenjo-daro's
structure designed to house about 5,000 citizens, and two large assembly halls. The
construction.
city had a central marketplace, with a large central well. Individual households or
groups of households obtained their water from smaller wells. Waste water was
channeled to covered drains that lined the major streets. Some houses, presumably
those of more prestigious inhabitants, include rooms that appear to have been set
aside for bathing, and one building had an underground furnace (known as a
hypocaust), possibly for heated bathing. Most houses had inner courtyards, with
doors that opened onto side-lanes. Some buildings had two stories.

Major buildings

In 1950, Sir Mortimer Wheeler identified one large building in Mohenjo-daro as a

View of the site's Great Bath,
"Great Granary". Certain wall-divisions in its massive wooden superstructure
showing the surrounding urban
appeared to be grain storage-bays, complete with air-ducts to dry the grain.
layout
According to Wheeler, carts would have brought grain from the countryside and
unloaded them directly into the bays. However, Jonathan Mark Kenoyer noted the
complete lack of evidence for grain at the "granary", which, he argued, might
therefore be better termed a "Great Hall" of uncertain function.[14] Close to the
"Great Granary" is a large and elaborate public bath, sometimes called the Great
Bath. From a colonnaded courtyard, steps lead down to the brick-built pool, which
was waterproofed by a lining of bitumen. The pool measures 12 metres (39 ft) long,
7 metres (23 ft) wide and 2.4 metres (7.9 ft) deep. It may have been used for
religious purification. Other large buildings include a "Pillared Hall", thought to be
an assembly hall of some kind, and the so-called "College Hall", a complex of
buildings comprising 78 rooms, thought to have been a priestly residence.
The Great Bath

Fortifications

Mohenjo-daro had no series of city walls, but was fortified with guard towers to the west of the main settlement, and
defensive fortifications to the south. Considering these fortifications and the structure of other major Indus valley cities
like Harappa, it is postulated that Mohenjo-daro was an administrative center. Both Harappa and Mohenjo-daro share
relatively the same architectural layout, and were generally not heavily fortified like other Indus Valley sites. It is
obvious from the identical city layouts of all Indus sites that there was some kind of
political or administrative centrality, but the extent and functioning of an
administrative center remains unclear.

Water supply and wells

The location of Mohenjo-daro was built in a relatively short period of time, with the
water supply system and wells being some of the first planned constructions. [22]
Excavation of the city revealed very
With the excavations done so far, over 700 wells are present at Mohenjo-daro,
tall wells (left), which it seems were
alongside drainage and bathing systems.[23] This number is unheard of when
continually built up as flooding and
compared to other civilizations at the time, such as Egypt or Mesopotamia, and the rebuilding raised the elevation of
quantity of wells transcribes as one well for every three houses.[24] Because of the street level.[21]
large number of wells, it is believed that the inhabitants relied solely on annual
rainfall, as well as the Indus River's course remaining close to the site, alongside the
wells providing water for long periods of time in the case of the city coming under siege.[25] Due to the period in which
these wells were built and used, it is likely that the circular brick well design used at this and many other Harappan sites
are an invention that should be credited to the Indus civilization, as there is no existing evidence of this design from
Mesopotamia or Egypt at this time, and even later.[26] Sewage and waste water for buildings at the site were disposed of
via a centralized drainage system that ran alongside the site's streets.[27] These drains that ran alongside the road were
effective at allowing most human waste and sewage to be disposed of as the drains most likely took the waste toward the
Indus River.[28]

Flooding and rebuilding

The city also had large platforms perhaps intended as defense against flooding.[20] According to a theory first advanced
by Wheeler, the city could have been flooded and silted over, perhaps six times, and later rebuilt in the same location.
[29] For some archaeologists, it was believed that a final flood that helped engulf the city in a sea of mud brought about

the abandonment of the site.[30] Gregory Possehl was the first to theorize that the floods were caused by overuse and
expansion upon the land, and that the mud flood was not the reason the site was abandoned.[30] Instead of a mud flood
wiping part of the city out in one fell swoop, Possehl coined the possibility of constant mini-floods throughout the year,
paired with the land being worn out by crops, pastures, and resources for bricks and pottery spelled the downfall of the
site.[31]

Notable artefacts
Numerous objects found in excavation include seated and standing
figures, copper and stone tools, carved seals, balance-scales and
weights, gold and jasper jewellery, and children's toys.[33] Many
bronze and copper pieces, such as figurines and bowls, have been
recovered from the site, showing that the inhabitants of Mohenjo-
daro understood how to utilize the lost wax technique.[34] The
furnaces found at the site are believed to have been used for
copperworks and melting the metals as opposed to smelting. There
even seems to be an entire section of the city dedicated to shell-
working, located in the northeastern part of the site.[35] Some of the Boat with direction finding birds to find land.[32] Model
most prominent copperworks recovered from the site are the copper of Mohenjo-Daro seal, 2500-1750 BCE.
tablets which have examples of the untranslated Indus script and
iconography.[36] While the script has not been deciphered yet, many
of the images on the tablets match another tablet and both hold the same caption in the Indus language, with the
example given showing three tablets with the image of a mountain goat and the inscription on the back reading the
same letters for the three tablets.[37]

Pottery and terracotta sherds have been recovered from the site, with many of the pots having deposits of ash in them,
leading archeologists to believe they were either used to hold the ashes of a person or as a way to warm up a home
located in the site.[38] These heaters, or braziers, were ways to heat the house while also being able to be utilized in a
manner of cooking or straining, while others solely believe they were used for heating.[38]

The finds from Mohenjo-daro were initially deposited in the Lahore Museum, but later moved to the ASI headquarters
at New Delhi, where a new "Central Imperial Museum" was being planned for the new capital of the British Raj, in
which at least a selection would be displayed. It became apparent that Indian independence was approaching, but the
Partition of India was not anticipated until late in the process. The new Pakistani authorities requested the return of the
Harappan pieces excavated on their territory, but the Indian authorities refused. Eventually an agreement was reached,
whereby the finds, totalling some 12,000 objects (most sherds of pottery), were split equally between the countries; in
some cases this was taken very literally, with some necklaces and girdles having their beads separated into two piles. In
the case of the "two most celebrated sculpted figures", Pakistan asked for and received the Priest-king, while India
retained the much smaller Dancing Girl,[39] and also the Pashupati seal.

Most of the objects from Mohenjo-daro retained by India are in the National Museum of India in New Delhi and those
returned to Pakistan in the National Museum of Pakistan in Karachi, with many also in the museum now established at
Mohenjo-daro itself. In 1939, a small representative group of artefacts excavated at the site was transferred to the
British Museum by the Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India.[40]

Mother Goddess Idol

Discovered by John Marshall in 1931, the idol appears to mimic certain characteristics that
match the Mother Goddess belief common in many early Near East civilizations.[41]
Sculptures and figurines depicting women have been observed as part of Harappan culture
and religion, as multiple female pieces were recovered from Marshall's archaeological digs.
[41] These figures were not categorized correctly, according to Marshall, meaning that
where they were recovered from the site is not actually clear. One of said figures is 18.7 cm
tall and is currently on display at the National Museum of Pakistan, in Karachi.[41] The
fertility and motherhood aspects on display on the idols is represented by the female
genitalia that is presented in an almost exaggerated style as stated by Marshall, with him
inferring that such figurines are offerings to the goddess, as opposed to the typical
understanding of them being idols representing the goddess's likeness.[41] Because of the
"The Mother Goddess"
figurines being unique in terms of hairstyles, body proportions, as well as headdresses and
jewelry, there are theories as to who these figurines actually represent.[41] Shereen
Ratnagar theorizes that because of their uniqueness and dispersed discovery throughout the site that they could be
figurines of ordinary household women, who commissioned these pieces to be used in rituals or healing ceremonies to
help aforementioned individual women.[41]

Dancing Girl

A bronze statuette dubbed the "Dancing Girl", 10.5 centimetres (4.1 in) high[42] and about
4,500 years old, was found in 'HR area' of Mohenjo-daro in 1926; it is now in the National
Museum, New Delhi.[42] In 1973, British archaeologist Mortimer Wheeler described the
item as his favorite statuette:

She's about fifteen years old I should think, not more, but she stands there with
bangles all the way up her arm and nothing else on. A girl perfectly, for the
moment, perfectly confident of herself and the world. There's nothing like her, I
think, in the world.

John Marshall, another archeologist at Mohenjo-daro, described the figure as "a young girl,
her hand on her hip in a half-impudent posture, and legs slightly forward as she beats time
to the music with her legs and feet."[43] The archaeologist Gregory Possehl said of the
statuette, "We may not be certain that she was a dancer, but she was good at what she did
and she knew it". The statue led to two important discoveries about the civilization: first, "The Dancing Girl" (replica)
that they knew metal blending, casting and other sophisticated methods of working with
ore, and secondly that entertainment, especially dance, was part of the culture.[42]

Priest-King

In 1927, a seated male soapstone figure was found in a building with unusually ornamental brickwork and a wall-niche.
Though there is no evidence that priests or monarchs ruled Mohenjo-daro, archaeologists dubbed this dignified figure a
"Priest-King". The sculpture is 17.5 centimetres (6.9 in) tall, and shows a neatly bearded man with pierced earlobes and
a fillet around his head, possibly all that is left of a once-elaborate hairstyle or head-dress; his hair is combed back. He
wears an armband, and a cloak with drilled trefoil, single circle and double circle motifs, which show traces of red. His
eyes might have originally been inlaid.[44]

Pashupati seal

A seal discovered at the site bears the image of a seated, cross-legged and possibly ithyphallic figure surrounded by
animals. The figure has been interpreted by some scholars as a yogi, and by others as a three-headed "proto-Shiva" as
 "Lord of Animals".

Seven-stranded necklace

Sir Mortimer Wheeler was especially fascinated with this

artifact, which he believed to be at least 4,500 years old. The
necklace has an S-shaped clasp with seven strands, each over
4 ft long, of bronze-metal bead-like nuggets which connect
each arm of the "S" in filigree. Each strand has between 220
and 230 of the many-faceted nuggets, and there are about The Pashupati seal
1,600 nuggets in total. The necklace weighs about 250 grams
in total, and is presently held in a private collection in India.
"The Priest-King", a seated
stone sculpture at the
National Museum, Karachi
The Mohenjo-daro ruler

The Indus Valley civilization employed rulers made of ivory for measuring length circa
1500 BCE.[45] The Mohenjo-Daro ruler is divided into units corresponding to 34 millimetres (1.32 in) and these are
further marked in decimal subdivisions with great accuracy, to within 0.13 mm (0.005 in). A ruler found at Lothal
(2400 BCE) is calibrated to about 1.6 mm (1⁄16 in).[45] The decimal subdivision on the ruler is noteworthy, as it predates
the modern metric system by 3000 years or more. The base unit used was known as the angula (finger) and is about
17 mm. A piece of shell found in Mackay's excavation is very precisely incised with lines spaced 6.7 mm (0.264 in) apart.
Ancient bricks found throughout the region have dimensions that correspond to these units.[46]

Conservation and current state

An initial agreement to fund restoration was agreed through the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural
Organization (UNESCO) in Paris on 27 May 1980. Contributions were made by a number of other countries to the
project:

Country Contribution US$

Australia $62,650.00

Bahrain $3,000.00

Cameroon $1,000.00

Egypt $63,889.60

Germany $375,939.85

India $49,494.95

Iraq $9,781.00

Japan $200,000.00

Kuwait $3,000.00

Malta $275.82

Mauritius $2,072.50

Nigeria $8,130.00

Saudi Arabia $58,993.63

Sri Lanka $1,562.50

Tanzania $1,000.00

Preservation work for Mohenjo-daro was suspended in December 1996 after funding from the Pakistani government
and international organizations stopped. Site conservation work resumed in April 1997, using funds made available by
the UNESCO. The 20-year funding plan provided $10 million to protect the site and standing structures from flooding.
In 2011, responsibility for the preservation of the site was transferred to the government of Sindh.[47]

Currently the site is threatened by groundwater salinity and improper restoration. Many walls have already collapsed,
while others are crumbling from the ground up. In 2012, Pakistani archaeologists warned that, without improved
conservation measures, the site could disappear by 2030.[6][48]
2014 Sindh Festival

The Mohenjo-daro site was further threatened in January 2014, when Bilawal
Bhutto Zardari of the Pakistan People's Party chose the site for Sindh Festival's
inauguration ceremony. This would have exposed the site to mechanical operations,
including excavation and drilling. Farzand Masih, head of the Department of
Archaeology at Punjab University warned that such activity was banned under the
Antiquity Act, saying "You cannot even hammer a nail at an archaeological site." On
31 January 2014, a case was filed in the Sindh High Court to bar the Sindh
Surviving structures at Mohenjo-
government from continuing with the event.[49][50] The festival was held by PPP at
daro
the historic site, despite all the protest by both national and international historians
and educators.

Climate
Mohenjo-daro has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh) with extremely hot summers and mild
winters. The highest recorded temperature is 53.5 °C (128.3 °F), recorded in May 2010 and the lowest recorded
temperature is −5.4 °C (22.3 °F), recorded in January 2006. Rainfall is low, and mainly occurs in the monsoon season
(July–September). The average annual rainfall of Mohenjo-daro is 100.1 mm and mainly occurs in the monsoon season.
The highest annual rainfall ever is 1023.8 mm, recorded in 2022, and the lowest annual rainfall ever is 10 mm, recorded
in 1987.

Climate data for Mohenjo-daro [hide]

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Record high 29.4 36.5 45.5 48.5 53.5 51.7 47.6 46.0 43.5 49.5 39.2 30.6 53.5
°C (°F) (84.9) (97.7) (113.9) (119.3) (128.3) (125.1) (117.7) (114.8) (110.3) (121.1) (102.6) (87.1) (128.3)

Mean daily
24.8 26.2 32.1 38.7 43.8 44.2 40.9 38.7 37.5 35.2 30.5 24.8 34.8
maximum
(76.6) (79.2) (89.8) (101.7) (110.8) (111.6) (105.6) (101.7) (99.5) (95.4) (86.9) (76.6) (94.6)
°C (°F)

Daily mean 16.0 17.0 22.7 28.8 33.9 35.8 34.4 32.8 31.1 26.7 21.1 16.0 26.4
°C (°F) (60.8) (62.6) (72.9) (83.8) (93.0) (96.4) (93.9) (91.0) (88.0) (80.1) (70.0) (60.8) (79.4)

Mean daily
7.3 7.9 13.3 18.9 24.0 27.4 27.9 27.0 24.7 18.2 11.8 7.3 18.0
minimum °C
(45.1) (46.2) (55.9) (66.0) (75.2) (81.3) (82.2) (80.6) (76.5) (64.8) (53.2) (45.1) (64.3)
(°F)

Record low −5.4 −4.0 2.2 3.0 13.0 15.6 18.4 18.0 14.5 0.0 −1.0 −4.0 −5.4
°C (°F) (22.3) (24.8) (36.0) (37.4) (55.4) (60.1) (65.1) (64.4) (58.1) (32.0) (30.2) (24.8) (22.3)

Average
2.6 5.8 3.4 2.9 2.2 2.5 39.9 26.6 6.6 0.4 0.9 6.3 100.1
precipitation
(0.10) (0.23) (0.13) (0.11) (0.09) (0.10) (1.57) (1.05) (0.26) (0.02) (0.04) (0.25) (3.95)
mm (inches)

Average
precipitation 0.2 0.5 0.9 0.2 0.3 0.4 1.9 1.4 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.3 6.6
days

Source: PMD (1991–2020) [51]

See also
▪ List of forts in Pakistan
▪ List of Indus Valley Civilisation sites
▪ List of museums in Pakistan
▪ List of World Heritage Sites in Pakistan
▪ Mehrgarh

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the centuries houses were rebuilt and street levels rose; new courses of bricks were therefore added to the wells to
keep their tops at the same height with respect to the street. The removal of earth and debris during the excavation
of the city has left many wells standing like towers high above the exposed remnants of earlier streets."
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Press. p. 235. ISBN 978-0-521-57652-9.
23. Wright, Rita P. (2010). The ancient Indus : urbanism, economy, and society. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press. p. 237. ISBN 978-0-521-57652-9.
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(https://www.jstor.org/stable/124907). PMID 16470995 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16470995).
25. Jansen, M. (October 1989). "Water Supply and Sewage Disposal at Mohenjo-Daro". World Archaeology. 21 (2):
182. doi:10.1080/00438243.1989.9980100 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00438243.1989.9980100). JSTOR 124907
(https://www.jstor.org/stable/124907). PMID 16470995 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16470995).
26. Jansen, M. (October 1989). "Water Supply and Sewage Disposal at Mohenjo-Daro". World Archaeology. 21 (2):
179. doi:10.1080/00438243.1989.9980100 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00438243.1989.9980100). JSTOR 124907
(https://www.jstor.org/stable/124907). PMID 16470995 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16470995).
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28. Ratnagar, Shereen (2014). "The drainage systems at MohenjoDaro and Nausharo: A technological breakthrough or
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7%2F2348448914537334). S2CID 131145647 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:131145647).
29. George F. Dales, "Civilization and Floods in the Indus Valley (https://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/civilization-
and-floods-in-the-indus-valley/)", Expedition Magazine, July 1965.
30. Possehl, Gregory (February 1967). "The Mohenjo-daro Floods: A Reply" (https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1967.69.1.
02a00040). American Anthropologist. 69 (1): 32–40. doi:10.1525/aa.1967.69.1.02a00040 (https://doi.org/10.152
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02a00040). American Anthropologist. 69 (1): 38. doi:10.1525/aa.1967.69.1.02a00040 (https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fa
a.1967.69.1.02a00040). JSTOR 670484 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/670484).
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peacefulrealmri00mcin/page/68). Cambridge: Westview Press. p. 68 (https://archive.org/details/peacefulrealmri00m
cin/page/68). ISBN 978-0-8133-3532-2.
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peacefulrealmri00mcin/page/69). Cambridge: Westview Press. p. 69 (https://archive.org/details/peacefulrealmri00m
cin/page/69). ISBN 978-0-8133-3532-2.
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Bibliography
▪ Chaudhury, N. C. Mohenjo-Daro and the Civilization of Ancient India with References to Agriculture (https://archiv
e.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.104144). Calcutta: W. Newman & Co, 1937.
▪ Mackay, D. (1929). Mohenjo-daro. Bombay: Indian State Railways Publicity Department
▪ Mackay, E. J. H., ed. (1937). Further Excavations At Mohenjo-daro: Being an official account of Archaeological
Excavations at Mohenjo-Daro carried out by the Government of India between the years 1927 and 1931.
 ▪ Volume I (https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.70071)
▪ Volume II (https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.62019)
▪ Marshall, John Hubert, ed. (1931). Mohenjo-Daro and the Indus Civilization: Being an official account of
Archaeological Excavations at Mohenjo-Daro carried out by the Government of India between the years 1922 and
1927. Arthur Probsthain
▪ Volume I (https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.722)
▪ Volume II (https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.96024)
▪ Volume III (https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.107530)
▪ McIntosh, Jane (2008). The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives. ABC-CLIO, 2008. ISBN 978-1-57607-907-2
▪ Singh, Kavita, "The Museum Is National", Chapter 4 in: Mathur, Saloni and Singh, Kavita (eds), No Touching, No
Spitting, No Praying: The Museum in South Asia, 2015, Routledge, PDF on academia.edu (https://www.academia.e
du/12710849/The_Museum_is_National) (nb this is different to the article by the same author with the same title in
India International Centre Quarterly, vol. 29, no. 3/4, 2002, pp. 176–196, JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/stable/23005
825), which does not mention this work)
▪ Whitelaw, Ian (2007). A Measure of All Things: The Story of Man and Measurement. Macmillan
ISBN 0-312-37026-1 OCLC 938084552 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/938084552)

External links
▪ Official website of Mohenjodaro (http://www.mohenjodaroonline.net/)
▪ UNESCO World Heritage Sites (https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/138/)
▪ 103 Slide Tour and Essay on Mohenjo-daro by Dr. J.M. Kenoyer (https://www.harappa.com/slideshows/mohenjo-dar
o)

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