Proposed Solution to #U654 Undergraduate Problems, Mathematical Re-

flections 1 (2024)

Solution proposed by Prakash Pant, Mathematics Initiatives in Nepal, Bardiya,

Nepal.

Problem Proposed by Vasile Mircea Popa, Sibiu, Romania.

Statement of the Problem:

Evaluate :
1 √ Z
x x ln(x)
I= 2
dx
0 x −x+1
Solution of the Problem:
Multiply numerator and denominator by 1+x,
Z 1 3 5
(x 2 + x 2 ) ln(x)
I= dx
0 1 + x3
Substitute x3 as x ,
1 5 −1 1
1 1 (x 2 + x 6 ) ln(x) −2 1 1 (x 6 + x 6 ) ln(x)
Z Z
I= x 3 dx = dx
9 0 1+x 9 0 1+x
Since x is going from 0 to 1, using the geometric infinite series expansion for
1
1+x
,
Z " ∞
#
1 1 −1 1
X
I= (x 6 + x 6 ) ln(x) (−x)n dx
9 0 n=0

Taking the constants inside the sum and then interchanging sum and integral
using dominated convergence theorem,
∞ Z 1
1X n 1 1
I= (−1) (xn− 6 + xn+ 6 ) ln(x)dx
9 n=0 0

R1 Γ(n+1)
Using 0
lnn (x)xm dx = (−1)n (m+1)n+1 ,

∞ ∞
(−1)1 Γ(2) (−1)1 Γ(2)
   
1X 1X 1 1
I= (−1)n + = (−1)n+1 5 2 +
9 n=0 (n + 56 )2 (n + 67 )2 9 n=0 (n + 6 ) (n + 76 )2

1
 "∞   X ∞  #
1 X 1 1 1 1
I= (−1) + + 11 2 +
9 n=0 (2n + 65 )2 (2n + 76 )2 n=0
(2n + 6
) (2n + 13
6
)2
"∞   X ∞  #
1 X 1 1 1 1
I= (−1) 5 2 + 7 2 + +
36 n=0 (n + 12 ) (n + 12 ) n=0
(n + 11
12
)2 (n + 1213 2
)
Using ψ ′ (x) = ∞ 1
P
n=0 (n+x)2 ,

        
1 ′ 5 ′ 7 ′ 11 ′ 13
I= −ψ −ψ +ψ +ψ
36 12 12 12 12

Using ψ ′ (1 + x) = ψ ′ (x) − x12 ,

         
1 ′ 5 ′ 7 ′ 11 ′ 1
I= −ψ −ψ +ψ +ψ − 144
36 12 12 12 12

Using ψ ′ (x) + ψ ′ (1 − x) = π 2 cosec2 (πx)

  π 5π



cosec2 − cosec2 π2
  
1 2 2 5π 2 2
π
12 12
I= −π cosec + π cosec − 144 = −4
36 12 12 36
π
√
− cosec2 5π



We can calculate that cosec2 12 12
= 8 3,
√
8 3π 2 2π 2
I= −4= √ −4
36 3 3
which is the solution to the given integral.