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2.2 Filled System or Pressure Spring Thermometers
2.2 Filled System or Pressure Spring Thermometers
Basic Principle:
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FILLED THERMAL SYSTEMS
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FILLED THERMAL SYSTEMS:
components
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FILLED THERMAL SYSTEMS:
components: Capillary
• Relatively fragile
• Thin walled
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Class I: Liquid-Filled Systems
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Class ΙB Case Compensation
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Class ΙΙ - liquid vapour
system/vapour-pressure system
• No compensation required.
• Care must be taken during manufacture to
have the fill liquid, bulb, capillary and case
at the same temperature.
• Disadvantage: The nonlinear nature of the
vapor-filled thermal systems. [vapor
pressure tends to rise exponentially with
temperature]
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Class ΙΙ C - liquid vapour
system/vapour-pressure system
• capable of operating as a
Class IIA or a Class IIB
• Bulb is large enough to
accept all the liquid filling
from the Bourdon tube and
capillary.
• Useful: When the process
temperature either above or
below the ambient.
• Cannot be used when it might
cross the ambient
temperature.
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AMBIENT-TEMPERATURE
COMPENSATION
• The measured variable in a filled thermometer is the
total internal pressure.
• This pressure is the result of two factors:
– the temperature around the bulb and
– the ambient temperature around the rest of the system.
• The error introduced by ambient-temperature
variations is different for the different types of fills,
and it also increases as the bulb or span gets smaller
or as the capillary length is increased.
Full Compensation
• Provides compensation at the case (Bourdon tube) and
capillary
• Second receiving element and capillary filled with liquids
or gas is used.
• Capillary tubings of measuring system and compensating
system both run adjacent to each other.
• Change in ambient temperature cause equal deflection of
bourdon tube
• measuring and compensating bourdon tubes are connected
in opposite so change cancel each other.
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Full Compensation
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Case Compensation
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Ambient temperature effect in
gas filled thermometer
• Gas thermometers having wide temperature
range so ambient temperature effect is small
• Compensation can be achieved by second
gas filled capillary and receiving element.
B. Head effect
• When thermometer bulb is at considerably
higher or lower than the receiving element,
pressure head in liquid inside the capillary
affects the pressure spring reading. This is
called as head effect.
• Due to head effect, pressure spring shows
pressure reading greater or smaller than the
pressure corresponding to the bulb
temperature
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• In the case of liquid- or mercury-filled systems
(Class I and Class V), the hydrostatic head caused
by the elevation difference between the case and
the bulb is a constant and can be zeroed out.
• For Class IIA, Class IIB, and Class IID vapor-
filled systems, correction of the elevation error is
similar to correction for Class I and Class V.
• In the case of Class III gas filling, no correction is
needed.
• Radiation Effect
• Reproducibility
• Sensitivity
Dynamic Characteristics
• Cross Ambient Effect
• Dip Effect
• Effect of thermal well
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FILLED THERMAL SYSTEMS
• Still extensively used are the gas and vapor
fillings, but these two are limited in their
usefulness.
• The gas-filled bulb is large, as is the temperature
span required to operate it.
• The vapor-filled system is also limited due to its
nonlinearity and its potential for problems caused
by cross-ambient operation or by errors due to
elevation.
Advantages
• Rugged, Self contained construction
• Low initial and maintenance cost
• Do not require any external power sources
• Remote indication upto 120m
• Accuracy and sensitivity are sufficient to meet most
industrial requirement
• Mercury thermometers has greater sensitivity than
other filled thermometers
• Widely used because less costly and simple to
maintain
• Gas thermometers has better accuracy and reach
considerably low temperature
Disadvantages
• Accuracy, Sensitivity and Temperature span
are low.
• For increasing accuracy, Large size bulb to
be used, requires larger space at point of
measurement
• All thermometers are contains some
pressure, it cant be broken without affecting
calibration
• In case of breakage, entire system should be
replaced
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• For distance more than 30m, use of
transmitter is economical
• Vapour pressure thermometer indicates only
temperature at liquid surface.
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