Chapter 2: Thermal Expansion

1 The physical concept of thermal expansion

2 Types of thermal expansion
3 Thermal stress
4 Sheet Solution
1 The physical concept of thermal expansion
1- Most bodies consist of atoms or molecules held together by inter-atomic forces
which are taken to elastic in nature.
.‫حخكُن انمبدة مه جضٔئبث أَ رساث مشحبطت مؼب ً بقُِ حشابظ مشوت فٓ طبٕؼخٍب‬
2- At ordinary temperature, the atoms vibrate about their equilibrium positions.
.‫عند درجةالح اررة العادية تتحرك ذرات وجزيئات المادة الصمبة حول موضع اتزانيا‬

3- When( )is increased, the atoms vibrate with larger amplitudes, and the average
separation between them increases.
‫بزيادة درجة الح اررة تزداد سعة االىت اززة لمذرات ويؤدي ذلك إلى زيادة المسافات بين الذرات مما‬
.‫يتسبب في حدوث تمدد لممادة الصمبة ككل‬

2 Types of thermal expansion

1 Linear expansion :
̀

̀ ̀
̀ ( )
where:
̀ ‫انطُل انجذٔذ‬ ٓ‫انطُل االطه‬
‫مقذاسانخغٕشفٓ انحشاسة‬ ‫انخغٕش فٓ انطُل‬
** Coefficient of linear expansion( ):
It is the change in length of a unit length of material when its temperature
changed.
‫مقذاس انخغٕش فٓ َحذة األطُال مه انمبدة وخٕجت حغٕش دسجت انحشاسة بمقذاس انُحذة ٌَٓ خبطٕت مه‬
.‫خُاص انمبدة‬

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 ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪Thermal Stress‬‬

‫‪The stress developed in a rigid body when it is clamped or not allowed to‬‬
‫‪expand or contract during changing its temperature.‬‬
‫ٌُ إجٍبد ٔخُنذ فٓ انجسم انظهب وخٕجت نهسٕطشة ػهّ أبؼبدي ( أطشافً ) أثىبء انخغٕش فٓ دسجت حشاسحً‪.‬‬
‫إذا تم وضع نيايتي القضيب بين حاجزين لمنعو من التمدد أو االنكماش وتغيرت درجة الح اررة فإن‬
‫القضيب سوف يعاني من إجياد حراري (ضغط أو شد) وسمي بيذا االسم ألنو ينشأ عن تغير درجة ح اررة‬
‫الجسم الصمب مع السيطرة عمى أبعاده وال ينشأ نتيجة لتأثير قوى خارجية عميو‪.‬‬
‫‪Types of Thermal Stress:‬‬
‫‪1. Compressive thermal stress:‬‬ ‫إجٍبد حشاسْ ضغظ‬
‫‪It can be developed in a rigid body when it is clamped during increasing its‬‬
‫‪temperature.‬‬
‫ٔخُنذ وخٕجت انسٕطشة ػهّ إبؼبد انجسم انظهب أثىبء اسحفبع دسجت حشاسحً‪.‬‬

‫‪2. Tensile thermal stress:‬‬ ‫إجٍبد حشاسْ شذ‬

‫‪It can be developed in a rigid body when it is clamped during decreasing its‬‬
‫‪temperature.‬‬
‫ٔخُنذ وخٕجت انسٕطشة ػهّ إبؼبد انجسم انظهب أثىبء اوخفبع دسجت حشاسحً‪.‬‬

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 ‫لحضاب اإلجياد الحراري‪:‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ‬نفرض أن التمدد حر ونقوم بحساب‬
‫‪ ‬نفترض وجود قوة إلعادة القضيب لطولو األصمي‪.‬‬

‫خذ تالك‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ػىذ صٔبدة دسجت انحشاسة ٔكُن إجٍبد حشاسْ ضغظ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ػىذ وقض دسجت انحشاسة ٔكُن إجٍبد حشاسْ شذ‪.‬‬
‫( ثببخت نكم مه انشذ َانضغظ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .3‬مؼبدنت اإلجٍبد )‬
‫(ثُابج حؼطّ فٓ َسقت األسئهت‪.‬‬ ‫‪) .4‬‬
‫‪ .5‬إرا كبن انمثبج مه أطشافً سهك طُٔم َسفٕغ (‪َ )Long thin wire‬نٕس(‪)Beam, Bar, Rod‬‬
‫فإوً بضٔبدة دسجت انحشاسة ٔشحخٓ انسهك َال ٔحذد بً إجٍبد‪.‬‬
‫‪ .6‬البذ ان حكُن َحذاث ( ) مه وفس وُع َحذاث ( )ص‬
‫‪ .7‬ال ُٔجذ اجٍبد حشاسْ ػهٓ انقضٕب اال ارا كبن مثبج مه طشفًٕ َال ُٔجذ فشاؽ فٓ انمىخظف‬
‫‪ .8‬انخمذد انمسبحٓ َانحجمٓ مهغٓ‬

‫‪Example (2-1):‬‬
‫‪In the design of a modern steel bridge, provisions must obviously be made for‬‬
‫‪expansion. How much does this amount need to be the case of a bridge 2 km long‬‬
‫) ‪which is subjected to temperatures ranging from (– 40 to 110‬‬
‫?الوعطيات‪:‬‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫الوطلٌب‪:‬‬

‫الحل‪:‬‬
‫=‬
‫( =‬ ‫‪) = 83.3‬‬

‫(‬ ‫()‬ ‫()‬ ‫)‬

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Example ( 2 - 2 ):
A surveyor uses a steel measuring tape that is exactly 50 m long at a
temperature of 20°C.
a) What is its length on a hot summer day when the temperature is
35°C? ( = (
b) The surveyor uses the measuring tap to measure a distance when the
temperature is 35°C; the value that reads off the tape is 35.794 m.
What is the actual distance?
:‫الوعطيات‬

:‫الوطلٌب‬
35

:‫الحل‬
a) ( )( )( )

b) At 35°C the distance increase by the ratio for each meter

So, The actual length = ( )(35.794) = 35.8m

Example ( 2-3 ):

An electronic device has been poorly designed so that two bolts attached to
different parts of the device almost touch each other in its interior. The steel
and brass bolts are at different electric potentials and if they touch, a short
circuit will develop, damaging the device. If the initial gap between the ends
of the bolts is 5.0 at 27°C, at what temperature will the bolts touch?

Solution
=

( )
( ) ( )

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Example ( 2 - 4 ):
Consider a 2 m long brass rod and a (1 m) long aluminum rod. When the
temperature is 22°C, there is a gap of (1.0 x m ) separating their ends.
No expansion is possible at the other end of either rod .
At what temperature will the two bars touch? The coefficients of linear
expansion are original length.

Solution

For brass
For aluminum
‫لكي يتالمس القضيبان البد ان يكون مجموع التغير في طولييما مساوي لطول الثغره بينيما‬
=

( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )( )

Example ( 2 - 5 ):
The ends of a steel rod are fixed. What is the thermal stress and its type in the
rod when the temperature decreases by 80 K?
Solution

( )( )( )

‫ طالب الفرقه االعدادي‬/ ‫احثاتً زهالء الوستقثل‬

...‫الثشرٌح اَى تعٍش هشكلح اإلًساى‬
...‫ًحي كلٌا ًتوق إلى التغٍٍر‬
...‫تٌاء اإلًساى هو لة كل إصالح‬
...‫اإلًساى هو قلة الكوى‬
...‫اإلًساًٍح فً أهس الحاجح إلى اإلسالم واإلسالم فً أهس الحاجح إلى هي ٌوثله‬
...‫إى األهح تحتوي على طاقاخ تشرٌح جثارج‬
..‫ًستطٍع أى ًثًٌ اًثعاثٌا وحضارتٌا هي جدٌد‬
...‫تاهلل علٍكن تجوعوا تجوعوا‬

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Example (2 - 6):
A structural steel beam is 12 m long when it is put into place on a winter
day at 0 , how long will it be in the summer at 32 ? Given that it has a
cross-sectional area of 100 c .
How much force would it take to stretch the beam that much?
( )
Solution

32

( )( )( )

 A = 100 c , F =??

F= EA = (200 )( )( ) =77 N

Example ( 2 - 7 ):
A steel railroad track has a length of 30 m when the temperature is 0°c.
What is its length on a hot day when the temperature is 40°C?
Suppose the ends of the rail are rigidly clamped at 0°c so as to prevent expansion.
Calculate the thermal stress set up in the rail on that day?
Solution

40

( )( )( )

Temp. increased Compressive thermal stress

( )( )( )

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 Example (2 - 8):
Given a carbon steel bar constrained at both ends, what is the thermal stress
when heated from 60°F to 540°F?
Solution

Temp. increased Compressive thermal stress

( )( )( )

Example ( 2 - 9):
A steel rod 3 m long fixed from one end at temperature 10°c as shown in the
figure. If the gap between the free end of the rod and the wall is d = 1.5 mm.
Calculate the type and magnitude of the stress at 70°c. E=

Solution

( )
( )( )

So the rod will be just touch the wall at temp

( )( )( )

،‫ ظبمئون إلى إوسبن عظيم يضمىب إلى صذري‬...‫وحه أمة في أشذ الظمأ لشيء‬
‫ ويبذل مب أصببىب مه عبدات سيئة‬،‫يخفف عىب آالمىب‬.

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Example ( 2 - 10):
Two rods of the same diameter one made of brass and of length 25 cm , the
other of steel and of length 50cm, are placed end to end (side by side) and
pinned to two rigid supports. The temperature of the rods rises by 40 .what
is the stress in each rod?
( )
( )
Solution

:‫خذ تالك‬
‫ مه فضهك مخضكشش انمسبنً دْ قبم مب حضاكش انشببخش انثبوٓ خُاص مبدي‬
‫ انؼالقبث انخبنًٕ ٌٓ مفخبح انحم‬



‫فٓ حبنً اػخببس ان انقضٕب انمقٕذ حش فبوً سُف ٔضٔذ بىفس مقذس انطُل‬

( )
( )( )
‫وظشا الخخالف انطُل بٕىٍمب‬

‫الن االجٍبد ٔؼخمذ ػهٓ مسبحً انمقطغ َنٕس انطُل َانقضٕببن نٍمب وفس انقطش انزْ ُٔثش ػهًٕ وفس انقُي‬

( )
( ) ( )

( ) ( )

cm

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 4 Sheet Solution

‫جويع الوزكرات هٌجٌده في هكتثو دىة اهام القريو االًليوثيو ًفي صنتر فيٌ خلف صٌر كليو الترتيو‬
‫الرياضيو عواره القذس تجٌار هش فيت‬
‫نضالكن الذعاء‬

1- A copper bar is 8.0 ft long at 68 of and has a linear expansion = .

What is the increase in length of the bar when it is heated to 110 ?

( )( )( )

2- An iron steam pipe is 200 cm long at o . What will its increase in length when
heated to l00 ?

( )( )( )

5- An aluminum cylinder 10 cm long, with a cross section area of 20 cm'; is to be

used as a spacer between two steel walls. At 17.2 it just slips in between the
walls. When it warms to 23 calculate the stress in the cylinder and the total force
it exerts on each wall, assuming that the walls are perfectly rigid and a constant
distance apart E= .

( )
( )( )( )
F= ( )( ) 1.7 N

6- steel wire whose length L = 130 cm and whose diameter d = 1.1 mm is heated to
an average temperature of 830°C and stretched between two rigid supports. What
tensionan develops in the wire as it cools to 20°C? Y= , =

Temp. decreased Tensile thermal

=
stress
( )( )( )
F= ( )( )( ) 1847 N

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7- A steel bridge is 300 ft long when the temperature is 80.0 . How much will its
length change when the temperature drops to -10.0 ? = -I.

( )( )( )

8- A copper telephone wire has essentially no sag between poles 35.0 m apart on a
winter day when the temperature is -20.0 .
How much longer is the wire on a summer day when T= 35.0 ?

( )( )( )

9- A copper telephone wire has extended between poles 25.0 m apart on a day when
the temperature is 15°C. What is the length of the wire on a summer day when T= 35
? What is the length of the wire on a winter day when T= O.O°C? Calculate the
type and the magnitude of the stress at each case E= , = .

( )( )( )
L =25+ =25.006 m
( no stress ) ‫الضلك يرتخي‬

L
( )( )( )
( )

‫أرجٌ أى تكٌى قذ تحققت االصتفادج ًنضألكن الذعاء لي ًألهي ًألتي ًلزهالئكن‬

‫ هحوذ الغزالي‬/‫م‬
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