Bonding Lab

Weikai Liu October 30, 2023,

Purpose
The primary aim of this experiment (part 1) is to explore the crystallization process of a
known mass of an unknown hydrated salt, and the experience of part 2 is to observe the
nature of ionic and covalent compound based on a white solid.
Materials
Apparatus (part 1)
-Ring Stand -Bunsen Burner -Balance (±0.01 g)
-Ring Support -Crucible (no cover/lid) -Safety Goggles
-Crucible tongs -Metal Spatula
-Clay Triangle
-Unknown Hydrated Solid Salt
-Timer
Apparatus (part 2) -Safety Goggles -50-100mL Beaker
-Conductivity Water -6 White Solids -Canola oil (non-polar solvent)
-Stir Rod -Tap water (polar-solvent)
-Metal Spatula
-Glass Petri Dish
Disassemble & Use
-Avoid handling crucible with direct contact with skin
-Measure crucible without the cover
-Make sure during heating crucible is uncovered
-Make sure to dispose the chemicals in the inorganic waste disposal
-Make sure to wash hands carefully before leaving
Procedure
Nature of Hydrated Salts (Part 1)
1. Set up (figure 1) and Weigh mass of crucible.
2. Weigh unknown salt between 2-2.5g, record mass of crucible and unknown solid.
3. Start to heat the crucible, and start timing. Heat for 12 minutes, or heat up until no
more changes. During the process, break up of clumps might be needed.
4. Turn off burner and let crucible to cool. While cooling ,weigh crucible and its
contents and record its mass. Obtain mass of anhydrous solid by subtracting mass
of empty crucible.
5. Add few drops of water to the crucible and record the observations.
Nature of Ionic & Covalent Solutes (Part 2)
1. The teacher will heat the samples of each as a demonstration. Observe and note
each sample if it melts or not.
2. Weigh 0-5mL of each sample and put them in Tap Water. Stir them, and observe and
note if they dissolved. For each of them, place the conductivity meter in after stirring,
observe and note if it conducts electricity in aqueous state.
3. Weigh 0-5mL of each sample and put them in Canola Oil. Stir them, and observe and
note if they dissolved.
 Mass Table for Nature of Hydrated Salts Experiment
Before Heating After Heating (cooled down)
Mass of Mass of Mass of Mass of Mass of Mass of
Crucible crucible + unknown crucible + Crucible Anhydrous
unknown solid contents (empty) solid
solid
(g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g)

Observation Table for Nature of Hydrated Salts Experiment

Time Observations
(minute)

10

11

12

Data Table for Nature of Ionic and Covalent Solutes Experiment

Does it Does it Does it conduct Does it have Conclusion: is it a
dissolve in dissolve in electricity in high melting covalent or ionic
polar solvent non-polar aqueous state? point? compound?
(tap water)? solvent (oil)?
Salt 1
Salt 2
Salt 3
Salt 4
Salt 5
Salt 6