Jefffrey M.

Binayug
Objectives
At the end of the lesson the learner should be able to:
› Illustrates a random variable ( discrete and continuous)
› Distinguishes between discrete and continuous variables
› Find the possible values of a random variable
› Illustrate probability distribution for a discrete random
variables and its properties.
LETS PLAY!!!

LETS TOSS A COIN

FIND THE POSSIBLE VALUES OF TOSSING
A COIN. FIND THE DIFFERENT PAIRS.
› What to do:
› Record the number of heads
# of times
or tails that will occur as you
tossing COINS
group toss a coin (hindi pwd maulit
ang pair)
3 › Illustrate/ show your concept
drawing of paring. And list all
4
the outcomes.
› Count how many at least 2
heads will appear
› Count how many at least 3
tail will appear
Tossing a coin 4 times
STATISTICS
It deals with the collection, organization,
presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data.

c.o.p.a.i.
Field of Statistics(Almeda, 2017)
APPLIED STATISTICS
› -concerned with the procedures
and techniques used in the
collection, organization,
presentation, analysis, and
interpretation of data.
MATHEMATICAL STATISTICS/
THEORETICAL STATISTICS
› -it is concerned with the
development of the
mathematical foundations of
the methods used in applied
statistics.
Types of Applied Statistics( Almeda, 2017)
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
› is concerned with collecting,
describing, and analyzing the
subset of data without drawing
conclusions or inferences about
the set of data
› ex. GWA
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
› Is concerned with the analysis
of the subset of data leading to
predictions or inferences about
the said set of data.
- Purposed:
- to make conclusions,
generalizations, predictions, or
inferences about the entire set
of data based from a part of it.
- Ex. thesis conclusion.
Two sets of DATA( Almeda, 2017)

POPULATION
› It is the entire set from which the
sample is drawn
› It is the set of all elements of a
given observational units under
study with at least one
characteristic in common.
SAMPLE
› It is the subset of a population
from which data is collected
- Ex. The grade 11 female
students enrolled in
CavSU-LSHS

› ex. All grade 11 students

enrolled in CavSU- LSHS
Parameter and Statistic
PARAMETER
› It is the numerical measure that
describes the population of
interest under study.
› ex. The average height of grade
11 students enrolled in school.
STATISTIC
› It is the numerical measure of
the sample
› It will estimate the parameter
› Ex. The average height of grade
11 female students enrolled in
school.
Probability
› it means possibility.
› It is a branch of mathematics that deals with the
occurrence of a random event.
› The value is expressed from zero to one (1).
› Probability has been introduced in Maths to predict how
likely events are to happen.
› The meaning of probability is basically the extent to
which something is likely to happen.
Random Experiment
› Is an action or process that leads to one of the several
possible outcome.

› Ex.
› Tossing a coin/ flipping a coin
› Casting a die/rolling a die
› Drawing a card from a standard deck of cards/ picking a
card from a deck of cards
sample space (S)
› The set of all possible outcomes of an experiment
› Systematically list of the possible outcome of a given
experiment.
SAMPLE SPACE › Tossing a coin once
ARE DEPENDS ON
HOW MANY TIMES › S={tail, head}
YOU EXPERIMENT

EX. › Casting a die

1. TOSSING A COIN
ONCE › S={1,2,3,4,5,6}

2. CASTING A DIE
ONCE
Sample point
› Each possible outcome of sample space is called
sample point (O)
› S={O1,O2,O3,O4,O5,…,OK}

› Ex.
› Tossing a coin TWICE.
› S={TT,TH,HT,HH}

O1 O4
O2 O3
CARDINALITY
› S={O1,O2,O3,O4,O5,…,OK}
› the total number (k) of the sample points
› n(S)=k
Ex.
› Tossing a coin TWICE.
› S={TT,TH,HT,HH}
› n(S)=4
events (E)
› Is any subset of the sample space (S) consisting of one
or more sample points to which a probability is assigned.
› Usually denoted by capital letters from the English
alphabet.
Ex. Perform a random experiment by tossing a coin twice.
Getting at least 1 head.
› S={TT,TH,HT,HH}
› Event: Getting at least 1 head.
› n(E)=3
› VARIABLES
› Is a characteristic or attribute that can assume different
values.
› Usually denoted by capital letters from the English
alphabet.

› RANDOM VARIABLES
› Is a function that associates a real number to each
element in the sample space.
› It is a variable whose values are determined by chance.
Discrete Random Variable
› is a quantitative random variable that
can take on only a finite number of
values or a countable number of
values.
› it has a set of possible outcomes that
is countable.

Example: the number of books in

the College Library
Continuous Random
Variable
is a quantitative random variable that can take
on any of the countless number of values in a
line interval or a measurable amount.
It takes on values on a continues scale.

Example: the amount of rainfall in your state during

the month of June
Example: heights, weights, and temperature,
volume
 Continuous vs Discrete
Directions: In problems #1 - 7, identify each of the following as either a discrete
or continuous random variable.

1. The number of people who are in a car.

2. The number of miles you drive in one week.

3. The weight of a box of cereal.

4. The number of boxes of cereal you buy in one year.

5. The length of time you spend eating your lunch.

6. The number of patients on a psychiatric ward in one day.

7. The volume of blood that is transfused during an operation.

 Continuous vs Discrete
Directions: In problems #1 - 7, identify each of the following as either a discrete
or continuous random variable.

1. The number of people who are in aDiscrete

car.

2. The number of miles you drive in one week.

Continuous

3. The weight of a box of cereal.

Continuous

4. The number of boxes of cereal you buy in one Discrete

year.

5. The length of time you spend eating your lunch.

Continuous

6. The number of patients on a psychiatric ward in oneDiscrete

day.

7. The volume of blood that is transfused during an operation.

Continuous
 › Determining the no. possible outcome
› Exploring Random › Qn
Variables › Q=possible outcomes = 2
› Ex1. Suppose three › n=no. of picking = 3
cell phones are › 2n
tested at random.
› 23=8 ; 8rows for possible outcomes
We want to find out
the number of Possible Outcomes Values of the Random Variable X
defective cell phones (no. of Defective Cell phones)
(X).
› Denote
› N = None defective
cell phones
› D = Defective cell
phones
 D
D N
› Exploring Random N
D
Variables N

D
› Ex1. Suppose three D
N
cell phones are N D
tested at random. N
We want to find out
the number of Possible Outcomes Values of the Random Variable X
defective cell phones (no. of Defective Cell phones)
(X). DDD 3
DDN 2
› Denote:
DND 2
› N = None defective DNN 1
cell phones NDD 2
› D = Defective cell NDN 1
phones NND 1
NNN 0
 Possible Outcomes Values of the Random Variable X
(no. of Defective Cell phones)
› Exploring Random DDD 3
Variables
DDN 2
› Ex1. Suppose three DND 2
cell phones are tested DNN 1
at random. We want to
NDD 2
find out the number of
defective cell phones NDN 1
(X). Each outcome NND 1
will a assign a value of NNN 0
either, 0,1,2,3.
› Sample space
› Denote:
› S= {DDD, DDN, DND, DNN, NDD, NDN, NND,
› N = None defective cell NNN}
phones › n(S)=8
› D = Defective cell › The possible values of random variables X are
phones › X=0, 1, 2, 3
 › Determining the no. possible outcome
› Tossing 3 coins › Qn
› Q=possible outcomes = 2
› Ex2. Suppose three
coins are tossed. Let › n=no. of picking = 3
Y be a random › 2n
representing the › 23=8 ; 8rows for possible outcomes
number of tails that Possible Outcomes Values of the Random Variable Y
(no. of TAIL)
turn up.
› Denote:
› T = tail
› H = head
› Tossing 3 coins
› Ex2. Suppose three
coins are tossed. Let
Y be a random
representing the
number of tails that Possible Outcomes Values of the Random Variable Y
turn up. (no. of TAIL)
HHH 0
› Denote: HHT 1
› T =tail HTH 1
HTT 2
› H = head THH 1
THT 2
TTH 2
TTT 3
 Possible Outcomes Values of the Random Variable Y
(no. of TAIL)
› Tossing 3 coins
HHH 0
› Ex2. Suppose three HHT 1
coins are tossed. Let HTH 1
Y be a random HTT 2
representing the THH 1
number of tails that THT 2
turn up. TTH 2
TTT 3
› Denote:
› Sample space
› T =tail
› S= {HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH, THT,
› H = head TTH, TTT}
› The possible values of random variables
Y are
› Y=0, 1, 2, 3
 › Determining the no. possible outcome
› DRAWING BALLS › Qn
FROM AN URN
› Q=possible outcomes = 2
› Ex3. Two balls are
drawn in succession › n=no. of picking = 2
without replacement › 2n
from an urn containing
5 red balls and 6 blue › 22=4 ; 4rows for possible outcomes
balls. Let Z be the
random variable Possible Outcomes Values of the Random Variable Z
representing the (no. of BLUE BALLS)
number of blue balls.
Find the values of the
random variables Z.
› Denote:
› R=red ball
› B=blue ball
› DRAWING BALLS
FROM AN URN
› Ex3. Two balls are
drawn in succession
without replacement
from an urn containing
5 red balls and 6 blue
balls. Let Z be the Possible Outcomes Values of the Random Variable Z (no. of
random variable BLUE BALLS)
representing the RR 0
number of blue balls.
Find the values of the RB 1
random variables Z. BR 1
› Denote: BB 2
› Sample space
› R=red ball › S= {RR, RB, BR, BB}
› B=blue ball › n(S)=4
› The possible values of random variables Z are
› Z=0, 1, 2
 › Determining the no. possible outcome
› DRAWING BALLS › Qn
FROM AN URN
› Q=possible outcomes = 2
› Ex4. THREE balls are
drawn in succession › n=no. of picking = 3
without replacement › 2n
from an urn containing
6 red balls and 2 blue › 23=8 ; 8rows for possible outcomes
balls. Let Z be the
random variable Possible Outcomes Values of the Random Variable Z (no. of
BLUE BALLS)
representing the
number of blue balls.
Find the values of the
random variables Z.
› Denote:
› R=red ball
› B=blue ball
› DRAWING BALLS
FROM AN URN
› Ex3. Three balls are
drawn in succession
without replacement
from an urn containing
6 red balls and 2 blue
balls. Let Z be the
random variable Possible Outcomes Values of the Random Variable Z
(no. of BLUE BALLS)
representing the
number of blue balls. RRR 0
Find the values of the RRB 1
random variables Z. RBR 1
› Denote: RBB 2
› R=red ball BRR 1

› B=blue ball BRB 2

BBR 2
BBB 3
 Possible Outcomes Values of the Random Variable Z
(no. of BLUE BALLS)
› DRAWING BALLS RRR 0
FROM AN URN
RRB 1
› Ex3. THREE balls are
drawn in succession RBR 1
without replacement RBB 2
from an urn containing BRR 1
6 red balls and 2 blue
balls. Let Z be the BRB 2
random variable BBR 2
representing the BBB 3
number of blue balls.
Find the values of the › Sample space
random variables Z. › S= {RRR, RRB, RBR, RBB, BRR, BRB,
› Denote: BBR}
› R=red ball › n(S)=7
› B=blue ball › The possible values of random variables are
› Z=0, 1, 2
QUIZ #1
Answer page 7-8

Exercises 1,2,3,4

Reference book. Statistics

and Probability Second
Edition by Elisa S. Baccay
and Rene R. Belecina