English Medium Lec - Chemistry - 4 2020

Unique in Admission Coaching
Unique in Admission Coaching Unique in Admission Coaching Unique in Admission Coaching

Engineering Admission Coaching Lecture Sheet Chemistry – 4
Quantitative Chemistry
From this chapter mathematical problem comes to admission test. To solve problems of this chapter,
some information have to be kept in mind.
r Atomic mass of some important elements
Serial Name of element Atomic mass Serial Name of element Atomic mass
1. Hydrogen (H) 1 13. Chromium (Cr) 52
2. Carbon (C) 12 14. Manganese (Mn) 55
3. Nitrogen (N) 14 15. Iron (Fe) 55.85
4. Oxygen (O) 16 16. Nickel (Ni) 58.7
5. Sodium (Na) 23 17. Zinc (Zn) 65.3

6. Magnesium (Mg) 24 18. Copper (Cu) 63.5
7. Aluminum (Al) 27 19. Arsenic (As) 74.9
8. Phosphorus (P) 31 20. Silver (Ag) 108
9. Sulfur (S) 32 21. Iodine (I) 126.9
10. Chlorine (Cl) 35.5 22. Barium (Ba) 137
11. Potassium (K) 39.1 23. Mercury (Hg) 200.59
12. Calcium (Ca) 40 24. Lead (Pb) 207
r Standard substances
Primary standard substances:
· Exist in pure form in nature

· They are not attacked by the components of air such as water vapor, O2, CO2 etc
· The concentration of their aqueous solution remains unchanged for a long period
Example: K2Cr2O7, Oxalic acid, Na2CO3 etc.
Secondary standard substances:
· Do not exist in pure and dry form in nature and
· Affected by the components of air
Example: KMnO4, NaOH, H2SO4, HCl, Na2S2O3 etc.
r Required Formula:
1. aA + bB ¾® cC + dD
b × SA × VA = a × SB × VB

a = mole number of A, SA = Molarity of A, VA = volume of solution A
b = mole number of B, SB = Molarity of B, VB = volume of solution B
2. Normality, N = S. e S = Molar concentration, e = equivalent number
M
3. Equivalent mass, E = e ; M = atomic weight, e = equivalent number
Equivalent number of an acid is number of replaceable hydrogen. [ H2SO4 ® 2H+ + SO42- e = 2 ]

Equivalent number of a base is number of replaceable hydroxyl ion (OH-). [ NaOH ® Na+ + OH- e = 1 ]
Equivalent number of salt is number of metals equivalent to hydrogen. [ Na2CO3 ® e = 2 ]
v Compound Equivalent number Compound Equivalent number
K2Cr2O7, KXO3 6 H2O2, Ca, As, X2, Oxalate 2

KMnO4 5 Na2S2O3, Fe, Cu, 1
FeC2O4 3 Oxides of iron (Fe) Number of Fe
Sunrise – 2

r Thumb rule:
At times, it might be difficult to construct an equation by adding both half reactions due to time shortage. In that case,
the following numbers can be memorized.
If the above mentioned compounds are used as oxidant or reductant in any reaction, then their numbers
will be multiplied by (1, 2, 5 or 6). Suppose Fe2+ is being oxidized by KMnO4,
W 2+
Then, 5 ´ VKMnO 4 ´ M KMnO4 = 1 ´ Fe
M Fe 2 +
4. W VS.T.P VS.A.T.P RV X It
n = M = S.VLitre = 22.4 = 24.789 = RT = N = eF

A
Here, n = mole number, = volume (L) of gas at S.T.P, = volume (L) of gas at S.A.T.P
W = mass in gram, = volume (L) of solution, S = Molarity, M = molecular mass, x = number of
atom/molecule
P = pressure, V = volume (L) of solution, T = temperature at Kelvin scale, R = molar gas constant.
I = amount of current, t = time, e = number of electrons given or taken, F = Faraday constant = 96500 C.
Relation between normality and molarity
For monovalent compound (e.g. HCl, NaOH) Normality = Molarity; N = M

For divalent compound (e.g. H2SO4, Na2CO3) Normality = 2 × Molarity; N = 2 × M
For trivalent compound (e.g. H3PO4, AlCl3) Normality = 3 × Molarity; N = 3 × M
5. When normality unit is used then the titration equation for any reaction will always be, VA NA = VB NB
NA = Normality of the compound A, NB = Normality of the compound B
6. Semi molar = 0.5 M; Decimolar =0.1 M; Centi molar = 0.01M
7. Molarity: At a definite temperature, the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 Litre or 1 dm3 solution is
called molarity or molar concentration of the solution. The molarity is denoted by M. Molarity depends on
the volume of the solution. As the volume changes with the change of temperature so the molarity also
changes with the change of temperature.

Ø Molality: At any temperature, the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1000 g or 1 kg of a solvent is
called molality or the molal concentration of the solution. The mass of the solution remain unchanged
with the change in temperature. So molality of a solution is not affected by the change in temperature.
Ø Normality: A normal solution is defined as a solution, 1 Liter of which contains 1 g equivalent weight of a
solute.
Concentration solute Solution / solvent Mathematical relation
Molarity(S) 1 mole 1 Litre S = W/MV W = mass, M = molecular mass
V = volume (L)
Molality(m) 1 mole 1000 gm solvent m = 1000w/MW M = molecular mass
w = mass of solute, W = mass of solvent

Normality(N) 1 gm equivalent 1 Litre S = W/EV W = mass, E = equivalent mass
weight V = volume (L)
Sunrise – 3

r Some other ways to express concentration
(w/w)% Weight of the solvent as percentage of the solution
(w/v)% Weight of the solvent as % of the volume of the solution
(v/v)% Volume of the solvent as % of the total volume of the solution
S
8. Mutual conversion of Molarity & Molality: Sm = [Here, S = Molarity of solution,
d- S.M.10–3
Sm = Molality of solution, d = density or specific gravity of solution, M = Gram atomic or molecular mass of
solution.]
nA nB

9. Mole fraction, XA = n +n , XB = n +n , XA + XB =1
A B A B
nA = Mole no of the compound A, nB = Mole no of the compound B

10. Oxidation – Reduction:
“ OILRIG ” [a structure with equipment for drilling and servicing an oil well.]
O = Oxidation I = is L = Loss R = Reduction I = Is G = Gain
Difference Oxidation Reduction
O2/ Electronegative Addition Removal
element
H2/Electropositive element Removal Addition

e– Loss of electron Gain of electron
Change of oxidation Increase Decrease
number
+2 +3 0 -2
Example 2FeCl2 + Cl2 = 2FeCl3 2H2 + O2 = 2 H2O
r Oxidizing agent
· A substance that oxidizes another compound, element or ion is called an oxidizing agent.
· While oxidizing another element, they are being reduced.
· The elements which are being reduced by gaining electrons are called oxidizing agents. e.g.
MnO4– + 5e + 8H+ ® Mn2+ + 4H2O

· Common examples: O2, O3, H2O2, MnO2, PbO2, HNO2, conc. H2SO4, Cl2, Br2, I2,ic-salts (FeCl3, SnCl4), KCl3,
K2Cr2O7, KMnO4 etc.
r Reducing agent
· A substance that reduces another compound, element or ion is called a reducing agent.
· While reducing another element, they are being oxidized.
· The elements which are being oxidized by losing electrons are called reducing agents.
H2O2 - 2e ® O2 + 2H+
· Common examples: H2, C, CO, H2S, SO2, HI, HBr, Lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4), Sodium boron hydride
(NaBH4), ous compounds like FeO or SnCl2, (Zn+ H2SO4) etc.
r Oxidation number
· The oxidation number of an element in a compound is the same as the number of electrons, each atom of
the element uses, in forming the bond with the atoms of other elements.
· It is the number of positive charge or negative charge produced in an atom or ion due to the release or
acceptance of the electrons.
Sunrise – 4

· The sign of an oxidation number informs whether the atom of the element has lost or gain control of
bonding electrons. For example, during the formation of NaCl, Na has lost one electron and becomes Na+,
so its oxidation number is +1. Also Cl has gained an electron and becomes Cl-, so its oxidation number is -1.
· The oxidation number of an element is ZERO.
· The summation of all the oxidation numbers of different constituting elements of a compound is ZERO.
· The oxidation number of Mn in KMnO4:(+1) + x + (–2) 4 = 0 Þ x = +7
r Some other example
Compound Element Oxidation no.
H2O2 O -1
H2SiF6 Si +4
HClO4 Cl +7

Na3N N -3
H3PO4 P +5
[Fe (CN)6]4- Fe +2
Carbohydrate Cx(H2O)y C 0
Na2S4O6 S +2.5
KO2 O -0.5
KI3 I
Ø Oxidation number and valency are not always equal to each other. For example, in H3PO2, the valency of P
is 5 but the oxidation number is +1.
Ø Oxidation number can be zero or a fraction.

r Changes of oxidation number of a few oxidizing agents
Primary No of Changed Product due to
Concerned
Oxidizing agents oxidation exchanged oxidation chemical
element
number electrons number reaction
KMnO4 Mn +7 +5e– +2 Mn2+
K2Cr2O7 Cr +6 +3e– +3 Cr3+
KClO3/KBrO3/KIO3 Cl/Br/I +5 +6e– –1 Cl–/ Br–/ I–
Cl2/Br2/I2 Cl/Br/I 0 +e– –1 Cl–/ Br–/ I–
H2O2 O –1 +1e– –2 O2–
FeCl3 Fe +3 +e– +2 Fe2+

r Changes of oxidation number of a few reducing agents
Primary No of Changed Product due to
Reducing Concerned
oxidation exchanged oxidation chemical
agents element
number electrons number reaction
FeSO4 Fe +2 –1e– +3 Fe3+
H2O2 O –1 –2e– 0 O2
H2S S –2 –2e– 0 S
H2C2O4 C +3 –e– +4 CO2
Kl I –1 –1e– 0 I2
H2 H 0 –e– +1 H+
- - –
Cl / Br /I Cl/Br/I –1 –1e– 0 Cl2/Br2/I2
Na2S2O3 S +2 –0.5e– +2.5 S4 O 62-
Sunrise – 5

r Special Example:
i. The oxidation numbers of N in NH4NO3 is–3 & +5 respectively.
ii. The oxidation numbers of Cl in Ca(OCl)Cl are +1 & –1 respectively.
iii. Nitrogen can exhibit 9 different oxidation numbers
NH3 N2H4 NH2OH N2 N2O NO N2O3 NO2 N2O5
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
r Iodimetry & Iodometry:
Ø The titration method that uses free iodine is called iodimetric titration. Since it is difficult to prepare the
solution of iodine (iodine sublimates and is less soluble in water) it is dissolved in KI solution.
Ø Iodometry is a method of volumetric chemical analysis, a titration where the appearance or

disappearance of
elementary iodine indicates the end point. Here, standard iodine solution is directly used to titrate. Usual
reagents are sodium thiosulfate as titrant, starch as an indicator and an iodine compound (iodide or
iodate,
depending on the desired reaction with the sample).
The principal reaction is the reduction of iodine to iodide by thiosulfate:
I2 + 2 S2O32− → S4O62− + 2 I−
v Balancing Redox equations
r The half equation of some oxidizing agents is given below:
Ø KMnO4 + 5e– + 8H+® K+ + Mn2+ + 4O2-
Ø I2 + 2e– ® 2I–

Ø K2Cr2O7 + 6e– + 14H+® 2K+ + 2Cr3+ + 7O2-
Ø KClO3 + 6e– + 6H+® K+ + Cl– + 3O2-
r The half equation of some reducing agents is given below:
Ø Fe2+ - e–® Fe3+ + 2e–
1
Ø KI - e– ® K+ + I2
2
Ø H2O2 - 2e ® 2H+ + O2
–
Ø
C2H2O4 - 2e–® 2H+ + 2CO2
Ø 2Na2S2O3 - 2e–® Na2S4O6 + 2Na+


Ø H2S - 2e–® 2H+ + S
r Some examples of balancing redox equations
(1) Reaction of KMnO4with H2O2in presence of H2SO4

Here, MnO4– is the oxidant and H2O2 is the reducing agent
Reduction half reaction: MnO4–+ 5e+8H+®Mn2++4H2O ........... (i)

Oxidation half reaction: H2O2- 2e ®O2+2H+ ............................ (ii)
(i) ´2 + (ii) ´5 Þ 2MnO4–+16H+ +5H2O2®2Mn2+ + 8H2O + 5O2+10H+
Þ 2MnO4–+6H+ +5H2O2®2Mn2+ + 8H2O + 5O2

After adding required K+ & SO42–, 2KMnO4+3H2SO4+5H2O2® K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 5O2 + 8H2O
Sunrise – 6

(2) Reaction of K2Cr2O7 with H2C2O4 in presence of H2SO4
Here, Cr2O72– is the oxidant and C2O42– is the reducing agent
Reduction half reaction: Cr2O72–+6e+14H+®2Cr3+ +7H2O ...................(i)
Oxidation half reaction: C2O42– - 2e ¾®2CO2 .....................................(ii)
(ii) ´ 3 + (i) Þ Cr2O72–+14H++3C2O42–®2Cr3++7H2O+6CO2
Þ Cr2O72–+8H++3H2C2O4®2Cr3++7H2O+6CO2
After adding required K+ & SO42–, K2Cr2O7 + 4H2SO4 + 3H2C2O4 ® K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + 6CO2 + 7H2O
(3) Reaction of Na2S2O3 withI2

Here, I2 is the oxidant & Na2S2O3 is the reducing agent
Reduction half reaction: I2+ 2e ®2I– ………………….. (i)
Oxidation half reaction: 2S2O32– ®S4O62–+2e………….. (ii)
(i) + (ii) Þ 2S2O32–+ I2 ® S4O62–+2I–
After adding required Na+, 2Na2S2O3+I2 ® Na2S4O6 + 2NaI
¨ Indicators
In order to determine end-point of a reaction, a third chemical substance has to be added whose change
in color will indicate end point of reaction. This substance is called indicator. `The substance which

indicates a solution is acidic or alkaline or neutral by changing its color or which indicates the end point
of a reaction is called indicator '. Indicators can of different types, like -
(i) Acid-base indicator (ii) Oxidizing agent-reducing agent indicator etc.
Among them, acid - base indicator is most popular. For different acid-base titration reaction, difference indicators
are effective.
¨ Selection of indicator for acid - base titration:
We know, different indicators are used depending on the strength of acid and base. Because, every
indicator ionizes and changes color at a definite pH. Even though we know pH of neutral solution is 7,
but during acid-base titration, the value of pH at the end point of the titration does not always remain7.
The value of pH at the end point depend upon the nature of acid-base used in the titration like-

(i) The salt produced in the neutralization reaction of strong acid and weak base is acidic in solution.
Because, conjugate base of strong acid is weak and conjugate acid of weak base is strong. It is
mentionable that, the salt of acid and base of unequal strength becomes hydrolyze in aqueous solution.
As a result, the salt produced by the reaction of strong acid and weak base becomes hydrolyzed and
forms strong acid. This is why, in the neutralization reaction of strong acid and weak base, the value of
pH is below 7(3-6.9). Methyl orange and methyl red dissociates in this range of pH, so this two indicators
are suitable for this type of titration.
(ii) On the other hand, the salt produced from weak acid and strong base is basic in solution. As the salt
of acid and base of unequal strength becomes hydrolyzed, so the salt produced in the reaction of weak
acid and strong base becomes hydrolyzed & produces strong base. For this reason, the value of pH at
the end point of this type of reaction is above 7(8-10). Phenolphthalein dissociates in this range. So,
Phenolphthalein is a suitable indicator for the reaction of weak acid-strong base.
Sunrise – 7

(iii) In the neutralization reaction, if both participating acid and base are in same strength, then the
value of pH remains 7. Because, the salt produced in this type of reaction in not hydrolyzed in aqueous
solution. This is why, if strong acid or base is added at the end point of neutralization reaction, then the
value of pH change greatly. As a result, the range of pH in this case is very high ( 3-10). This is why, any
type of indicator is suitable in this cases.

Fig: change of pH of different acid – base titration
(iv) Similarity, it could be said that, the salt of weak acid and weak base will be neutral. Because, weak
acid and weak base ionize slightly. This is why, range of pH at the end point of this type of reaction is
very small. This is why, when acid or base is added to the end point of this type of neutralization
reaction, the value of pH does not change much. As the range of pH is small, no indicator works in this
type of acid base titration.
In the figure, the change of pH for different types of acid-base titration is shown.

Table: pH range and color and color of some appropriate indicators
acid-base nature Effective pH Appropriate indicator Color at the point
range acid media alkaline media
1. strong acid-weak 3.0- 4.0 Methyl orange Pink yellow
(HCl -Na2CO2) 4.2- 6.3 Methyl red Red yellow
2. weak acid-strong base 8.0 - 10.0 phenolphthalein Colorless Pink
CH3COOH -NaOH
3. strong acid - strong base 3.0-10.0 All indicator – –
HCl - NaOH
4. weak acid-weak base 0 No indicator is appropriate – –

¨ Why color of indicator is changed:
Generally, weak organic acid or weak organic base is used as indicator in acid base titration. The color of
unionized indicator is completely different from that of ionized indicator. At the neutralization, point the
particles of indicator changes, for this reason the color of indicator also changes. For example, in the
neutralization reaction of strong NaOH and strong HCI, phenolphthalein is used as indicator.
Phenolphthalein is a weak acid. That is why, phenolphthalein cannot be ionized in acidic solution like
H2SO4, HCI or HNO3. But it ionizes in basic solution and gives phenolphthalein ion. Un - ionized
phenolphthalein is colorless and ionized phenolphthalein is pink colored.
HIn (aq) H+ + In–
phennolphthalein (colorless) phenolphthalein ion (pink colored)
In titration process, when an alkali solution is added to an acid solution, the acid solution becomes
completely neutralized. In this condition, if one drop or less than one drop of alkali solution is added to
this solution, the pH value changes quickly and phenolphthalein molecule ionizes and becomes dark pink
colored. This is why, in presence of phenolphthalein, solution becomes pink colored when indicates the
end point of the acid base titration.
Sunrise – 8

Type based problem and solution
r Type–1: Calculations based on chemical composition:

Example–1: The specific gravity of sea water is 1.03. 36.4g of dry salt is obtained when 1 dm3 of sea water is
evaporated. Determine the % amount of solid substance present in the sea water.
Mass
Solution: Density = Volume Given, S.G = 1.03
Þ Mass = 1.03×1000 g/dm3×1 dm3 = 1030 g Density = 1.03×103 g/dm3
\ 1030 g sea water contains solid substance of 36.4 g
36.4×100
\ 100 g ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, 1030 = 3.53g [Ans: 3.53%]

Example -2: A 1.84g mixture of CaCO3 & MgCO3 upon heating gave 0.96g residue. Calculate the % composition
of the mixture.
Solution: CaCO3 ∆ CO2 + CaO ; MgCO3 ∆ CO2 + MgO
100 56 84 40
Since CO2 is gas we get CaO & MgO as residue. Suppose amount of CaCO3 = x g. Then amount of
MgCO3 = (1.84 – x)g.
56x 40(1.84 – x)
As per condition, 100 + 84 = 0.96 ; then x = 1.
1 1.84 - 1
So, % x = 1.84 x 100% = 54.348% CaCO3 and % (1.84 – x) = 1.84 x 100% = 45.652% MgCO3 (Ans)
Example -3: In a compound there are 61.02% C, 15.25% H and 23.73% N. if mass of 1 litre of this compound is

2.63g at S.T.P then what is its molecular formula?
Solution: atomic mass = 2.63 x 22.4 = 59
Element % amount Quotient divided by atomic Quotient divided by Ratio of integer Empirical
mass minimum quotient number Formula
C 61.02 61.02 / 12 = 5.085 5.085 / 1.693 = 3 3
H 15.25 15.25 / 1 = 15.25 15.25 / 1.693 = 9 C3H9N
8.997
N 23.73 23.74 / 14 = 1.693 1.693 / 1.693 = 1 1
Now, molecular formula: (C3H9N)n . Then (3 x 12 + 9 x 1 + 14)n = 59 ; n = 1. So molecular formula = C3H9N
r Problems to solve:

1. Calculate the percentage reduction of mass of a crystal of CuSO4.5H2O due to heating. [Ans. 36.07%]
2. The crystal of CuSO4.xH2O contains 36.07% water. Calculate the number of water molecules that are
present in that compound. [Ans. 5]
3. 0.1435g white precipitation was formed when AgNO3 solution was added in 0.15g halide salt solution. The
precipitation is soluble in ammonia solution. Calculate the percentage amount of X- in that salt.
[Ans. 23.67%]
4. An oxide of any certain element contains 74% oxygen. If the vapor density of that oxide is 54 then
calculate the atomic weight of that element. [Ans. 14]
5. The mass of a mixture of NaCl and KCl is 5.4892 gm. The mixture is dissolved in water and when additional
AgNO3 was added, then 12.7052 g AgCl was precipitated. Calculate the amount of NaCl in that mixture.
[Ans. 74.03%]
6. On strong heating 3.68 g of a mixture of CaCO3 and MgCO3 leaves 1.92 g of residue. Find out the percentage of
CaCO3 and MgCO3 in the mixture. [%CaCO3 = 54.34%, %MgCO3= 45.66%]

7. 7.85 g of a mixture of CaCO3 and MgCO3 was dissolved in HCl and produces 1.84 L CO at STP. Find out the
amount of CaCO3 and MgCO3. [CaCO3 = 5.94 g, MgCO3 = 1.91 g]
Sunrise – 9

r Type 2: Calculations based on molecular formula
Example-1: If Cl2 gas is flown over 5.61g metal then 14.39g metallic chloride is produced. Calculate the formula
of the metallic chloride.
Solution: Mass of metallic chloride = 14.39 g
Mass of metal = 5.61g
\ Mass of chloride = (14.39 – 5.61) = 8.78g
8.78g chloride is added with 5.61 g metal
5.61
\35.5g chloride is added with 8.78 ´ 35.5 g = 22.8 g metal
Equivalent mass = 22.8 @ 23 \The metal is Na, \Molecular formula: NaCl (Ans.)

Example -2: A compound contains C = 42.11%; H = 6.43% & O = 51.46%. If the molecular weight is 342 then
calculate the molecular formula.
42.11 \ C: H: O = 1.091: 1.983: 1
Solution : C = 12 = 3.50917
C: H: O = 12: 22: 11
6.43 Empirical formula: C12H22O11
H = 1.008 = 6.37897
Now, (C12H22O11)n = 342
51.46 Þ n = 1\ Molecular formula: C12H22O11 (Ans)
O = 16 = 3.21625
r Problems to solve
1. A compound contains Na = 14.31%; S = 9.97%; H = 6.25%; O = 69.47%. If all of the hydrogen reacts with

oxygen and forms crystals of water then what is molecular formula of that compound? [Ans:
Na2SO4.10H2O]
2. A monobasic acid contains 70.59% carbon, 5.88% hydrogen and 23.53% oxygen. 0.272 gm of this acid
neutralizes 20 mL M/10 NaOH solution. What is the molecular formula of this acid? [Ans: C8H8O2]
3. Two oxides of any certain metal contain 27.6% and 30% oxygen respectively. If the molecular formula of
the first oxide is M3O4 then what is the formula of the second oxide? [Ans: M2O3]
4. A compound contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. At STP, 74.6 cm3 N2 is obtained from 0.2gm
of that compound. In another test, 0.147g CO2 and 0.12g steam were obtained by combusting that
compound. Now calculate the empirical formula of that compound. [Ans. CH4N2O]
5. After analyzing indigo, it has been found that it contains 76.5% C, 3.4% H and 10.7% O and remaining is
nitrogen. If the molecular weight is 298 then calculate the molecular formula. [Ans. C19H10O2N2]

6. A compound contains 7% N2. What is the minimum molecular weight of that compound? [Ans. 200]
7. At 154°C the vapor density of nitrogen dioxide is 23. If 23 mL gas is passed over heated Cu at this
temperature then 11.5 mL N2 gas is produced. What is the molecular formula of nitrogen dioxide at 154°C.
[Ans. NO2]
r Type 3: Calculations based on chemical equation
r Basic Concept:
1. Only the pure part of a substance takes part in a reaction. Example, in 85% pure 100g CaCO3, only 85g of CaCO3 will
react.
2. In any chemical calculation, calculations must be done with the substance which is in the smallest amount.
3. It is important to write the equations carefully; also the equations must be balanced.
Example-1: When 50 g of KClO3 is heated, O2 is produced with which particular amount of hydrogen reacts.
Calculate the required amount of 95% industrial zinc which will react with H2SO4 to produce that particular
amount of H2.
Sunrise – 10

Solution: a) 2KClO3 = 2KCl + 3O2, b) 2H2 + O2 = 2H2O c) Zn + H2SO4 = ZnSO4 + H2
1 1
1 mol Zn º 1 mol H2º 2 mol O2º 3 mol KClO3
1
\ 3 KClO3º 65.3g Zn Þ 40.83g KClO3 º 65.3g Zn
65.3×50
\ 50g KClO3 = 40.83 = 79.97g Zn
100´ 79.97
\ Amount of industrial Zn = = 84.17 g (Ans.)
95
Example-2: Determine the % amount of CaO in CaCO3. Calculate the amount of CaO that can be obtained

from 1 metric ton of 97% pure CaCO3.
∆
Solution: CaCO3 CO2 + CaO 97% pure
100 56 100 kg CaCO3 constitutes 97 kg Pure CaCO3
97×1000
100 g CaCO3 constitutes 56g CaO 1000 kg CaCO3 constitutes
100 kg CaCO3
\ The percent amount of CaO in CaCO3 is 56% = 970 kg CaCO3
\ Amount of CaO = 56% of 970 kg = 543.2kg CaO (Ans.)
Example -3: 29 ml NH3 is being electrically decomposed and the mixture is being burst with 30 ml oxygen.
Calculate the amount of the remaining gases.
3 3 3
Solution: 2NH3 (g) + 2 O2 (g) = N2(g) + 3H2O(l) \2 Vol = 2 ´14.5 ml = 21.75 ml

3
2 Vol 2 Vol 1 Vol RemainingO2=30–21.75ml=8.25ml (Ans.)
29
2 Vol = 29 ml \ 1 Vol = 2 = 14.5 ml Produced N2 = 14.5 ml (Ans.)
Example-4: 5g KClO3 is being decomposed by MnO2. Calculate the amount of O2 gas that will be produced at 780
mm (Hg) pressure and 298 K temperature.
Solution: KClO3 will be decomposed in the following manner:
2KClO3(s) MnO2 2KCl(s) + 3O2 (g)
245.2g ∆ 3´22.4L
At STP, 245.2 g KClO3 produces 3´22.4L O2 gas
3´22.4´5

\ 5g KClO3 produces 245.2 L O2 = 1.37 L O2
P1V1 P2V2 780´V1 760´1.37
\ T = T Þ 298 = 273 Þ V1 = 1.46L O2 (Ans.)
1 2
Example-5: 12.5g limestone and HCl gas react with each other and produce 2.53 dm3 CO2 at 37°C temperature
and 750 mm (Hg) pressure. Calculate the percentage amount of CaCO3 that is present in that limestone.
P1V1 P2V2 760´V1 750´2.53
Solution: T = T Þ 273 = 310 \ V1 = 2.20 dm3
1 2
CaCO3 + 2HCl Þ CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
100g 22.4 dm3
22.4 dm3 CO2 is produced from 100g CaCO3
100´2.19872
\ 2.20 dm3 CO2 is produced from 22.4 g CaCO3= 9.82 g CaCO3

9.82
\ The percentage of purity of CaCO3 is = 12.5 ´100% = 78.71% (Ans.)
Sunrise – 11

Example-6: Calculate the amount of pure nitric acid that is present in 20 ml 65% commercial nitric acid whose
specific gravity is 1.5.
Solution: The mass of 1 mL commercial nitric acid = 1.5g
\ The mass of 20 mL commercial nitric acid = 20´1.5 = 30.0g
Now, 100g commercial nitric acid contains 65 g HNO3
65´30
\ 30g commercial nitric acid contains 100 g HNO3 = 19.5 g HNO3 (Ans.)
r Problems to Solve:
1. When a mixture of 2.02g of Ca and 2.02g H2 is heated, determine the amount of calcium hydride produced.
[Ans. 2.121 g]
2. What will be the volume of gas produced if 20 mL CO is reacted with 35 mL O2? [Ans: 45 mL]
3. How many g of Zn will be obtained from 8.15 g of ZnO by carbon reduction process? [Ans. 6.55 g]

4. How much NaOH can be turned into Na2CO3 by the amount of CO2 obtained from 5 g of CaCO3? [Ans. 4 g]
5. At least how much Fe is needed to form 20 g H2 gas from steam? [Ans. 418.87 g]
6. Calculate the amount of zinc required to react with sulfuric acid to produce 500 cm3 hydrogen at 27ºC and
780 mm (Hg). [Ans. 1.355 g]
7. A piece of iron reacts with sulfuric acid and produces 250 dm3 H2 gas at 27 °C temperature and 99.99 kPa
pressure. Find out the mass of that piece of iron. [559.75 g]
8. Determine the amount of calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid required to produce 10–3 m3 CO2 at 25ºC
and 100 kPa. [Ans. CaCO3 = 4.04g and HCl = 2.95g]
9. At 27 °C and 99.99 kPa how much Fe is needed to be reacted with H2SO4 to get 250 dm3 of H2?
[Ans. 559.75 g]
10. When a mixture of FeO and Fe3O4 is heated in presence of air, its mass increases by 5%. Determine the initial %

amount of FeO and Fe3O4 in the mixture. [Ans. FeO: 20.25%, Fe3O4: 79.75%]
3
11. There is a sample mixture of 36m N2O and NO. A particular volume of this mixture is reacted with an equal
volume of H2 to produce 3.8m N2. Determine the volume of N2O and NO in the mixture. [Ans. N2O = 1.6m3 and
NO = 4.4m3]
12. The percentage volume of O2 in air is 21%. What is the3 volume of required air to burn 1000g S which
contains 4% of incombustible substances? [Ans: 3200 dm ]
r Type 4: Avogadro’s Law related problem
Example- 1: Calculate the mass of 1 molecule of CO2.
Solve: Molecular mass of CO2 = 44
So, 1 mol CO2 = 44 g
\ Mass of 6.023 ´ 1023 molecules = 44 g
44
\ Mass of 1 molecule = = 7.3053´ 10–23 g (Ans.)

6.023 ´ 10 23
Example - 2: To give 150 signature, 15mg of graphite pencil is spent. How many carbon atoms will be spent per
signature?
Solve: To give 150 signature, 15mg or .015 g graphite pencil is spent.
\ To give 1 signature, 0.015 g of graphite pencil is spent = 10-4g
150
i.e w = 10-4 gm, M = 12gm, x = ?
x w 18
Now, = Þ N = 5.02×10 (Ans.)
NA M
[Remember (for mcq): the all problem of this graphite signature type math’s ans is always 5.
something x 1018 hoi]
Example -3: In 0.35g sample of NaCl, some CaCl2 is mixed as impurity. On chemical analysis, 0.11g sodium is found in
sample.
(a) How many moles of Na atom are there?
Solve: Mole number of Na atom, n = w = 0.11 = 4.7×8×10-3mole (Ans.)
M 23
Sunrise – 12

(b) What is the purity of NaCl ?
Solve: Mass of 1 mole NaCl = 58.5 gm \Mass of 4.78×10-3mole NaCl = 58.5×4.78×10-3g = 0.28 gm
\Purity of NaCl = 0.28 × 100 = 80% (Ans.)
0.35
(c) How many Cl atoms are there?
Solve: In 0.35gm sample, NaCI = 0.28gm \ CaCl2 = (0.35–0.28) gm = 0.07 gm
\ 0.07gm Cacl2 = 0.07 mole [Atomic mass of CaCl2 = 111] = 6.3×10-4g mole CaCl2 atoms
111
[ Q In 1 mole CaCl2, there are 2 moles of Cl atom = 1.26×10-3 mole Cl atoms ]
\ Total Cl atom = Mole amount of Cl in NaCl+ Mole amount of Cl in CaCl2
= 4.78×10-3 + 1.26×10-3 = 6.04×10-3mole (Ans)
r Problems to solve:

1. At STP, how many nitrogen gas molecules are present in 250 mL gas? [Ans. 6.72 ´ 1021]
2. How many molecules of water are there in 0.05 dm3 water vapor at STP? [Ans. 1.344´1021]
3. How many moles and how many molecules are present in 90g water. [Ans. 5 mol, 2.0115 ´ 1024]
4. At 27 0C and 740 mm pressure how many molecules are present in 1dm3 SO2 gas? [Ans. 2.38´1022]
0 19
5. How many gas molecules are present in 1ml H2 gas at 0.987 atm pressure and 27 C temperature? [Ans. 2.41´10 ]
6. Find out the number of molecules of CO2 gas present in 5g gas? [Ans. 6.84´1022]
7. 55.6g graphite is required for 500 signatures. How many carbon atoms are present in each signature?
18
[Ans. 5.58 ´ 10 ]
8. If at normal temperature and pressure, 1mg of H2O is evaporated every hour, then calculate the no. of
19
water molecules that are being evaporated in every six hours. [Ans: 2.00× 10 ]
r Type 5: Acidimetric & Alkali metric Calculations
Example-1: 4.9g H2SO4 is present in a liter solution of H2SO4. Calculate the required volume of 0.9434M
Na2CO3 to neutralize this solution.

W 4.9
Solution: S = MV = 98×1 = 0.05 M
Na2CO3 + H2SO4 = Na2SO4 + H2O + CO2
VNa CO × SNa CO = VH SO × SH SO
2 3 2 3 2 4 2 4
1000 × 0.05
Þ VNa2CO3 = 0.9434 = 53 mL (Ans.)
Example-2: Excess solid NaHCO3 is added to 50 mL 1M H2SO4. Calculate the mass of Na2SO4 produced and also
calculate the volume of produced CO2 at 250C and 760 mm (Hg) pressure.
n
Solution: 2NaHCO3+ H2SO4 = Na2SO4 +2H2O + CO2 S = v × 1000
SV 1×50

1mol 142g 2×22.4L Þ n = 1000 = 1000 = 0.05 mol acid
\ 1mol H2SO4 produces 142g Na2SO4
142×0.05
\ 0.05 mol ,, ,, 1 g Na2SO4 = 7.1g Na2SO4 (Ans.)
2×22.4×0.05 P1V1 P2V2 760×2.24 760×V2
Vol of CO2 produced = 1 = 2.24 L Again, T1 = T2 Þ 273 = 298
Þ V2 = 2.45 Liter (Ans.)
Example-3: 10g of 95% NaOH is dissolved in 200 mL water. 50 mL 1.5M HCl is added to this solution and resulting
mixture is diluted to 500 mL. Determine the acidity or alkalinity of the mixture and also calculate the strength
of the mixture.
Solution: 10 g 95% NaOH contains = 9.5g
Let, the strength of the mixture is M,
9 .5
\nNaOH = = 0.2375 mol 500 ´10–3´ S = (0.2375–0.075)
40
\nHCl = 50´10–3´ 1.5 = 0.075 mol Þ S = 0.325 M. (Ans.)
\ The solution is alkaline. (Ans.)
Sunrise – 13

Example-4: 1.0176 g solute is dissolved in 120g aqueous solution of Na2CO3. Calculate the required volume of
0.5 M HCl to fully neutralize this solution. The specific gravity of Na2CO3 = 1.25
Mass 120 120
Solution: Volume = Density = = = 96 cm3
Sp. gravity ´ Density of water 1.25´1
1000´1.0176
Concentration of solution = = 0.1 M
16´106
2´96´0.1
\ 2HCl + Na2CO3 = 2NaCl + H2O + CO2 \ VHCl = 0.5 = 38.4 cm3 (Ans.)
Example-5: What is the equivalent strength of a mixture of 20 cm3 semi molar HCl, 15cm3 molar H2SO4 and 60 cm3
decimolar HNO3? Calculate the concentration of 100 cm3 NaOH solution which will be required to neutralize this

mixture.
M
20cm3 2 HCl º 10cm3 1M HCl
15cm3 1M H2SO4 º 30cm3 1M HCl
M
60cm3 10 HNO3 º 6cm3 1M HCl
3
46cm 1M HCl
HCl + NaOH = NaCl + H2O
\ V HCl × S HCl = V NaOH × S NaOH
46×1
Þ S NaOH = 100
\ S NaOH = 0.46M (Ans)

Example-6: At first, the solution of 10 cm3 Na2CO3 is partially neutralized by 20 cm3 0.1 M HCl. Another 16 cm3
0.15 M HCl solution is required to fully neutralize the solution. Calculate the concentration of Na2CO3 solution.
1000W \ WHCl = W1HCl + W2HCl = 0.073 + 0.0876 = 0.1606g
Solution: S = MV
Na2CO3 + 2HCl ® 2NaCl + H2O + CO2
100 W1HCl 106 73
Case-I, 0.1 = 106
36.5 ´ 20
\ = 73 ´ 0.1606 = 0.2332g
W1HCl = 0.073g
1000 W2HCL 1000´0.2332
Case-II, 0.15 = \ = = 0.22M (Ans)
36.5 ´ 16 106´10
\ W2HCl = 0.0876g

M
Example-7: 1.881 gm impure Na2CO3 is dissolved in water to produce a solution of 250 cm3 volume. 25 cm3 10 HCl fully
neutralizes 24.05 cm3 of that solution. Calculate the % amount of impurity of Na2CO3.
Solution: Na2CO3+2HCl ® 2NaCl+H2O + CO2 =
\ 2 VNa CO × = VHCl × SHCl Þ 0.052 =

2 3
Þ 2´24.05´ = 25´0.1 \ WNa CO = 1.378g

2 3
1.881–1.378
\ SNa CO = 0.052M (Ans.) \ % impurity = 1.881 ´ 100% = 26.74%
2 3
1. What will be the volume of decimolar Na2CO3 solution which will be prepared from 250 cm3 0.5M Na2CO3
solution? [Ans. 1250 cm3]
2. Calculate the amount of water required to change the molarity of 200 cm3 solution containing 1.89g HNO3
to 0.15M. [No water required]
Sunrise – 14

3. Express the strength of 10% Na2CO3 solution in morality. [0.9433 M]
4. Calculate the volume of 0.25N NaOH required to react with a mixture of 25 cc 2N HCl and 50 cc 0.25 M H2SO4.
[300 cm3]
M N
5. A piece of magnesium is dissolved in 40 cm3 5 HCl. If 60 cm3 10 NaOH is required to neutralize excess
acid, calculate the mass of the piece of Mg. [0.0243 gm]
6. In order to neutralize 25mL NaOH, 10 mL 0.1M HCl was added. Later, 8mL 0.15M H2SO4 was also added. Determine
the concentration of NaOH solution. Calculate the mass of NaOH that is present in 1 liter of that solution. [0.136M]
7. 1.89g impure Na2CO3 is dissolved in water to produce a solution of 250 mL. To neutralize 25 mL of this solution,
22.05mL 0.1M HCl is required. Calculate the % impurity of Na2CO3. [38.16%]
8. 1 g pure CaCO3 is fully dissolved by 40 cm3 HCl. 40cm3 0.5M NaOH was required to neutralize the acid.

Calculate the concentration of HCl. [Ans. 1M]
9. At STP, how much H2SO4 is needed to neutralize 1 dm3 NH3. Determine the morality of 200 cm3 H2SO4
needed to neutralize NH3. [Ans: H2SO4–2.1875g and 0.11161M]
10. 100 gm HCl solution (specific gravity 1.17) contains 33.4 gm HCl. Calculate the molarity of the solution. [Ans. 10.7 M]
11. 28 cm3 of 0.25M of a mono basic acid and 10 cm3 of 0.4 M of a mono acidic base were mixed together.
What will be the character of the resulting solution? How much cm3 of decimolar acid or base will be
required to neutralize the resulting solution? [Ans. 30 cm3]
12. By dissolving 2.7g mono acidic base in water, 200 cm3 of a solution is prepared. To completely neutralize
this solution, 67.5 cm3 of 1M HCl solution is required. What is the molecular mass of the base? [Ans. 40g]
r Type 6: Limiting reactant
* In this type mathematical problem, amount of product needs to be calculated from amount of reactants. But
total portion of reactant will not take part in the reaction. In that case, following steps have to be followed;

* After calculating MA(e) : M B ( e ) from equation reaction and MA ( g ) : MB ( g ) from giving data, if :
M A( e ) M A (g)
(i) > , Then total of M A( g ) will take part in the reaction.
M B( e ) M B( g )
M A( e ) M A (g)
(ii) , Then total of M B( g ) will take part in the reaction.
<
M B( e ) M B( g )
Example -01: 10g H2 and 25g O2 on reacting, will produce how much water (in gram)?
® 2H O mA (e) 4 1 m A( g ) 10 1 m A( g ) 10 2 m A( e ) m A( g )
Solve:
2H2
4g + 32Og2 2
36 g ; = = ; = = ; = = ; <
mB( e ) 32 8 mB( g ) 25 8 mB( g ) 25 5 mB( e ) mB( g )
36
\ Total of mB( g ) i.e O2 will react, Produced water = ´ 25 = 28.125g (Ans)

32
Example - 02: If 10 ton zinc oxide is reduced with 10 ton charcoal, how much zine will produced?
® Zn+CO
Solve: 1ton = 103 kg \ 10 ton = 104kg
ZnO
81.4 g +12
C
g 65.4 g
65.4 ´ 10 4
\ 81.4 g ZnO ® 65.4g Zn \ 104kg ZnO®
kg Zn = 8.025 × 103kg Zn = 8.025 ton (Ans)
81.4
* Since ZnO has more mass, C has less but both are given in equal amount, so ZnO will produce Zn.
The substance that will be finished totally is the limiting reactant
r Type 7: Concentration
Molarity: S = n = w [ M = molar mass, w = mass]
V M ´ V( L )
Example- 01: In 0.5M dm3 NaOH solution, there is 4gm NaOH. Express concentration of that solution in Molarity.
Solve: S = W 4
= = 0.2M
M ´ V( L) 40 ´ .5
Sunrise – 15

Example 02: 40mL 0.5M H2SO4 solution, 35mL 2M H2SO4 solution and 10mL 1M H2SO4 solution are mixed
together in a measuring flask and its volume is made 250mL o addition of water. What is the concentration of
mixed acid solution. How much H2SO4 (in gm) is present in the solution?
Solve: n= n1 + n2 +n3 = V1S1 +V2S2 +V3S3 = 40 ´ 0.5 + 35 ´ 2 + 10 ´ 1 = .01mole Þ S = =
n .1
=0.4M
1000 v .25
w
Again, n =
M
W = n M=.1 ×98=9.8gm (Ans)
Example - 03: You need 300 cm3 volume of 1M HCI solution. But bottle has 6M HCI solution. On addition of how
much water, you may continue your work?

Solve: In first case, n = V1S1 = .3×1= .03 mole
In 2nd case, mole number will remain same
n .3
i. n = V2S2 Þ V2= = = .05 L = 50 cm3 \ Extra water needed = (300 –50) cm3 = 250cm3 (Ans.)
s2 6
Normality:
Example -04: 0.5dm3 NaOH solution has 4gm NaOH . Find Normality of that solution .
1000w
Solve: N = = 0.2N [ Here, e, equivalent number of NaOH = 1]
M
´V
e
[Shortcut: N = se]
Expressing in percentage:

W means mass in gram and V means volume in mL and Numerator of fraction expresses amount of solute and
W
denominator expresses that of solution. If nothing is mentioned after Percentage, always is considered in
v
chemistry.
Example-05: Express concentration of 12% æç W ö÷ H2HO4 in Molarity.
è v ø
Solve: 12% æç ö÷ i.e mass of solute, w = 12gm; volume of solution , v = 100 ml
W
è v ø
We know, S = æç
100W ö
÷ = 1.22M
è Mv ø

[Shortcut: In case of x% æç W ö÷ , Molarity S = æç 10 x ö÷ = 1.22M]
èv ø è M ø
PPM: Full form of PPM is Parts per million. It means the portion of solute in per 1 million or 106 part solution
PPM of actual solution is basically smallest form of percentage unit. Somewhat like mg and kg. 1.0 kg is
103tmes large of 1.0mg. PPM is mainly used for extremely dilute solution. Specially, to express amount of
impurity in natural water, ppm unit is used. The equation suitable for this transformation is:
1.0 ´ Molecular mass ´ 10 6 x ´ molecular mass ´ 10 6
1.0M solution = Or, x molar solution =
1000 1000
3
Thus, If Parts per cent (Percentage) is multiplied by 10 , concentration of solution is converted to ppm.
* ppm and mg/L bears the same meaning * In case of ppt (Parts per trillion) instead of 106, 109 will be
used.
** Example- 06: Express concentration of 0.0001 M NaCl (Atomic mass = 58.5) in ppm.
-4
Solve: We know, x molar solution = 1 .0 ´ 10 ´ 10 ´ 58 .5 10 2 ´ 58 .5 = 5.85 ppm (Ans.)
6
3
= 3
10 10
Sunrise – 16

¡ Determining volume from specific gravity, Molarity:
Example -07: To prepare solution of 250cm3 0.5M H2SO4, What volume of 13% (w/w) H2SO4 is necessary?
[Density of 13% (w/w) H2SO4 is 1.25g/cm3 ]
MVS 250 ´ 0.5 ´ 98
Solve: For 250 cm3 0.5M H2SO4, w = , w = = = 12.25 g
1000 1000
For 13% (w/w) solution, Mass of solution having 12.25g H2SO4 = 100 ×12.25 = 94.23 g
13
\Volume of solution = 94.23 = 75.38cm3
1.25

w
Example – 08: To prepare 250 ml 2M solution, what volume of 40% HC (36.5, 1.198g/ml) will be required?
w
Solve: 250ml 2M HCI = 250 ×2×36.5 º 18.25g HCI \ Mass of solution = 18.25 / 100 = 45.625g
1000 40
m m 45.625
r= ÞV = = = 38.08ml [Ans.]
v r 1.198
¡ Mutual conversion between Molarity and Molality:
s
Sm =
r - Ms ´ 10-3
S= Sm r

1 + Msm ´ 10 -3
Example-09: Find Molarity of acidic solution of 0.2m (Molality) KCI (74.6, 1.011×103g\L).
Solve: S = Sm r 0.2 ´ 1.011 = 0.953m (Ans.)
=
1 + MS m ´ 10 -3 1 + (74.6 ´ 0.2 ´ 10 -3 )
Example -10. 1.0176g solute is dissolved in 120g aqueous solution of Na2CO3. To Complete neutralize this
solution, what volume of 0.5M HCI solution will be required? [Specific gravity of Na2CO3 solution = 1.25]
mass 120
Solve: volume of solution = = -3
= 96cm3
density 1.252 - (331.2 ´ 0.907 ´ 10 )
Concentration of solution = 1.0176
= 0.1M \2HCI + Na2CO3 = 2NaCl+CO2
96 ´ 10-3 ´ 106

\V HCl = 2 ´ 96 ´ 0.1 = 38.4 cm3 ( Ans.)
0.5
Alternate solution: n Na co3 = 1.0176 =9.6×10-3mol
2
23 ´ 2 + 12 + 48
-3
\ nHcl = 2×n Na 2 co3 = 0.5×VHcl Þ 2 ´ 96 ´10 = 0.0384L = 38.4ml (Ans.)
0.5
¡ Molarity from Mole fraction:
Let, x4 = Mole fraction of solute ; xB = Mole fraction of solvent; aB = molecular mass of solvent M =
xA
Molality; M = ´ 1000
xB ´ aB
Example - 11: If mole fraction of glucose in a solution is 0.15, find its Molality.
xA 0.15 XA = 0.15; xB = 1–xA = 8.
Solve: M = ´1000 = ´1000 = 0.9804m
xB ´ a B 0.85 ´180 aA = 180; aB = 18
Sunrise – 17

r Type 8: Oxidation – Reduction
Example-1: In presence of H2SO4, 0.3g of impure H2O2 solution reacts with 0.316g KMnO4. Calculate the % of purity
of H2O2.
Solve: 2KMnO4 + 5H2O2 + 3H2SO4 = 2MnSO4 + K2SO4 + 5O2 + 8H2O
2(39+55+64) 5(2+32)
=316 =170
\ 316 g KMnO4 reacts with170 g H2O2
170 ´ 0.316
\0.316 g KMnO4 reacts with g H2O2 = 0.17 g H2O2
316
\0.3 g solution contains 0.17g pure H2O2
\100 g solution contains 0.17 ´ 100 g = 56.67 g H2O2 \ % of purity is 56.67% (Ans).

0.3
r Problem to Solve:
1. To oxidize 0.5g impure green vitriol, 5 ml of 0.05M KMnO4 solution is needed. Find the percentage of
impurities in the green vitriol. [Ans. 30.48%]
2. How much amount of K2Cr2O7 will be required to fully oxidize dry and 100% pure 5 g FeSO4?
[Ans: 1.6145 g]
Example-2: Calculate the required volume of 0.01M KMnO4 solution to oxidize 50 cm3 0.02M Iron (II) ethan-di-
oate in acidic medium.
Solve: Here, MnO4– is the oxidant.
But both Fe2+ & C2O42– of FeC2O4 react as reductant.
MnO4 +5e+8H+®Mn2++4H2O
–
FeC2O4 ® Fe3+ + 2CO2 + 3e
\ 3 MnO4 + 24H + 5FeC2O4 ® 3Mn + 12H2O + 5Fe3+ +10CO2
– + 2+

\3´ VFeC 2O 4 ´ SFeC2O4 = 5´ VKMnO4´ SKMnO4 Þ 3´50´0.02=5´VKMnO4´0.10 Þ VKMnO4 = 60 cm3 (Ans).
r Problem to Solve:
1. To free chlorine from 25.0cm3 0.1 M NaCl solutions, how much volume of 0.1M KMnO4 is required? [Ans: 5.0 cm3]
2. Calculate the required volume of 0.05 M K2Cr2O7 to fully react with 20 cm3 0.1 M H2O2. [Ans: 13.33 cm3]
Example-3: To titrate 20 cm3 of Mohr salt, 0.1 M 10 cm3 KMnO4 is required. Calculate the amount of Fe in Mohr
salt.
Solve: The formula of Mohr salt is FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O and the Fe2+ part will react with MnO4–.
5Fe2+ + MnO4– + 8H+ ® 5Fe2+ + Mn2+ + 8H2O
5´VKMnO4´ SKMnO = VFe2+´ SFe+2 Þ 5´10´0.1=20´SFe2+ Þ SFe2+ = 0.25M
4
\The concentration of Mohr salt is 0.25 M
\100 cm3 1.0 M Mohr salt contains55.85 g of iron; [As 1 mole Mohr salt contains 55.85 g Fe]

\20 cm3 0.25M Mohr salt contains 55.85 ´ 20 ´ 0.25 Þ 0.28 g (Ans).
100 ´ 1
r Problem to Solve:
1. To titrate an acidic solution of 100 cm3 FeSO4, 50cm3 of 0.1 M K2Cr2O7 is needed. Find how much iron
exists in500cm3 FeSO4 solution? [Ans: 8.377 g]
2. A 5.5g mixture of FeSO4.7H2O and Fe2(SO4)3.9H2O is titrated against 5.4 cm3 0.02M KMnO4. Calculate the
mole number of Fe2(SO4)3.9H2O. [Ans: 9.52´10-3]
3. Iron tablets contain FeSO4. If 0.2g of an iron tablet is dissolved in dil. H2SO4 and then the solution is titrated
against 0.01M 11.5 mL KMnO4, then calculate the % amount of FeSO4 in the tablet. [Ans: 52.39%]
Example-4: 400 cm3 solution is prepared by extracting 3.04 g bleaching powder. 25 cm3 of this extracted
solution is taken in a conical flask and excess amount of KI is added. If 40 cm3 0.075 M Na2S2O3 solution is
required to titrate the liberated iodine, then calculate the available chlorine in the bleaching powder.
W W
Solve: a × SNa × VNa = b x M Þ1×0.075×40×10–3 = 2 x 71 Þ W = 0.1065g
0.1065×400
25cc solution contains 0.1065g Cl2 Þ 400cc solution contains 25 g = 1.704g Cl2
Sunrise – 18

1. 10 cm3 0.1M Na2S2O3 is required to titrate a sample solution of 25 cm3 of H2O2.Calculate the actual mass of
H2O2 that is present in that sample. [Ans: 0.017g]
2. 6.0 g CuSO4 is dissolved in water to prepare a solution of 250 cm3. 25 cm3 of that solution is taken to react
with extra KI and then it was reduced by Na2S2O3 solution. 0.05 M 22.3 cm3 Na2S2O3 solution was required
for the reduction reaction. Calculate the percentage of cupric salt? [Ans: 29.64%]
[Hints: Reactions occurring here: 2CuSO4 + 4KI® Cu2I2 + 2K2SO4 + I2; 2Na2S2O3 + I2 ® Na2S4O6 + 2NaI]
3. 0.1058 g As was taken from a sample of arsenic. Then Arsenic (V) acid was produced by oxidizing the sample
with concentrated HNO3 in the following manner: As+5HNO3® H3AsO4+5NO2+H2O. The produced acid was

used to produce I2 by reducing with HI in the following manner: H3AsO4+2HI® H3AsO3+ I2+H2O. Na2S2O3
solution of 0.0198 M 28.7 cm3 was required to titrate the liberated I2.What was the amount of As in the given
sample? [Ans: 20.1%]
Example-5: 24.3 cm3 is required to titrate an acidic solution of 0.103 g Na2C2O4. Calculate the concentration of KMnO4
solution?
W
Solve: a × M = b × SKMnO4 × VKMnO4 Here, MNa2C2O4 = 134
0.103
Þ 2× 134 = 5 × 24.3×10–3 × S Þ S = 0.0127 M
1. 10cm3 acidic solution of KMnO4 is required to fully oxidize 1.0 g solution of 10% w/W H2O2. Calculate the
concentration of KMnO4 solution? [Ans: 0.116 M]

2. To free chlorine from 1.2 g acidic solution of NaCl, how much0.067 M K2Cr2O7 solution is needed and how
many gm of chlorine will get free?[Ans: 51cc, 0.728gm]
3. 1.185g K2Cr2O7 was dissolved in a 250 cm3 flask. 25 cm3 of that solution was taken in a conical flask and
H2SO4andKI was added to liberate I2. 17.5 cm3 Na2S2O3 was required to titrate the liberated I2. Calculate
the concentration of Na2S2O3 solution. [Ans: 0.138 M]
4. CaC2O4 is precipitated completely from a solution obtained by dissolving 0.51 g limestone. After filtration,
the precipitate is thoroughly washed and dissolved in H2SO4. If 40 cm3 0.05 M KMnO4 is required to
completely oxidize the solution of CaC2O4, then calculate the percentage of CaO present in limestone.
[Ans: 54.9%]
3 3 3
5. 20.0cm KI solution, 10cm H2SO4 solution, 25cm KIO3 solution were taken in a conical flask. The mixture of solution
3
was titrated by 0.2 M 24.0 cm Na2S2O3 with starch indicator. Calculate the concentration of KIO3 solution.
[Ans: 0.032 M]

Type -8: Beer Lambert Law:
¡ Use of Beer -Lambert law to determine concentration of solution:
When a monochromatic light falls on a homogenous substance or solution, then some more part of it
reflected (Ir), some part is absorbed (la) and the rest is transmitted through (It) the medium. So with
original intensity Io of the ray, we can write, Io = Ir + Ia + It
when original ray is passed through two same cells, one containing solvent and other containing solution
of a solute, then amount of reflected ray (Ir) remains same both cases . Thus to compare absorption of
light, the rest we get: Io = Ia +It
Scientist Lambert proposed a relation to compare the intensity of reflected through (It) and that of
incident ray (Io) when falls on a transparent medium. Thus Lambert's law is:
Lambert's law:
When a light of single wave length is transmitted or refracted through a transparent medium, the
degree of decrease of light-intensity with respect to thickness of the medium is proportional to the
intensity of incident light.
Sunrise – 19

- dI - dI dI
That is, a I; or, = k×I; or, – = k×db Here, I = Intensity of incident light
db db db b = Thickness of the medium
Integrating on both sides and if b = 0 then, I = I0 .
k = Constant of proportionality
1
By substituting value, – In = k×b, or, I = Io× e -kb
1o
Putting value of common logarithm, I = Io ×10-0.43kb = Io×10-k¢b ........... (I)
Equation (I) is called Lambert equation. Here, k¢ = 0.4343k = 2nd constant
In this case, k¢ is called extinction coefficient.
1 I
From the above equation. We can say, if k¢b = 1; or k¢ = , then we get , I= o .
b 10

Then, the inverse ratio of thickness (b) of transparent medium required to decrease tenth of intensity of
incident light, is called extinction coefficient.
In CGS unit, its unit is cm-1.
¡ Beer's Law:
Lambert's law is related to decrease of intensity of transmitted light and thickness of transparent
medium. Similarly, scientist Beer proposed his law related to decrease of intensity
of transmitted light and concentration of solutions. Beer s law is as follows:
` When a monochromatic light passes through a solution of a solute, the degree of decrease of intensity
of transmitted light is directly proportional to concentration of the solution` Hence,
dI dI Here, I = Intensity of light
- aI ; Or,- = k1 ´ dc c = concentration of solution
dc dc k1 = Constant for proportionality

Taking integration on both sides and when c = 0 then I = Io
I -k c
Putting the value -In =k1×c; or, I = Io × e 1
Io
-0.4343k c -k2c
Putting value of common logarithm, I = lo× 10 1
= Io× 10 ..............(2 )
Equation (2) is called Beer's equation
Now, by combining equation as follows;
- k ¢k cb
I1 = Io×10 10 2 = I o ´ 10 -ecb...........................(3)
Io
or, log = ecb............................( 4)
I1
When concentration (c) of a solution in mol/L unit and length of cell (b) in cm unit, then unit of

extinction (e) will be L mol-1 cm-1. The e is called molar absorbance coefficient.
I0
Here log is absorbance and it is denoted by A. Hence, A = ecb ...........(5)
I1
After knowing length (b) of glass cell of spectrometer, value of absorbance (A) of solution and molar
absorbance coefficient (e) of solute, the concentration of a solution is calculated easily in a short time.
For example, keeping a solution in 1 cm length glass cell of spectrometer, its absorbance (A) is found as
0.156. Molar absorbance co-efficient(e)of solute is 1.2×104, then concentration of the solution is A = ecb
Here, A = 0.156, e = 1.2 \ 104 L mol-1cm-1; I = 1 cm
A 0.156
\c= = or , c = 1.3×10-5 moIL-1
eb 1.2 ´ 10 Lmol -1cm -1 ´ 1cm
4
Example-01. A sample solution taken in a container of length 1.0 cm radiates 80% of incident light at a particular
wave length. If absorptivity of the body is 2.0, then what is the concentration of the solution?
1
Solve: We know , log = abc; Here, radiation of light from solution is 80%, So, T = 0.80
T
Sunrise – 20

1
log = abc; Here, from solution, a = 2.0, b = 1.0cm
T
1 0.10
Thus, log = 2.0 cm-1g-1L×1.0cm ×c ; or, log 1.25 = 2.0g-1L×C \ C = = 0.050g/L
0.80 2 .0
Example - 02: In a solution, e = 1.0×105Lmol-1cm-1 and length of path 1.0cm and A = 1, then what is the
concentration of the solution?
A 1.0 -1
Here, e = 1.0×105mol-1cm-1
Solve: We know, C = = mol L 1 = 1.0cm; A = 1.0
el 1.0 ´ 105 ´ 1.0
Type - 09: Atomic absorption spectroscopy:

Principle: The experimental sample is converted to free atoms by heating with flames. The radiation is then
passed through a monochromator in order to separate element -specific radiation from any other radiation
emitted by the radiation source, which is finally measured by a detector. Then it is amplified and compared with
standard simple signal with the help of signal processor to determine the amount.

Fig: atomic absorption spectroscopy block
Example: 01: To determine calcium in a simple of hard water, when the sample was analysed at wave length of
422.7 nm, the following data were obtained -
concentration (C), ppm 0 1.0 3.1 3.9 5.0 6.0
Absorbance(A) 0 0.09 0.273 0.34 0.44 0.525
If Absorbance of unknown sample = 0.38, find the concentration of calcium in sample.
Solve: At 423nm wave length. If we plot concentration of calcium vs absorption, we get a calibration curve
which is a straight line. From this curve, we get concentration is 4.2 ppm when absorbance is 0.38. So,
amount of Ca in sample is 4.2 ppm.
Type – 10: Quantitative analysis with the help of UV visible spectrum:

You all know that electromagnetic radiations are divided into some regions depending on wavelength,
frequency or wave number. The portion of electromagnetic spectrum having wavelength 400 - 750 nm is
called visible and the portion is called UV or ultraviolet ray. Wavelength 200-750nm. On absorption of visible
or ultra violet rays, electrons of outer orbitals of atoms become excited. Then, different types of electron
transfer occur in atoms, which are shown in figure below:
Sunrise – 21

In s-bonds, electrons are bound with more energy. So, for s – s * transfer, more energy is required. (Look
at above figure). Thus, rays related to such transfer of electrons fail outside range of normal ultra-violet ray
electroscope apparatus. Transfer of electrons (n®r* and p®p*) bounded with comparative less energy n
and p- requires less energy and this energy falls within rang of ultra-violate and visible energy. Therefore,
main topics of ultra-violate visible electroscopy are -
(1) n® p* Electron transfer: One electron of lone pair present in molecule of organic compound is
transferred to unstable antibonding p -orbital.
Example: /\C = O && : ® \ C -& O& : n ® p *
/
(2) p ® p* Electron transfer occurs in normal alkene compounds (like- ethelene) too. But in this case,
absorption occurs in far ultraviolet portion. If Conjugated double bond is present in compound, energy
level of absorbed ray reduces. Thus, absorption of ray moves to higher wavelength.

If number of alternate double bond increase in a compound, absorption from ultraviolet to visible light and
the compound, energy level of absorbed ray reduces. Thus, absorption of ray moves to higher wavelength.
In number of alternate double bond increase in a compound, absorption moves from ultraviolet to visible
light and the compound looks colored. For example - In molecule of carotene of cartoon present in carrot
has many alternate
double bonds. That is why, carrot is orange colored.
Now question may arise, how absorption of conjugate double bond moves to lower energy (higher
wavelength.)
Actually, if conjugate double bond is present in a compound, it becomes more stable due to resonance.
But this stability is more in excited state of higher energy level than stable state of ground level. Thus,
difference reduces between excited unstable and excited stable states.
In analytic chemistry, UV visible spectroscopy is mainly used in quantitative analysis of color-compounds
(like transition elements, compounds having many conjugate bonds, macromolecule etc.)

In quantitative analysis of UV - visible spectroscopy, robust technique as per Beer-lambert equation is
used. The compounds which have chromophore group like /\ C = C \/ , NO2 , C = O etc. if UV-visible
radiation is passed through their solution, the compounds absorb rays of particular wavelength. For
that, Beer - lambert equation (A - ecb) can be written as -
A = A¢ (1%, 1 = 1.0cm) × b × c
Here, A = absorption which is reading of spectrometer.
A¢(1%, 1cm) = standard absorption which i.e absorption in cell of length 1.0cm and solution with
concentration of 1.0% æç w ö÷
èvø
b = length of cell = 1.0 cm; c = concentration of solution
A A A
\C = = =
A¢(1.0%) ´ b A¢(1%) ´ 1 A¢(1%)

Obtained concentration will be gram / 100 mL of sample C. During quantitative analysis in medicine
industry, Absorption value A' (1%) of standard solution is used. For example while determining
concentration of paracitamol, we get -
Concentration, C = Absorption of sample, A ´ weight of components in s tan dard solution ´ xp =
Absorption of s tan dard solution A¢ ´ weight of sample
a1 ´ w1 ´ P a1 ´ d f
=
a 2 ´ w2 a2 ´ w2
Example - 01: Determine the concentration of paracitamol in a commercial tablet. Given, at wavelength 257 nm,
Absorption of paracitamol occurs in band 0.541. Absorption of paracitamol with 1.0% concentration is 71; asld
5cm-1. Dilution factor of solution of mass 0.1518g is 2.0×104.
Solve: In a sample with wavelength 257nm, A, a1 = 0.541; A¢ a1 = 0.541; A¢(1.0%), a2 = 715
weight of sample, w2 = 0.151g ; df = w1×P = 2×104

0.541 ´ 2 ´ 10 4
\C = = 99.67%
715 ´ 0.1518
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Previous Years Question
2005. How many litres of Cl2 gas can be obtained at 40°C and 787 mm Hg pressure from 9.41gm HCl according
to the following reaction? [Ans. 1.998 L]
2005. 100 ml of 0.1 M H2SO4 solution is added to a 300 ml of 0.2 M NaOH solution for partial neutralization.
Determine the concentration of the unreacted NaOH solution. [Ans. 0.1 M]
2005. What species are responsible for alkalinity of water? How can its extent be measured?
[Ans. Mg2+, Ca2+ ions. Measured by EDTA process]
2005. The volume of oxygen gas at NTP obtained after heating 50 gm potassium chlorate is ____.
Ö(a) 13.70L (b) 15.50L (c) 11.70L (d) 10.80L
2006 A primary standard substance should be ______

(a) Unaltered in air during weighing (b) Readily soluble in water
(c) Having high equivalent weight Ö(d) Having all of the above characteristics
2006. What is the strength of 5% Na2CO3 solution is molarity? Ö
(a) 0.473M (b)0.582M (c) 0.5 M (d) 0.3215M
2009. 22.4ml of HCl is required to neutralize 25.0ml of 0.10N Na2CO3 solution. How much water must be added
to 200ml of acid to make 0.10N? Ignore the volume change. [Ans. 23.214 mL]
2009. Calculate the minimum required amount of Fe to produce 2 g H2 from vapor?
(a) 4.185 g (b) 51.85 g (c) 41.85 g (d) 83.70 g
2010. A piece of white phosphorous (at. wt. =31) was thrown out in the air and caught fire.
(i) Write the chemical reaction that occurred in the air with physical states of the reactants and products.
(ii) Calculate the required amount of P (in gram and in mole) to produce 2.84g of the product of this
reaction.

2010. To produce ZnCl2 from 25g of zinc powder, find the minimum amount (in cm3) of 0.05 mol dm–3 HCl that is required.
2010. The volume of oxygen gas obtained at NTP on heating 60g of KClO3 is ________.
(a) 13.70 L (b) 11.70 L (c) 10.70 L (d) 16.46 L
2010. The mass % of H2 in water is _______. (a) 50.0 (b) 33.0 (c) 10.5 (d) 11.1
2010. How many molecules are present in 5g of CO2 gas?
(a) 6.84×1022 (b) 6.0×1022 (c) 6.84×1018 (d) 5.84×1022
2010. Which of the following concentration unit of a solution is temperature independent?
(a) Normality (b) Molality (c) Molarity (d) None of the above
2011. A garden fertilizer is said to have a phosphorous content of 30% as P2O5 which is soluble in water. What is
the percentage of phosphorous in the fertilizer? A) 6.55% B) 13.1% C) 26.2% D) 30.0%
2012. 1.0 g of a metal carbonate salt is dissolved in 25.0 mL 1.0 M HCl solution. 50.0 mL decimolar solution of caustic soda

is required to neutralize the resulting solution completely. Calculate the molecular weight and molecular formula of
the salt.
2012. At standard temperature and pressure which of the following gas has the highest molar volume?
A) H2 B) He C) Nitrogen D) None of these Ans. D
2013. Two aqueous solutions are prepared separately by dissolving 20.0 g NaOH in 90.0 g water and 18.25 g HCl in
81.0 g water. The two solutions are then mixed together. The mixture is then dried by applying heat. It took
10.0 hours to dry it completely. Calculate the amount of salt obtained after drying and the number of water
molecules evaporated per second during drying. 1.673 ´ 1020 (Ans.)
2013. On analyzing 10 g of a polluted water sample, 10 mg of impurity is found. How many pure water
molecules are present in the sample ? 3.343 × 1023 (Ans.)
2013. 1.0 g of Mg is burnt in a closed vessel containing 0.6 g oxygen. What amount of excess Mg will be left in
the vessel ? (A) 0.09 g (B) 0.66 g (C) 0.25 g (D) 0.12 g Ans. A
2013. 0.361g CO2 and 0.147g H2O is produced when 0.202g of a substance is burned. Calculate the percentage of oxygen.
[RUET]
(A) 48.74% (B) 56.82% (C) 43.18% (D) 68.04% (E) None Ans. C
Sunrise – 23

2013. What is the amount of Na2CO3 required to prepare 200mL 0.075 M solution? [RUET]
(A) 1.59 g (B) 10.60 g (C) 2.18 g (D) 0.53 g (E) None Ans. A
2013. 27.6% and 30% oxygen exists in two oxides of a metal. If the chemical formula of the first oxide is M3O4,
determine the chemical formula of the second oxide. [CUET] MyOx = M2O3 (Ans.)
2013. 0.03 mgL-1 arsenic was found from the analysis of water of a tubewell. What is the concentration of
arsenic of that water? [CUET] (A) 30 ppb (B) 300 ppb (C) 30 ppm (D) 300 ppm Ans. A
2013. A man can receive 0.2 L air at one breathing time whose temperature is 27°C and pressure is 1.0 atm.
How many gas molecules the man receives at one time? [CUET]
(A) 48.9 ´ 1021 (B) 4.89 ´ 1021 (C) 4.98 ´ 1021 (D) None of these Ans. B
2013. What is the mass of a CO2 molecule? [CUET]
(A) 7.305 ´ 10-23g (B) 5.31 ´ 10-23g (C) 7.023 ´ 10-23g (D) 6.84 ´ 10-22g Ans. A

2013. How much Na2C2O4 will be required to prepare 250 ml of 0.1 M solution of Na2C2O4 ? [CUET]
(A) 3.35 g (B) 1.675 g (C) 2.25 g (D) 6.75 g Ans. A
2013. The molecular formula of glucose is C6H12O6. Which one of the following is its empirical formula? [CUET]
(A) CHO (B) CH2O (C) C3H6O3 (D) C2H4O2 Ans. B
2013. What is the percentage of crystal water in Blue vitriol? [CUET]
(A) 36.08% (B) 58.59% (C) 5.68% (D) None of these Ans. A
2014. 3.78g of nitric acid is dissolved in 400 mL water. What will be the concentration of this solution in
molarity? How much more water is to be added to this solution to make it 0.1 M? [BUET]
2014. 15.82g of impure calcium carbonate reacts with hydrochloric acid at 37°C and 750 mm (hg) pressure to give
2.53 dm3 carbon dioxide. Find the amount of impurity in that calcium carbonate. [BUET]
2014. An Electric power station annually burns 3.1´107kg of coal containing 2.4% rhombic sulphur by mass.

Calculate the volume of SO2 produced at STP. [BUET]
2014. Which of the followings is the secondary standard substance? [RUET]
(A)Na2C2O4.2H2O (B) H2C2O4.2H2O (C) Na2CO3 (D) Na2S2O3.5H2O (E) None Ans. D
2014. 30% Fe2O3 is present in an iron ore. How much iron will be obtained by carbon reduction from 500 kg iron ore?
[RUET]
(A) 140.9155kg (B) 401.9155kg (C) 410.9155kg (D) 104.9155kg (E) None Ans. D
2014. 10.6g pure Na2CO3 is dissolved in 250ml solution. Calculate the strength in molarity. [RUET]
(A) 1.02M (B) 0.9434M (C) 1.25M (D) 0.204M (E) None Ans. E
2014. In an aromatic compound Carbon=39.9%, Hydrogen=6.75% and rest percentage is Oxygen. Determine
the atomic symbol of the comp9ound if the vapor density of the compound is 30. [RUET]
(A) C2H4O3 (B) C2H2O (C) C4H6O4 (D) C3H6O3 (E) None Ans. E
2014. 96% Calcium carbonate is available in a sample of limestone. If 150gm limestone is dissolved in dilute HCl,

How mass CO2 in liter will obtain in standard condition. [CUET]
(a) 32.256 L (b) 3.2256 L (c) 322.56 L (d) 0.3226 L Ans. A
2014. In a titration 16.5 ml of 0.125M H2SO4 solution is required to neutralize 25 ml of a NaOH solution. What
will be the strength of NaOH solution? [CUET]
(a) 0.0825 M (b) 0.1894 M (c) 0.0125 M (d) 0.225 M
- 2-
2005. Using half reaction method, show how MnO4 oxidizes SO3 ion in basic solution. Write down the
complete reaction.
2005. Which of the following is the correct ionic equation?
(a) Cr2O72- + H+ + Fe2+ = 2 Cr3+ + H2O + Fe3+ (b) Cr2O72- + 14 H+ + Fe2+ = 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O + Fe3+
(c)Cr2O72-+14 H+ +6 Fe2+ =2 Cr3+ +7 H2O +6 Fe3+ (d) Cr2O72-+10 H+ + Fe2+=2 Cr3+ +5 H2O +Fe3+ Ans. (c)
2009. Identify the oxidant in the following reaction: Fe2+ + 2H+ + NO3- = Fe3+ + NO2 + H2O
(a) Fe2+ (b)H+ (c)NO3-
(d)H2O Ans. (c)

2009. Which of the following is a primary standard substance?
(a) Na2S2O3 (b) CaCl2 (c) Na2CO3 (d) NaO Ans. (c)
2011. Which one of the following is a reducing agent? A) FeCl3 B) KMnO4 C) I2 D) Na2S2O3
Sunrise – 24

2011. Which one of the following is false?
A) Ca and Ca2+ have same number of protons B) O2 molecule has two covalent bonds.
C) Fe+2 and Fe+3 ions have equal number of electrons.
D) Hydrogen can have both positive and negative valency.
2011. Which one of the following is a primary standard substance?
A) Na2S2O3 B) NaOH C) FeSO4 D) K2Cr2O7
2012. Which one of the following equations is a redox reaction?
A) Cr2O72- + 2OH- ® 2Cr2O42- + H2O B) H2O2 + KOH ® KHO2 + H2O
C) K + O2 ® KO2 D) Ca(HCO3)2 ® CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O Ans. C
2012. Rust formation on iron is?
A) Oxidation reaction B) Reduction reaction
C) Substitution reaction D) Redox reaction Ans. D

2013. 2 FeCl3 + SnCl2 = 2FeCl2 + SnCl4 is an oxidation-reduction reaction. Show the conversion of oxidation and
reduction parts separately. Explain those two conversions according to the modern concept.
2013. A 0.204 g sample of steel is dissolved in sulphuric acid. The resulting solution required 27.4 cm3 of
0.0220 mol/dm3 K2Cr2O7 solution for complete reaction. Calculate the percentage of iron in the sample
of steel. Write the ionic equation for the reaction. 99.02% (Ans.)
2013. Which species has an atom with an oxidation number of +3 ?
(A) ClO-2 (B) PO 4 (C) S2O 3 (D) NO2 Ans. A
3- 2- +
2013. Calculate the molar ratio of K2Cr2O7 and Fe(II) salt from the following reaction
K2Cr2O7 + 7H2SO4 + 6FeSO4 ® 3Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + 7H2O [RUET]
(A) 1:3 (B) 1:5 (C) 1:6 (D) 2:3 (E) None Ans. C
2014. Complete the following reactions: [BUET]
(a) CuSO4 + KI= (b) KMnO4 + H2C2O4 + H2SO4 =

-
(c) Al2O3 + NaOH= (d) Mn O 4 +Cl- + H+ = (e) Cl2 + Na2SO3 + H2O
2014. Which one is oxidant and which one is reductant in the following reaction? [RUET]
Co(s)+Cl2(g) ® CoCl2(s).
(A) Co (oxidant), Cl2(reductant) (B) Co (reductant), Cl2 (oxidant)
(C) Co and Cl2 both oxidant (D) Co and Cl2 both reductant (E) None Ans. B
2014. Which of the followings is not Redox reaction? [RUET]
(A) AgNO3 (aq)+NaCl (aq)=AgCl(s)+NaNO3(aq) (B) 2Na(s)+Cl2(g)=2NaCl(s)
(C)CuSO4(aq)+Fe(s)=FeSO4(aq)+Cu(s) (D) 2Cu(NO3)2 ¾Heated
¾¾® 2CuO(s)+4NO2(s) (E) None
Ans. A
2014. How much amount of KMnO4 will require to oxidized 100g Na2C2O2 acidic solution? [RUET]
(A) 17.0gm (B) 27.16gm (C) 37.16gm (D) 57.16gm (E) None Ans. E
2015. The concentration of Cl- is 0.25M, What is the ppm of the solution? [BUET]

2015. 15 ml H2O2 is oxidized by 20ml 0.05M KMnO4 acidic solution. Find the mass of H2O2. [BUET]
2015. In the radiation of 580nm wavelength the volume of a colour solution is 20L, Molar mass 110g,mass of
solution is 8.5g,molar absorption coefficient 103cm-1M-1 ,thickness 2cm,find the absorbance.
2015. Balance the following equations: [BUET]
(i) KMnO4 + H2SO4 + H2O2 ®? (ii) CuSO4 + KI ®?
(iii) K2Cr2O7 + FeSO4 + H2SO4 ®? (iv) KMnO4 + H2SO4 + FeSO4 ®?
2015. (a) Find out the oxidation number of Cr in[Cr(CN)6]3- ion. [RUET]
(b) Balance the following chemical equation by ion-electron method.
K2Cr2O7 + HCL + KI ® KCL + CrCI3 + I2 + H2O
(c) Write down the effective pH ranges at the end point of methyl red and phenolphthalein indicators.
2015. (a) What are the Iodimetry and Iodometry ? [RUET]
(b) Calculate the molarity and molality of a H2SO4 solution of specific gravity 1.198, containing 27%
H2SO4 by weight.
2015. The pH of a sample of fruit juice is 3.80. What is the concentration of OH- of that sample in Molarity?
[CUET]
(A) 1.58´10-5 M (B) 6.31´10-11 M (C) 6.29´1010 M (D) 6.98´10-9 M Ans. B
2015. 300 mL of 0.2 M NaOH solution is added to 100 mL of 0.1M H2SO4 solution for partial neutralization.
Sunrise – 25

Determine the concentration of unreacted NaOH solution. [CUET]
2015. An electric power station annually burns 3.1´107 kg of coal containing 2.4% rhombic sulfur by mass.
Calculate the volume of SO2 produced at STP. [CUET]
2015. The water on agricultural land at Khulna region contains 585 ppm NaCl. What is the concentration of
NaCl of that water in molarity? [CUET]
3
2016. Using methyl orange indicator 22.3 cm3 of 0.10 mol/dm of sulphuric acid was required to
neutralize 50cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution (a) Write the neutralization reaction. (b)
Calculate the number of moles of sulphuric acid required. (c) Calculate the number of moles of
sodium hydroxide in 50 cm3 solution (d) Calculate the molarity of sodium hydroxide solution. ]
Solve : (a) 2NaOH + H2SO4 ––® Na2SO4 + 2H2O [ BUET]
(b) 1dm3 or, 1000m3 In 0.1 mol

0.1
1cm3 In 1000
0.1´22.3
\ 22.3 cm3 In 1000
= 2.23 ´ 10–3 mol
(c) 1000 cm3 In 0.0892 mol
50cm3 In = 4.46 ´ 10–3 mol
\ CuCO3 less solubility
d) SNaOH´ VNaOH = SH2SO4 ´ V H2SO4 ´ 2
50 ´ SNaOH = 2´ 0.1 ´ 22.3

SNaOH = 0.0892 m
2016. The following reactions are given for hydrogen molecule:- [ KUET]
i. H+H®H2
ii. HCl ® H++Cl-
iii. H + e ® H-
Which reaction of Hydrogen molecule is similar to halogen?
(A) 1 & 2 (B) 1 & 3 (C) 2 & 3 (D) 1,2 & 3 (E) only
Solve : 1 I 3
2016. 50 mL N/10 H2SO4; 30 mL N/3 HNO3 and 10 mL N/2 HCl are mixed together and the volume of
final solution is made 1L. Calculate the normality of the solution. [ KUET]
(A) N/20 (B) N/40 (C) N/50 (D) 14N/15 (E) N

1 N +
Solve : 50 mL 10 N H2SO4 = 50 mL 5 H
50 ´ 10-3
n1 = 5 = 10 ´ 10–3
1 30 ´ 10–3
For 30 mL 3 N HNO3, n1 = 3 = 10 ´ 10–3
1 30 ´ 10–3
For 30 mL 3 N HNO3 , n2 = 3 = 10 ´ 10–3
1 10 ´ 10–3
For 10 ml 2 N HCl , n3 = 2 = 5 ´ 10–3
n1 + n2 + n3 10 ´ 10–3 + 10 ´ 10-3 + 5 ´ 10–3
S= V = 1
1
= 25 ´ 10–3 = 40 N
Sunrise – 26

20
2016. There are 6.023´10 molecule in 100 mL solution of urea. The concentration of solution is -
(A) 0.0001 (B) 0.001 (C) 0.010 (D) 0.100 (E) 1.000 [ KUET]
23
6.023 ´ 10
6.023 ´ 1023
Solve : Concentration S = 100 = 0.01 M
1000
2016. 25 mL of H2SO4 is dissolved in 950 mL water. Calculate the concentration of the solution in
Molarity? [ KUET]
(A) 2.66 M (B) 3.50 M (C) 4.55 M (D) 5.32 M (E) 6.45 M
Solve : m = Pv

= (250 ´ 1.98) g
= 495 g
495
n = 98 = 5.051 mole
5.051
s = 0.950 = 5.32 M
2017. Coagulation of particle happens - [ KUET]
i) ®When there plenty of electrolytes in the solution.
ii) ® The charge of collerid particles are mutralized by the opposite chrage of electrolytic
charge.
iii) ® The colloid particles and the distribution medium come closer.

iv) ® Temperature is high.
Which of the following correct answer?
(A) i and ii (B) i and iii (C) ii and iii (D) i,ii and iii (E) i and iv
2017. (a) Describe the procedure of corrupted bank note by UV ray/ [ RUET]
16 17 18
(b) The quantity of 0, 0 and 0 in the natural oxigen is 99.76% , 0.037%, and
0.204%. Figure out the atomic mass of the oxigen?
Solve: (a) procedure of detecting corrupted bank note by UV ray. A special chemical optical
sensor phosphor is used in currency which work as security device. When electrons of the
phosphar molecules are and pasport is based on this theory. )
(b) the total mass of 100 oxigen atoms
= ( 16 ´ 99.76 + 17´ 0.037 + 18´ 0.204) = 1599.9 a.m.u

1599.9
\ The average mass of one oxigen atom = 100
= 15.999 a.m.u
\ The atomic mass of oxigen = 15.999
2018. The chief constituent of gall bladder stone calcium oxalate. Calcium oxalate as collector from the
blood is dissolved in acid and lithated with KMnO4 having conextration 9.56´10-4M. For 10 mL
flood sample 24.2 mL is needed calculate how much calcium is present per mililitre of blood. Show
the reation ( Ca = 40)] [BUET]
Solve:
Smol. ´ eq. = S mol. ´ eq.
24.2 ´ 9.56 ´ 10-4
Þ ´ 5 = nca(coo)2 ´ 2
1000
\ nca(coo)2 = nca = 5.78 ´ 10-5
mca = 5.78 ´ 10 ´ 40 = 2.31 ´ 10-3g

2.31 ´ 10-3
Amount of calcium per mL = = 2.31 ´ 10-4 g/mL
10
Sunrise – 27

2018. 0.55mg graphite is required to write ÒBangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET) Ó
with a pencil. [BUET]
a) Calculate the number of carbon atoms in that writing.
b) If combustion with oxygen then find the volume of the gas produced in the little by that carbon atoms.
N w 0.55 ´ 10-3
Solve : = ÞN = ´ 6.023 ´ 1023
NA m 12
2018. Milk of magnessia is an aqurous suspension of magnessium hydroxide. Which is used generally to
neutrlize acid in the stomach . The acid of the stomach is mainly hydroclorid acid which reacts air the midle
of megnesia to form magnessium chloride and water. If the concenration of the stomach is 0.13 M then for a
doze of milk of magnesia how much little of acid of the stomach will neutalize 100 mg magnesium
hydroxide. [BUET]
mg(OH)2

Solve : + 2HCl ® MgCl2 + H2O
24 + 34 = 5kg
100 100
mole mg(OH)2 = 2 ´ mole HCl
58 58
= 3.448 mole HCl
s 0.13
\v= = ´ 58 = 0.0377 L
n 200
2018. A container filled with water loses 150 mg per hour. How many water vapour molecules will be formed the
container per second? [KUET]
(A) 1.395´1015 (B) 1.395´1016 (C) 1.395´1017 (D) 1.395´1018 (E) 1.395´1019
Solve: (D);
150
N = n ´ NA = ´ 6.023 ´ 1023 = 5.02 ´ 1021 h-1 = 1.395 ´ 10-18s-1
100

18
2018. What is the mole fraction of NaOH and water in the aquous solution of 10% (w/w) NaOH ?
(A) 0.0325 I 0.9675 (B) 0.9675 I 0.0325 (C) 0.0476 I 0.9524 [KUET]
(D) 0.9524 I 0.0476 (E) 0.0556 I 0.9444
Solve: (C);
l0 g NaOH in 100g solution 0.25
10 g NaOH in 90g water \ mole fraction, NaOH = = 0.0476
5.25
10 5
NNaOH = = 0.25 mole fraction, H2O = = 0.9524
40 5.25
90
hH2O = =5
80
2018. How much gram of concentrated nitric acid is required to prepare 250 mL 2.0 M HNO3? (The concentration
of the acidi is 70% HNO3 ) [KUET]

(A) 45.0 g (B) 31.5 g (C) 63.0 g (D) 126.5 g (E) 15.8 g
Solve: (A);
250 ´ 2.0
h= = 0.5
1000
70% HNO3 = 70g HNO3 in 100 g solution
70g
\ 100g solution contains = = 1.11 mol HNO3
(1 + 14 + 16 ´3)g
0.5
\ 0.5 mol HNO3 is in ´ 100g = 45g solution
1.11
2018. The electronic configuration of an element is 1s22s22p63s23p5. How many electrons are their in
6.24078´10-23 g of the element ? ] [KUET]
(A) 1 (B) 1.02391´1023 (C) 1.64067´1047 (D) 18 (E) 639
Solve: (C); Number of eloectrons = 17 element is chlorine , cl2

6.24078 ´ 10-23
n= = 258.79´ 10-25
35.5 ´ 2
Number of electrons = 8.79 ´ 6.023h1023 ´ 17 ´ 2 = 18
Sunrise – 28

3
2018. 1.0 g of a carbonate compound is taken in a volumemetric flask having 100.0 cm capacity and water is
added to make up to the mark . By volumemetric analysis it is found that the concentration of the solution is
0.1M. What is the chemical formula of the compound? (The solution is alkalyne ]
(A) (CH3)2CO3 (B) Na2CO3 (C) SrCO3 (D) MgCO3 (E) CaCO3 [KUET]
Solve: (E);
100 ´ 0.1
n= = 0.01
1000
W 1.0
n= Þ 0.01 = \ M = 100
M M
Mr of CaCO3 = 100 gm
16
2018. The real mass of 8 O is 15.9949 amu then what is the bond energy of each of the nucleon in MeV? ( The

mass of Neutron, Proton and Electorn are 1.0086, 1.0078 and 0.00054 amu) [KUET]
(A) 12 (B) 10 (C) 8 (D) 6 (E) 4
Solve: (D);
mass of nucleous = 15.9949 – 8 ´0.0054 = 15.99058 amu
theorecal mass = 8 ´ 1.0078 + 8´ 1.0086 = 16.1312 amu
Dm = 16.1312 – 15.99058 = 0.14062 amu
\ E = 0.14062 ´ 731.5 MeV = 103 MeV
103
Energy per nucleon = = 6.4 » 6 MeV
16
2018. The amount carbondioxide which is produced on heating 20g Calcium carbonate which reacts completely
with costic soda and converted into sodium carbonate. How much caustic soda is required in the reaction ?
[KUET]

(A) 25 g (B) 16 g (C) 12 g (D) 30 g (E) 20 g
Solve: (B);
20 W
´2 = ´1
100 40
W = 16 g NaOH
2018. Complete the following reaction. [RUET]
(a) 4Fe3+(aq) + 3K4[Fe(CN)6] ¾¾®
(b) 2K2[HgI4](aq) + 2NH3(g) ¾¾®
D
(c) P4(s) + 3OH–(aq) + 3H2O(i) ¾¾®
(d) SeO2 + H2O ¾¾®
Solve : (a) 4Fe3+(aq) + 3K4[Fe(CN)6] ¾¾® Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3 + 12K+
(b) 2K2[HgI4](aq) + 2NH3(g) ¾¾® NH2[Hg2I3] + NH4I

D
(c) P4(s) + 3OH–(aq) + 3H2O(i) ¾¾® PH3 + 3H2PO2
(d) SeO2 + H2O ¾¾® H2SeO3
2018. (a) What is anti-oxidant? [RUET]
Solve : Antioxident agents prevent black sport from apppearing on food. It makes sure food is not
oxidised easily.
(b) Write the structural formulae of the following anti-oxidants
(i) BHT (ii) Propygallate (iii) TBHQ
OH OH OH
(H3C3)C C(CH3)3 HO OH C(CH3)3
Solve : (i) CH3 (ii) COOCH2CH2CH3 (iii) OH

(c) What is iodimetry?
Solve : Iodimetry a process where the amount an oxidising agent can be dtermined using a standard
solution of Na2S2O3 and KI.
Sunrise – 29

2018. Hydrocarbon gas of volume 20 mL is mixed with excess O2 to make the volume 90 mL. Then it is
combusted. The volume of cooled gas mixture, its volume decreases to 10mL. Calculate the formula of the
hydrocarbon. [RUET]
Solve : CxH y + æx + ö O2 ® x CO2 + y/2 H2O
y
è 4ø
20 80 40 20
Vco2 = 50 – 10 = 40 mL
40 x
= \x=2 Vo2 = 90 +40 –50 – 20 = 60 cm3
20 1
y
2+
4 60
= \y=4
1 20

Formula : C2H4
2019. 0.14g of impure iron was dissolved in a dilute solution of sulfuric acid. The solution was then reacted with
20cm3 0.02 mol/dm3 K2Cr2O7 solution. [BUET]
(a) Write down the balanced ionic equations for Fe2+ ion and Cr2O72- ion.
(b) Determine the percentage of iron relative to the mass of the impure iron sample. [atomic mass of iron,
Fe = 56]
Solve :
a) 6Fe2+ ® 6Fe3+ + 6e-
2-
Cr2O7 + 14H+ + 6e-® 2Cr3+ + 7H2O
2-
Cr2O7 + 6Fe2+ + 14H+ ® 2Cr3+ + 6Fe3+ + 7H2O
b) S (mole no. ´ e)target = S (mole no. ´ e)source
W-Fe
´ 1 = 20 ´ 10-3 ´ 0.02 ´ 6

56
WFe = 0.1344g
0.1344
% purity = ´ 100% = 96%
0.14
2019. The figure below is a spectroscopic analysis of a sample solution. If the molar absorptivity of the sample is
2 L g-1 cm-1, what is its concentration? [BUET]
Monochromatic incident light Monochromatic transmitted light
amplitude = 0.5 cm amplitude = 0.3 cm
16mm
Solve : l = 16 mm = 1.6 cm; e = 2 Lg-1 cm-1

2
Io ao 0.52
= =
I a2 0.32
Io
log = elc
I
1 0.52
´ log 2 = c
2 ´ 1.6 0.3
c = 0.14M
2019. 5g of cupric sulphate was dissolved in water to prepare 200 cm3 solution. From this solution, 20 cm3 was
taken in a conical flask and then excess KI was added into it and reduced by Na2S2O3 solution. After the
titration, it was found that 19.5 cm3 of 0.05M Na2S2O3 was required. Calculate the percent amount of cupric
salt. [KUET]
Solve : 2 CuSO4 + 4KI ¾® Cu2I2 + I2 + 2K2SO4
2 Na2S2O3 + I2 ¾® Na2S4O6 + 2 NaI

1000 ml 1.0m Na2S2O3 = 1mol CuSO4
19.5 ,, = 3.0943 CuSO4
5g contains 3.0943g
100 g contains 61.886% (Ans)
Sunrise – 30

2019. The secreted fluid in stomach contains 2.95 mg/ML of hydrochloric acid. If one person's stomach produces
1.1 L of hydrochloric acid everyday, then how many antacid tablets will be needed to neutralize the
produced hydrochloric acid completely? Each tablet contains 230 mg of Al(OH)3
Solve : In gastric juice HCl contains = 3245 mg [KUET]
Al(OH)3 + 3 HCl ¾® AlCl3 + H2O
\ will require tablet = 4.70 » 5
2019. 10 cm3 Volume of a hydrocarbon gas and 43 cm3 volume of oxygen gas are cooled after combustion, The
volume of cooled gas is found as 28 cm3. When caustic soda solution is added to this gas mixture, its
volume becomes 8 cm3. Calculate the molecular formula of the hydrocarbon.
Solve : [RUET]
CxHy + æx + ö O2 ¾¾¾¾® x CO2 + H2O
y y
è 4ø 2
10 ´ 10-3

Number of mole of Hydrocarbon = mol = 4.46 ´ 10-4mol
22.4
43 ´ 10-3
Number of mole of Oxygen = mol = 1.91 ´ 10-3mol
22.4
8 ´ 10-3
Number of mole of CO2 = mol
22.4
-3
20 ´ 10
Number of mole of Vapour mol
22.4
-3
8 ´ 10
According to questions , = x ´ 4.46 ´ 10-4 \ x = 0.8 » 1
22.4
20 ´ 10-3
Volume of water pump = 20ml number of mole = mol
22.4
20 ´ 10-3

y
According to questions , ´ 4.46 ´ 10-4 = \y=4
2 22.4
molecular formula of Hydrocarbon = CH4
Practice problem (MCQ)
1. If a mixture of 2.02 g Ca and 2.02 g H2 is heated then what will be the amount of CaH2 produced?
(a) 4.04 g (b) 2.22 g (c) 2.121g (d) 2.02 g
2. If 1021 molecules are removed from 200 gm CO2, then calculate the remaining number of molecules in that
sample of CO2. (a) 1.27×10–3 (b) 1.27×10–4 (c) 2.73×1024 (d) 1270
3. Which of the following is temperature independent?
(a) Molarity (b) Molality (c) Normality (d) None of these
4. The chemical composition of any compound depends on _____.
(a) Chemical formula (b) Empirical formula
(c) Molecular formula (d) Structural formula

5. What is the empirical formula of benzene? (a) C6H6 (b) C5H5 (c) CH (d) C8H8
6. What is the molar volume of water at liquid state? (a) 18 mg (b) 18 L (c) 18 ml (d) 30.6 L
7. Which of the following is not a secondary standard substance?
(a) Na2CO3 (b) HCl (c) KMnO4 (d) KOH
8. No of atoms in 1 molecule of sulfur is- (a) 8 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 4
9. If 95% pure 200g sample of CaCO3 is heated then calculate the amount of produced CaO.
(a) 10.64 g (b) 106.4 g (c) 1064 g (d) 14.8 g
10. What is the number of molecules that are present in 2 g CH4?
(a) 7.52 × 1022 (b) 7.52 × 1023 (c) 7.52 × 1021 (d) 7.52 × 1024
3
11. How much gram of Na2CO3 is required to prepare 250 cm decimolar solution?
(a) 26.5 g (b) 2.65 g (c) 2.5 g (d) 26 g
12. Calculate the molarity of 20% Na2CO3?
(a) 0.9493M (b) 1.886M (c) 2.0M (d) 0.188M
13. The mass of 1 molecule of CO2 is _____.

(a) 44g (b) 6.023×1023g (c) 7.3053×10-23 g (d) None of these
14. At STP, how many nitrogen gas molecules are present in 250 ml gas?
(a) 6.72×1024 (b) 6.72×1018 (c) 6.72×1021 (d) 9.29×10-18
Sunrise – 31

15. How many molecules are present in 90 g of water?
(a) 2.04 × 1025 (b) 6.023 × 1023 (c) 3.01 × 1024 (d) None of these
3
16. If 5g of KClO3 is fully heated, then how much cm of oxygen will be obtained at STP?
(a) 457.14 cm3 (b) 914.28 cm3 (c) 2742.85 cm3 (d) 1371.42 cm3
17. If 95% pure 200g CaCO3 is heated then what will be the amount of CaO produced?
(a) 112 g (b) 106.4 g (c) 56 g (d) None of these
18. Which of the following statement is correct?
(a) 1 mol solute º 100 ml 1 M solution (b) 0.5 mol solute º 500 ml 0.5 M solution
(c) 0.5 mol solute º 1000 ml 0.5 M solution (d) 1 mol solute º 500 ml 2M solution
19 What is the acidity of Al2O3? (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 6
20. A magnetite ore contains 60% Ferrosoferric oxide. Find the amount of iron which is present in 500 kg of
this ore. [Assume, Fe = 56]

(a) 362.06 kg (b) 217.24 kg (c) 120.68 kg (d) 72.41 kg
21. Which of the following is not an oxidizing agent?
(a) K2Cr2O7 (b) Br2 (c) KMnO4 (d) SnCl2
22. Which of the following is an oxidizing agent?
(a) O3 (b) SO2 (c) Na (d) H2S
23. What is the oxidation number of Mn in KMnO4?
(a) +7 (b) +6 (c) –6 (d) –7
24. What is oxidation number of Si in H2SiF6?
(a) –4 (b) +4 (c) –6 (d) +7
25. Oxidation number of Fe in Fe3O4 is
(a) +8 (b) +2.66 (c) –8 (d) –2.66
26. In free state, oxidation number of every atom is ____

(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) –1 (d)None of the above
27. Which of the following is an example of primary standard substance?
(a) HCl (b) Na2S2O3 (c) KMnO4 (d) Na2CO3
28. Which of the following is an advantage of using instead of KMnO4?
(a) K2Cr2O7 is found in pure state
(b) The aqueous solution of K2Cr2O7 can be preserved for so many days
(c) It is not reduced by MnO2 at room temperature (d) It works as self-indicator
29. 2 Na2S2O3 + I2= Na2S4O6 + 2 NaI; in this reaction, which one is the oxidant?
(a) Na2S2O3 (b) Na2S4O6 (c) I2 (d) NaI
30. Which of the following statement is true?
(a) Valency can never be zero (b) Valency & oxidation number cannot be different
(c) Valency cannot be fraction (d) Oxidation number can be mentioned without sign

31. Presence of an acidic medium is a must for redox reaction, is this true?
(a) Mandatory (b) Not mandatory but very frequent
(c) Not required at all (d) None of the above
32. How many electrons are exchanged in the oxidation half equation involving FeC2O4?
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) 5
33. Br2 + H2O2 = BrO3- + H2O; which of the following is being oxidized in this reaction?
(a) H2O2 (b) BrO3- (c) H2O (d) Br2
34. Which of the following is not applicable for reduction reaction?
(a) Atom accepts electron (b) Negative charge increases
(c) Positive charge increases (d) Positive charge decreases
Answer Sheet
1. c 2. c 3. b 4. a 5. c 6. d 7. a 8. a 9. b 10. a
11. b 12. b 13. c 14. c 15. c 16. d 17. b 18. c 19. d 20. b
21.d 22.a 23. a 24. b 25. b 26. b 27. d 28. a 29. c 30. c
31. b 32. c 33. d 34. b
Sunrise – 32

English Medium Lec - Chemistry - 4 2020

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Unique in Admission Coaching

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Equivalent number of an acid is number of replaceable hydrogen. [ H2SO4 ® 2H+ + SO42- e = 2 ]

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K2Cr2O7, KXO3 6 H2O2, Ca, As, X2, Oxalate 2

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w = mass of solute, W = mass of solvent

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nA = Mole no of the compound A, nB = Mole no of the compound B

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Ø 2Na2S2O3 - 2e–® Na2S4O6 + 2Na+

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r Some examples of balancing redox equations

(1) Reaction of KMnO4with H2O2in presence of H2SO4

Reduction half reaction: MnO4–+ 5e+8H+®Mn2++4H2O ........... (i)

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Þ 2MnO4–+6H+ +5H2O2®2Mn2+ + 8H2O + 5O2

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r Type–1: Calculations based on chemical composition:

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CaCO3 and MgCO3 in the mixture. [%CaCO3 = 54.34%, %MgCO3= 45.66%]

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