ENGLISH 12

UNIT 2: URBANISATION
Lesson 1: GETTING STARTED
Vocab. P.o.S Meaning (+example)
1. advantage n /ədˈvɑːntɪdʒ/ lợi ích; lợi thế
>< disadvantage n bất lợi
2. definition n định nghĩa
3. developed country n.phr nước đã phát triển
 developing country nước đang phát triển
4. familiar adj /fəˈmɪliə(r)/ ~ to sb; ~ with sth: quen, quen thuộc
5. finalise sth v /ˈfaɪnəlaɪz/ làm xong, hoàn thành (to complete the
last part of a plan, trip, project, etc.)
6. fix sth v /fɪks/ =set: ấn định (to decide on a date, a time,
an amount, etc. for something)
7. focus on/upon sb/sth v /ˈfəʊkəs/ tập trung, chú ý vào
8. grab the attention of sb thu hút sự chú ý của
9. industrialization/- n /ɪnˌdʌstriəlaɪˈzeɪʃn/ công nghiệp hóa
zation
10. initiative n /ɪˈnɪʃətɪv/ sáng kiến
11. instead adv /ɪnˈsted/ thay vào đó
12. engaged adj /ɪnˈɡeɪdʒd/ 2. bận rộn; 1. đã đính hôn
 keep sb engaged
13. lack of sth n /læk/ = shortage: sự thiếu hụt
 lack sth v
14. overload sb (with sth) v /ˌəʊvəˈləʊd/ to give sb too much of sth
He's overloaded with responsibilities.
15. perhaps adv /pəˈhæps/ /præps/ = maybe = possibly: có lẽ
16. propose sth v /prəˈpəʊz/ (formal) suggest sth for people to think
about and decide on: đề xuất, đưa ra
=> ~ solutions to sth
17. Q & A session mục câu hỏi và giải đáp
18. resource n /rɪˈsɔːs/, /rɪˈzɔːs/ tài nguyên
19. solve sth v /sɒlv/ giải quyết
20. stick to sth phr.v 1. to continue doing something despite
difficulties: tiếp tục
2. to continue doing or using something
and not want to change it: bám vào
 Let's stick to the original plan.
21. summarise v /ˈsʌməraɪz/ tóm tắt
22. switch off (informal) phr. V stop paying attention: ngừng chú ý
When I hear the word ‘football’ I switch
off (= because I am not interested in it).
23. thought-provoking adj /ˈθɔːtprəˈvəʊkɪŋ/ making people think seriously about a
particular subject or issue: kích thích tư
duy
a brilliant and thought-provoking play
24. urban adj /ˈɜːbən/ >< rural: connected with a town or city:
thuộc về/ liên quan đến đô thị

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/ˌɜːbənaɪˈzeɪʃn/ đô thị hóa
=> urbanise v
=> urbanisation n
25. visual n /ˈvɪʒuəl/ trực quan, hình ảnh, …
26. well-known adj /ˌwel ˈnəʊn/ = famous
27. work opportunity n.phr …. /ˌɒpəˈtjuːnəti/= job opportunity = employment
opportunity: cơ hội việc làm
UNIT 2: URBANISATION
Lesson 2: LANGUAGE
A. Vocabulary
Vocab. Pronun. Meaning (+example)
28. access sth /ˈækses/ truy cập, tiếp cận
 access n /ˈækses/ a way of entering or reaching a place: cách
tiếp cận
 have access to sth The only access to the farmhouse is across the
fields.
29. agricultural adj /ˌæɡrɪˈkʌltʃərəl/ thuộc về nông nghiệp
agricultural policy /land/ production/
development
30. badly behaved adj cư xử không phải phép
31. down(-)to(-)earth adj (approving) sensible and practical, in a way
that is helpful and friendly: thực tế, không
viễn vông
32. downmarket adj /ˌdaʊnˈmɑːkɪt/ in a way that involves buying or selling
= downscale (NAmE) goods or services that are cheap and of poor
quality: để phục vụ giới bình dân
To get more viewers the TV station was forced
to go ~.
>< upmarket adj /ˌʌpˈmɑːkɪt/ in a way that involves buying or selling
= upscale (NAmE) goods and services that are expensive and of
high quality: cao cấp, chất lượng tốt (giá cao)
The company has been forced to move more ~.
33. easy-going adj /ˌiːzi ˈɡəʊɪŋ/ dễ tính
34. facility n /fəˈsɪləti/ cơ sở vật chất
35. fast-growing adj phát triển nhanh, mạnh
36. the Industrial n.phr /ði ɪnˌdʌstriəl cuộc cách mạng công nghiệp
Revolution revəˈluːʃn/
37. industrial zone n.phr … /zəʊn/ Khu công nghiệp
38. interest-free adj /ˌɪntrəst ˈfriː/, with no interest charged on money borrowed:
/ˌɪntrest ˈfriː/ không lãi suất
an interest-free loan
39. job prospect n.phr … /ˈprɒspekt/ triển vọng công việc
40. kind-hearted adj /ˌkaɪnd ˈhɑːtɪd/ kind and generous: tốt bụng, nhân hậu
41. left-handed adj using the left hand
She writes left-handed.
# left-hand adj 1. on the left side of sth
the left-hand side of the street

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2. connected with a person’s left hand
a left-hand glove
42. long-lasting adj /ˌlɒŋ ˈlɑːstɪŋ/ lâu dài
43. old age n /ˌəʊld ˈeɪdʒ/ the time of your life when you are old
Old age can bring many problems.
=> old-aged adj ?
# age-old adj /ˌeɪdʒ ˈəʊld/ (usually before N) having existed for a very
long time: lâu đời
an age-old custom/problem
44. self-motivated adj /ˌself if a person is self-motivated, they are capable
ˈməʊtɪveɪtɪd/ of hard work and effort without the need for
encouragement
45. short-term (memory) /ˌʃɔːt ˈtɜːm/ (trí nhớ/ bộ nhớ) ngắn hạn
46. time-consuming adj /ˈtaɪm mất/tốn thời gian
kənsjuːmɪŋ/
47. transform v /trænsˈfɔːm/ ~(sb/sth) (into sth): biến đổi, chuyển hóa
 transformation
48. unemployment n /ˌʌnɪmˈplɔɪmənt tình trạng thất nghiệp
/ an area of high/low unemployment
rising/falling unemployment
It was a time of mass unemployment.
49. up-to-date adj /ˌʌp tə ˈdeɪt/ 1. modern; fashionable
2. cập nhật, mới nhất
50. weather-beaten adj /ˈweðəˌbiː.tən/ (especially of a person or their skin) rough
and damaged because the person spends a lot
of time outside: sạm nắng (da); dày dạn nắng
gió, dày dạn phong sương (người)
the weather-beaten face of an old sailor
51. well(-)dressed adj /ˌwel ˈdrest/ wearing fashionable or expensive clothes: ăn
mặc đẹp, thời thượng, bảnh bao
This is what today's well-dressed man is wearing.
52. well-established adj /ˌwel ɪˈstæblɪʃt/ having a respected position, because of being
successful, etc. over a long period: đứng
vững, tồn tại trong một thời gian dài
 a ~ firm
53. well-paid adj /ˌwel ˈpeɪd/ được trả lương cao, kiếm được nhiều tiền
54. worldwide a/adv /ˌwɜːldˈwaɪd/ trên toàn thế giới
55. year-round adj /ˌjɪə ˈraʊnd/ quanh năm
B. Pronunciation
56. diphthongs n /ˈdɪfθɒŋ/ nguyên âm đôi
B. Grammar
UNIT 2: URBANISATION
Lesson 3: READING
57. command v/n /kəˈmɑːnd/ = order: ra lệnh, chỉ huy
58. compete v /kəmˈpiːt/ ~ (with sb/sth): cạnh tranh với
59. counter- n >< urbanization: phản đô thị hóa
urbanisation

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60. crucial adj /ˈkruːʃl/ = critical; essential: tối quan trọng, thiết yếu
61. demand v/n /dɪˈmɑːnd/ yêu cầu, đòi hỏi khắt khe
62. double v/adj /ˈdʌbl/ gấp đôi
63. drought n /draʊt/ hạn hán
64. economy n /ɪˈkɒnəmi/ kinh tế; nền kinh tế; tính kinh tế
 economic adj /ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk/, thuộc về kinh tế
/ˌekəˈnɒmɪk/
 economical adj /ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪkl/, có tính kinh tế
/ˌekəˈnɒmɪkl/
 economically adv 1. liên quan đến kinh tế; 2. tiết kiệm
65. essential adj /ɪˈsenʃl/ 1. = vital: thiết yếu
2. = fundamental: cơ bản, quan trọng nhất
 He describes what he thinks is the essential
nature of America.
66. factor n /ˈfæktə(r)/ nhân tố, yếu tố
67. finance n /ˈfaɪnæns/, tài chính
/faɪˈnæns/,
/fəˈnæns/
 financial adj /faɪˈnænʃl/,
/fəˈnænʃl/
68. flood n /flʌd/ 1. lũ, lũ lụt
2. ~(of sth) a very large number of things or
people that appear at the same time
69. fortune n /ˈfɔːtʃuːn/ 1. [C] a large amount of money
2. [C] vận may; [U] may mắn
70. imperative adj /ɪmˈperətɪv/ (cấp bách, khẩn thiết); bắt buộc, cưỡng bách,
cưỡng chế; có tính chất sai khiến, có tính chất
mệnh lệnh
71. income n /ˈɪnkʌm/, [C,U] thu nhập (the money that a person, a
/ˈɪnkəm/ region, a country, etc. earns from work, from
investing money, from business, etc.)
72. insist v /ɪnˈsɪst/ khăng khăng
73. leave A for B v rời nơi A đến nơi B
74. make a living kiếm sống, mưu sinh
75. migrate v /maɪˈɡreɪt/ 1. (of birds, animals, etc.) di cư
2. =emigrate: (of a lot of people) di cư, di trú
 migration n /maɪˈɡreɪʃn/ [U/C]
 migrant n /ˈmaɪɡrənt/ người di cư
>< immigrate v /ˈɪmɪɡreɪt/ ~(to…) (from…) nhập cư
 immigration n
 immigrant n
76. obey (sb/sth) v /əˈbeɪ/ [T,I] ~ (sb/sth) to do what you are told or
expected to do: vâng lời; tuân thủ
to obey a command/an order/rules/the law
77. occur v /əˈkɜː(r)/ = happen
78. on a + adj + scale trên quy mô như thế nào
*on a massive scale trên quy mô lớn

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79. proportion n /prəˈpɔːʃn/ tỷ lệ, phần (a part or share of a whole)
80. pull v /pʊl/ kéo
81. push v /pʊʃ/ đẩy
82. recommend v /ˌrekəˈmend/ đề xuất, đề nghị
83. request v /rɪˈkwest/ yêu cầu
84. standard(s) of n /ˌstændəd əv mức sống (the amount of money and level of
living ˈlɪvɪŋ/ comfort that a particular person or group has)
 As a result of the redundancies, most families
suffered a fall in their standard of living.
85. urge v /ɜːdʒ/ thúc giục
86. urgent adj /ˈɜːdʒənt/ =pressing: cấp bách
87. vital adj /ˈvaɪtl/ 1. = necessary = essential: cấp thiết
88. wealth n /welθ/ sự giàu có
 wealthy adj /ˈwelθi/ giàu có
UNIT 2: URBANISATION
Lesson 4: SPEAKING
89. city dweller n.phr … /ˈdwelə(r)/ cư dân thành phố
90. congestion n [U] /kənˈdʒestʃən/ sự tắc nghẽn
=> traffic congestion: tắc nghẽn giao thông
91. densely populated adj đông dân cư
92. infrastructure n /ˈɪnfrəstrʌktʃə(r) cơ sở hạ tấng
93. overcrowded adj /ˌəʊvəˈkraʊdɪd/ (of a place) đông nghịt, chật ních
94. overpopulated adj /ˌəʊvəˈpɒpjuleɪtɪd/ (of a country or city) quá đông dân
95. short of adj thiếu, thiếu hụt
 shortage of n /ˈʃɔːtɪdʒ/
96. slum n /slʌm/ khu ổ chuột
97. upgrade v /ˌʌpˈɡreɪd/ nâng cấp
LESSON 5: LISTENING
98. accommodation n /əˌkɒməˈdeɪʃn/ chỗ ở
99. conservative adj /kənˈsɜːvətɪv/ bảo thủ
100. discrimination n /dɪˌskrɪmɪˈneɪʃn/ sự phân biệt đối xử
101. housing n /ˈhaʊzɪŋ/ nhà ở; sự cung cấp nhà ở
buildings and other shelters that people
live in; provision of accommodation
102. mindset n /ˈmaɪndset/ = mentality: tư duy
103. prestigious adj /preˈstɪdʒəs/ có uy tín, có thanh thế
104. progressive adj /prəˈɡresɪv/ tiến bộ
105. result in sth v dẫn đến (to make something happen)
106. sanitation n /ˌsænɪˈteɪʃn/ sự đảm bảo vệ sinh, vệ sinh
107. the pros and cons n.phr = the advantages and disadvantages (of
sth)
LESSON 7: COMMUNICATION AND CULTURE
108. access to sth n /ˈækses/ cơ hội tiếp cận với cái gì
109. apparent adj /əˈpærənt/ = obvious: rõ ràng
110. authority n /ɔːˈθɒrəti/ nhà cầm quyền, nhà chức trách
111. concentration n /ˌkɒnsnˈtreɪʃn/ sự tập trung; mật độ; nồng độ

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112. gradually adv /ˈɡrædʒuəli/ slowly, over a long period of time: dần
dần, từ từ
113. gross domestic tổng sản phẩm quốc nội
product (GDP)
114. in terms of sth idm … /tɜːmz/ về mặt
115. massive adj /ˈmæsɪv/ to lớn, có quy mô lớn
116. regarding sb/sth prep. /rɪˈɡɑːdɪŋ/ = about/ relating to: nói về, về, liên quan
tới
117. statistic n /stəˈtɪstɪk/ số liệu thống kê
118. sustainable adj /səˈsteɪnəbl/ bền vững
an environmentally sustainable society
119. take measures to thực hiện các biện pháp để làm gì
do sth
120. wide-ranging adj /ˌwaɪd ˈreɪndʒɪŋ/ trên diện rộng, có phạm vi rộng
121. with the/no hope với hi vọng/ mà không có hi vọng làm gì
of doing sth

UNIT 2 - URBANISATION
WRITING: TRENDS IN URBANISATION - Describing line graphs
1. Helpful language
a. Describing changes and trends.
TREND VERB NOUN
 rise (to/by)  a rise (of)
 increase (to/by)  an increase (of)
 go up (to/by)
 an upward trend (in)
 fall (to/by)  a fall (of)
 decrease (to/by)  a decrease (of)
 decline (to/by)  a decline (of)
 go down (to/by)
 a downward trend (in)
 stay the same  no change
 remain stable/ unchanged (at)
 maintain the same level
Position  level off (at)  a levelling off (at)
 reach (a high/peak/low of)
Constant change  fluctuate (around)  a fluctuation

b. Adj. and adv. for degree of change

DEGREE ADJ. ADV.
Very extensive change dramatic dramatically
enormous enormous
Extensive change significant significantly
considerable considerably
Average change noticeable noticeably
moderate moderately

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Small change slight slightly
small X
c. Adj. and Adv. for speed of change
SPEED ADJ. ADV.
Quick change rapid rapidly
quick quickly
sharp sharply
Slow change steady steadily
gradual gradually
slow slowly
Unexpected change sudden suddenly
unexpected unexpectedly
2. Helpful structures
2.1. Structures
a. ___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
E.g.: The number of young people working on farm has decreased sharply over the past years.
b. ___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
E.g.: There has been a sharp decrease in the number of young people working on farms.
2.2. Further practice
a. ___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
b. ___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
3. Structure of the description of line graphs
3.1. Introduction: introduce the graph
The line graph shows/ illustrates + N phrases + a period of time
Time expressions: over the past years, from... to..., between ... and ..., in the last 3/5/10/etc. years, in 1990/2008/etc., the
mid-1950s/1960s/etc., in the period of ... years, in a fifteen-year/ twenty-year/etc. period,...
3.2. Body: Give the details
- Useful language with numbers: about, around, approximately, over, etc. + number/ percentage...
E.g.: about 1500 people, over 15%, etc.
3.3. Conclusion/ Overview: can be put at the beginning or at the end of the description
- This usually states the main trend or trends in the graph.
Overall/ In conclusion/ In general/ etc. + S + V
4. Practice: (Task 3, page 26, textbook)
The line graph below shows the urbanisation rate in South Korea and Indonesia. Write a description (of about
150 words) of the trends on the graph.
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