BOARD OF INTERMEDIATE EDUCATION

TELANGANA
BASIC LEARNING MATERIAL

CHEMISTRY - I
(ENGLISH MEDIUM)

District Collector & Magistrate Nodal Officer

Sri. Rajarshi Sha, I.A.S., Sri. K. Sathyanarayana

Medak District. Medak District.

Co-Ordinator
Sri. P. Avaneesh Reddy
(Principal, GJC Shankarampet – A)

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF : COMPILED BY:

Sri. K. Shashidhar, (Principal, GJC Narsingi)
Sri. T. Srinivas Goud, (Principal, GJC Boys, Medak)
Sri. M. Sridevi, (Principal, M.S., JC, Shankarampet – R)
Sri. V. Machendranath, (Principal, Siddarth Adarsha Jr. College, Medak.)
Sri. B. Venkatesham, JL in Chemistry (GJC Boys Medak)
Sri. K. Surender Reddy, JL in Chemistry, (GJC Kowdipally)
Sri. K. Naveen Kumar, JL in Chemistry (GJC Kulcharam)
Sri. V. Aravind Kumar, JL in Chemistry, (TSMS JC, Ramayampet)
Sri. S. Nagaraju, JL in Chemistry, (Geetha Jr.College, Medak)

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 CHEMISTRY - I
Very Short Answers (2 Marks)

1. State Graham’s Law of diffusion?

Ans: Graham’s Law of diffusion: The rate of diffusion (r) of a gas is inversely propositional
to the square root of its density (d)” at constant temperature and pressure.
r  1/ d
2. State Dalton’s law of partial pressures?
Asn: The total pressure entered by a mixture of chemically non – reacting gases at a given
temperature and volume is equal to the sum of partial pressures of the component gases.

P = P1 + P2 + P3 ......
3. Which gas diffuses faster among N2, O2, CH4 gases? Why?
Ans: The molecules weights of the given gases are N2 (28), O2 (32) and CH4 (16). The
lighter gases diffuse faster than heavier gases. Hence, CH4 diffuses faster.

4. What is Bolzman’s constant? Give its value?

Ans: Boltzman’s constant is the gas constant per molecule
Boltzman’s Constant K = R/N
= 1.38 x 10-16 erg / K. Molecule

5. How many times methane diffuses faster than sulphur dioxide?

Ans: According to graham’s Law of diffusion

Hence methane gas diffuses 2 times faster than SO2.

6. What are Isobars?

Ans: The curves (or) graphs that can be drawn at constant pressure are called Isobars.
Ex: Graph drawn between Volume and Temperature.

7. Why pressure cooker is used for cooking food in hills?

Ans: At hill areas pressure cooker is used for cooking food because low atmospheric
pressure is observed at high altitudes. At high altitudes liquids boil at low temperature.

8. Give the ratio of RMS average and most probable speeds of gas molecules?

9. How many numbers of moles of glucose are present in 540 Grams of Glucose?
Ans: G.M. Weight of (C6H12O6) Glucose = 180.
No. Of Moles = Weight / G.M Weight = 540/180 = 3

10. The empirical formula of a compound is CH2O. Its molecular weight is 90.
Calculate the molecular formula of the compound.

Ans: Molecular formula = n (Empirical formula)

N =- Moleculas weight / Empirical weight = 90 /30 = 3
Mol. Weight = 90
Empirical weight (CH2O) = 30.
Moleculas formula = 3 (CH2O) = C3H6O3.

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11. What is Redox concept? Give an example?
Ans: Redox reactions are the reactions in which reduction and oxidation both takes place

12. Calculate the weight of 0.1 mole of Sodium carbonate?

Ans: No. of moles = weight / G.Mol. Wt.
No. of Moles = 0.1
G.M.W of Na2CO3 = 106
Weight = 106 x 0.1 = 10.6 Gr.

13. State the first law of the thermodynamics?

Ans: Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but it can be transformed from one
form to another”.

14. State third law of thermodynamics?

Ans: The entropy of a pure crystalline substance is Zero at the absolute Zero of a
temperature (-2730C)

15. What are intensive and extensive properties?

Ans: Intensive properties : The properties which do not depend upon the quantity of
matter are called intensive properties.
Ex: Pressure
Extensive Properties : The properties which depend upon the quantity of matter are called
extensive properties
Ex: Mass.

16. Write the relation between Kp and Kc

Ans: Kp = Kc (RT) Δn
Δn = No. of gaseous products – No. Of gaseous reactants

17. Give two chemical equilibrium reactions for which Kp > Kc.
Ans: 1. 2NH3 (g) N2 (g) + 3H2 (g)
Δn = nP – nR = (3+1) – 2 = 2
Δn = 2 (+ve)
Therefore Kp > Kc
2. 2 SO3 (g) 2 SO2 (g) + O2 (g)
Δn = nP – nR = (2+1) – 2 = 1
Δn = 1 (+ve)
Therefore Kp > Kc

18. What is Lewis acid? Give one example?

Ans: A substance which can accept an electron pair to form a co-ordinate covalent bond
with donor is called Lewis Acid.
Ex: BF3.

19. What is meant by Ionic product of water?

Ans: At a given temperature the product of the concentrations of H+ and OH- ions in water
is called ionic product of water
Kw = [H+] [OH-]
At 250 C KW = 1.008 x 10-14 mole2 / Lit 2.

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20. All Lewis acids are not Bronsted acids? Why?
Ans: 1. Lewis acid means electron pair acceptor and bronsted acid means proton donor.
2. According to Lewis concept many acids do not have proton. So all Lewis acids are
not Bronsted bases.
21. State law of Chemical equilibrium?
Ans: The ratio of product of molar concentrations of the products to the product of molar
concentration of the reactants has a constant value. This is known as the law of
chemical equilibrium.
22. Describe the important uses of quick Lime?
Ans: 1. Manufacture of Cement, Na2CO3.
2. Purification of Sugar.
23. Describe the important uses of Caustic Soda NaOH?
Ans: 1. Soap, Paper industries,
2. Petroleum refining
3. As a Laboratory reagent.
24. What is plaster of Paris? Mention its uses?
Ans: Calcium Sulphate semi hydrate [CaSO4. ½ H2O] is known as plaster of pairs.
Uses : 1. Surgical bandages for bone fracture
2. Making white chalks
3. Making casts for statues, roofs, toys etc.

25. What happens when Magnesium metal is brunt in air?

Ans: When Magnesium is burnt in air, it burns with dazzling light and gives MgO and
Mg3N2.
2Mg + O2  2MgO;
3Mg + N2  Mg3N2.
26. Give the biological importance of Na+ and K+ ions?
Ans: Na+ : 1. Sodium ions help in the transmission of nerve signals.
2. Regulation of flow of water across the cell membranes.
+
K: 1. Potassium ions help in activating many enzymes.
2. Oxidising glucose to produce ATP.

27. What is the importance of Ca+2 in the functioning of cell?

Ans:’ 1. Ca+2 ions are present in bones and teeth.
2. Ca+2 ions regulate heart beating.
3. Ca+2 ions are necessary for blood clotting.

28. Why Gypsum added to cement?

Ans: Gypsum is added to cement to increase the setting time, and cement gets sufficiently
hardened.

29. Lithium salts are mostly hydrated. Why?

Ans: Hydration enthalpy of Li+ ion is very high. It has very high degree of hydration. So Li
salts are mostly hydrated.,
Ex: LiCl . 2H2O.
30. Explain inert pair effect?
Ans: The reluctance of ‘ns’ pair of electrons to take part in bond formation is called inert
pair effect.

31. Give the formula of borazine. What is its common name?

Ans: 1. The formula of borazine is B3N3H6.
2. It’s common name is “Inorganic benzene”

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32. Graphite is a good conductor. Explain?
Ans: In Graphite, each carbon undergoes SP2 hybridisation. Due to the presence of free
electrons, graphite acts as a good conductor of electricity.
33. Why is diamond hard?
Ans: In Diamond, each car bon undergoes SP3 hybridisation. Each carbon is bonded with
strong covalent bonds, and has a rigid three dimensional network. So diamond is
hard.

34. Name any two man – made silicates?

Ans. 1. Glass, 2. Cement

35. Why is ‘CO’ poisonous?

Ans:
1. CO is poisonous because of its ability to form complex with haemoglobin. This
complex is more stable than ‘Oxygen haemoglobin complex’.
2. This prevents the haemoglobin from carrying oxygen in the body and ultimately
results in death.

36. What is ‘Synthesis gas’?

Ans: A mixture of CO and H2 is called Synthesis gas. It is prepared by passing steam over
hot coke.

37. What is allotropy? Give the crystalline allotropes of carbon?

Ans: The phenomenon of existence of an element in different physical forms having same
chemical properties is called allotropy.
 Crystalline allotropes of carbon are a. Diamond, b. Graphite, c. Fullerenes.

38. Write the use of ZSM-5?

Ans: ZSM-5 is a Zeolite. It is used to convert alcohols directly into gasoline.

39. What is producer gas?

Ans: Producer gas is a mixture of CO and N2. It is prepared bypassing air over hot coke.

40. Give the hybridisation of carbon in a. CO3-2, b. Diamond, c. Graphite, d. Fullerenes.

a. CO3-2  SP2 Hybridisation
b. diamond  SP3 Hybridisation
c. Graphite  SP2 Hybridisation
d. fullerenes  SP2 Hybridisation

41. How does graphite function as lubricant?

Ans: Graphite is soft and it has layer lattice. These layers are slippery. Hence it is greasy
and functions as lubricant.

42. What is chemical oxygen diamond (COD)?

Ans: The amount of oxygen required to oxidise organic substances present in polluted
water is called COD.

43. What is BOD (biochemical oxygen Diamond)?

Ans: The amount of oxygen used by suitable micro organisms present in water during five
days at 200C is known as Biochemical oxygen Diamond.
44. Which oxides cause acid rain? What is its pH value?
Ans: Oxides of Nitrogen, Sulphur and Carbon dissolved in rain water causes Acid Rain.
pH of Acid rain is 5.6.

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45. Define Receptor, Sink?
Ans: 1. Receptor: It is the medium which is effected by the Pollutant.
2. Sink: It is the medium which retains and interacts with pollutants and reduces its effect.
46. What is PAN? What effect is caused by it?
Ans: PAN means Peroxy acetyl Nitrate. It is a component of Photochemical smog.
Effect of PAN: It has toxic effect. It is respiratory irritant and eye irritant.
47. Name two adverse effects caused by acid rains?
Ans: 1. Acid rains reduce the life of historical buildings like Taj mahal etc.,
2. Acid rains decreases the fertility of soil.
48. Green house effect is caused by ........ and ...... gases.
Ans: Green house effect is caused by gases such as CO2, CH4, O3, CFCS and water
vapour in the atmosphere.
49. What is Ozone hole? Where it first observed?
Ans: The depletion of Ozone Layer is commonly known as Ozone Hole. It was first
observed in Antarctica over the South Pole.
50. Write the JUPAC names of the following compounds?

a. b.
a. 3 – Pentanone b. 1, 3, - butadiene

51. Write IUPAC names of the following compounds.

a. b.
a. 2, 2, 4, 4 terra methyl pentane b. 2 –Pentanol
52. Write IUPAC names of the following?
O
||
a. CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH = CH2. B. CH3 – CH2 – C – CH3.
Ans: a. (Pent -1 – en) b. 2 – Butanone
1 – Pentene
53.Write the conformation of ethane.
Ans: 1. Saw horse Projections 2. Newman’s Projections

1. Eclipsed 2. Staggered 1. Eclipsed 2. Staggered

54. How is nitrobenzene prepared ?

Ans: Benzene undergoes Nitration with nitration mixture.
(Conc. HNO3 + Conc. H2SO4) at less than 600c to form nitro benzene.

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 CHEMISTRY - I
Long Answers (8 Marks)

1. What are the postulates of Bohr’s model of hydrogen atom? Discuss the
importance of this model to explain various series of line spectra in hydrogen atom?
Ans: Postulates of Bohr’s model of hydrogen atom:
a. Orbits:
1. The electron in the hydrogen atom can move around the nucleus in a circular path of
fixed radius and energy. These paths are called orbits or states.
2. These orbits are numbered 1, 2, 3, 4 .......... These are known as principal quantum
numbers. As the value of ‘n’ increases the size and energy of orbit increases.
b. Energy of electrons in the orbits:
1. The energy of an electron in the orbit does not change with time.
2. When sufficient energy is absorbed by the electron, it jumps from the lower orbit to a
higher orbit.
3. At higher orbits, energy is more but stability is less.
4. If an electron jumps from higher orbit to lower orbit then it emits energy in the form of
Photons.
5. The energy change does not take place in a continuous manner.
c. Frequency of radiation:
If the energy of electron in a lower orbit is E1 and higher orbit is E2 then the change in
energy is ΔE = E2 – E1 = h. Here, h is planck’s constant,  is frequency.
Hence, frequency of radiation  = ΔE/ h = E2-E1/ h
d. Angular momentum of electron :
The angular momentum of electron is quantised to h/2π. Thus mvr = nh/2π.
Here, m = mass of the electron, v = velocity, r = radius of the orbit. H = Planck’s
constant, n = simple integer 1, 2, 3.......
II. Hydrogen spectrum – Bohr’s explanation :
1. When electric discharge is passed through gaseous hydrogen the electrons in
various hydrogen atoms absorb various amount of energies.
2. Then they enter into higher energy orbits.
3. In higher orbits, the energy is more but stability is less.
4. This happens in one stop (or) in multiple steps.
5. Energy is released (in the form of photons) during this process and it appears in the
form of spectral line of Hydrogen spectrum.
6. The transmission of energy of electrons from any higher orbit to
a. n = 1 produces spectral lines in the uv region. This is named as Lyman series.
b. n = 1 produces spectral lines in the IR region. These are named as paschen,
bracket and p – fund series respectively.
7. Formula to find wave number ( ) & wavelength () of spectral lines :

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2. How are the quantum numbers n, l and ml arrived at? Explain the significance of
these quantum numbers?
Ans: To explain the position of electron in the space around the nucleus, quantum
numbers are proposed various type of orbitals can be distinguished by their size, shape and
orientation. This can be done by means of quantum numbers.
The quantum numbers n, l and ml are obtained when schrodinger wave equation is
solved for the wave function.
1. Principal quantum number:
a. It was proposed by Bohr.
b. It is denoted by ‘n’.
c. The values of ‘n’ are 1, 2, 3, 4.... These values correspond the shells K,L,M,N....
Significance : The value of ‘n’ indicates
i. Size of the orbit (rn)
ii. energy of the orbit (∈n) The maximum number of electrons in nth orbit = 2n2.
2. Azimuthal quantum number :
i. It was proposed by Somerfield
ii. It is denoted by ‘l’.
iii. The values of ‘l’ are 0, 1, 2, ... (n-1)
Significance : The values of ‘l’ incidates
i. Shape of the subshell
ii. angular momentum of electron.
The ‘l’ values 0, 1, 2, 3.. correspond the sub shells s, p, d,f, respectively.
The shape of s orbital is spherical, the shape of p – orbital is dumb – bell, the shape
of d- orbital is double dump bell, the shape of f – orbital is four fold dumb – bell.

3. Magnetic quantum number.

a. It was proposed by Lande
b. It is denoted by ‘m’ or ml
c. The values of ‘m’ range from -1 to + 1 including ‘0’ for a given value of ‘l’ the total
number of ‘m’ values = (2l + 1).

Significance : The value of ‘ml’ indicates the orientation of the orbital in space.
It explains the Zeeman effect.

4. Also we have more quantum number called spin quantum numbers (s) which was
proposed by Uhlenbeck and Goudsmith. This quantum number significes the spin (clockwise
or anticlockwise) of the revolving electron

3. Write an essay on s, p, d and f block elements?

Ans: Basing on the entry of differentiating electron into sub – shells of main shells, all the
elements are classified into 4 blocks. They are s – block, p – block, d – block, f – block.

1. S – Block elements:
1. The elements in which the differentiating electrons enter into ns – subshells are
called s- block elements.
2. Their general electronic configuration is ns1-2.
3. S- block elements are arranged in 2 groups. They are group 1 (IA), group 2 (II A).

4. IA group elements are called Alkali Metals.

5. II A group elements are called alkaline earth metals.
6. S – block is placed on the left side of the periodic table.

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2. P – block elements :

1. The elements in which the differentiating electrons enter into np – subshell are called
p – block elements.
2. Their general electronic configuration is ns2 np1-6.
3. P – block elements are arranged in 6 groups. They are from group 13 (III A) to group
18.

4. P – Block starts with group 1 and ends with group 18.

i. 13th group (or) III A group is called Boron family.
ii. 14th group (or) IV A group is called Carbon family.
iii. 15th group (or) V A group is called Nitrogen family.
iv. 16th group (or) VI A group is called Chalcogen family.
v. 17th group (or) VII A group is called Halogen family.
vi. 18th group (or) O group is called Nobel gas family.

5. It includes metals, Nonmetals, Metalloids and nobel gases.

6. p – block is placed on the right side of the periodic table.

3. d – block elements :

1. The elements in which the differentiating electrons enter into (n-1) d shell are called
d- block elements.
2. Their general electronic configuration is (n-1) d1-10 ns1-2.
3. d- block elements are arranged in 10 groups. They are form group 3 (III B) to group
12 (II B).
4. d – block elements are further classified into 4 transition series, they are 3d series,
4d series, 5d series and 6d series.
5. These are heavy metals.
6. d- block is placed at the middle of the periodic table.

4. f – block elements :

1. The elements in which the differentiating electrons enter into (n-2) f sub shell are
called f- block elements.
2. Their general electronic configuration is (n-2) f1-14 (n-1) d0-1 ns2.
3. f block elements are arranged in 14 columns.
4 . f – block elements are further classified into 2 series.
They are 4f series (Lanthanides), 5 f series (Actinides)
5. f – block is placed separately at the bottom of the periodic table.

4. What is a periodic property? How the following properties vary in a group and in a
group? b. Atomic radius, b. Ionization enthalpy, c. Electron gain enthalpy, d.
Electronegitivity.
Ans: Periodic property: In the period table, some properties of elements change
gradually with a change in their electronic configurations. Such properties are called periodic
properties.

a. Atomic radius : The distance between the centre of the atomic nucleus and the
electron cloud of the outer most energy level is called atomic radius.

i. In a group, from top to bottom the atomic radius increases because the differentiating
electron enters the next orbit atomic radius increases.

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ii. In a period from left to right the atomic radius decrease because the differentiating
electron remains in the same orbit. Hence the atomic radius decreases.

b. Ionization enthalpy : The amount of energy required to remove a electron from gaseous
neutral atom is known as Ionization enthalpy
In a group : Ionisation enthalpy decreases down a group due to increase in atomic size and
the screening effect.
In a period: Ionization enthalpy increases from left to right in a period due to decrease in
atomic size and increase i effective nuclear change.

c. Electron gain enthalpy: The amount of energy released when an electron is added to
neutral isolated gaseous atom is called electron gain enthalpy.

i. In a group, from top to bottom, electron gain enthalpy decreases because the atomic
size increases then the effective nuclear attraction on outer electrons decreases. The
electron gain enthalpy or electron affinity decreases from top to bottom in a group.

ii. In a period from left to right, the electron gain enthalpy increase because the atomic
size decreases then effective nuclear attraction on outer electron increases. Thus
E.A. increases from left to right in a period.

d. Electron negativity: (E.N.) the tendency of an atom in a molecule to attract the shared
pair of electrons towards itself is called electron negativity.
i. In a group, from top to bottom, the E.N. Value decreases because the atomic
size increases then the effective nuclear attraction on outer electrons
decrease. The value also decreases from top to bottom.
ii. In a period from left to right the E.N. value decreases because the atomic
size decreases. Then the effective nuclear attraction of outer electrons
increases

The E.N. Values increase from left to right in a period.

5. Define IE1 and IE2. Why is IE2 > 1E1 for a given atom? Discuss the factors that effect
IE of an element?

Ans: 1. First inoisation enthalpy (IE1): The minimum energy required to remove an
electron from the outer most shell of an isolated, neutral, gaseous atom is called first
ionisation enthalpy.
M (g) + 1E1 ---> M+ (g) + e-.
2. Second ionisation enthalpy (IE2): The minimum energy required to remove an electron
from a uni positive gaseous ion is called second ionisation enthalpy.
M+ (g) + IE2 --------> M+2 (g) + e-.
Second ionisation enthalpy (IE2) is greater than first ionisation enthalpy. (IE1).
Reason : In a neutral atom, the number of electrons is equal to number of protons. But,
in a unipositive ion, the number of protons is greater than the number of electrons. So,
nucleus of unipositive ion attracts the outer electrons with more force than the nucleus of its
neutral atom. So the second ionisation enthalpy is greater than the first ionisation enthalpy.
3. Factors affecting the ionisation enthalpy:
i. Atomic radius: When atomic radius increase, the nuclear force of attraction on the
valence electrons decreases. So, IE value also decreases.
ii. Nuclear Charge : When the nuclear charge increases, the force of attraction on the
valence electrons increases. So, IE value also increases.

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iii. Screening effect: The electrons present in the inner orbits decreases the nuclear
attractions between nucleus and the outer electrons. This is as screening effect.

When the number of inner shells increases, the attraction of nucleus on the outer
electrons decreases., so the IE value also decreases.

iv. Penetrating effect: In a given shell, the penetrating power of the valence electrons
decreases in the order of s>p>d>f. ‘ns’ electrons are more tightly held by the nucleus. So the
IE value decreases in the same order.

v. Completely filled or half filled sub – shells: Atoms with completely filled or half filled
sub – shells are more stable than the others.
Such elements have slightly higher IE values than expected.
6. What do you understand by hybridisation? Explain different types of hybridisation
involving in s and p orbitals?
Ans: Hybridisation: The intermixing of atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals is known
as hybridisation. The number of hybrid orbitals formed is equal to number of atomic orbitals
mixed. There are 3 types of hybridisations involving in s and p orbitals. They are sp, sp2, sp3
hybridisations.
i. SP hybridisation : The inter mixing of one s- orbital and one p orbital of the outer most
shell of an atom is called sp hybridisation.
In this process, we get two sp hybrid orbitals; The bond angle is 1800 and its shape is linear.
Ex: BeCl2, CO2, C2H2.
Formation of BeCl2:
1. In BeCl2, the central atom is Beryllium (Be)
2. The electronic configuration of Be (4) in the ground state is 1S22S2.
3. The electronic configuration of Be in the exicited state is 1S22S12P1x2Py02pZ0.
4. In the excited state, the central Be atom undergoes ‘sp’ hybridisation and forms two ‘sp’
hybrid orbitals.
5. The two sp – orbitals of Be overlap axially with p – orbitals of two Cl atoms and they form
two bonds.
6. The bond angle is 1800 and shape of BeCl2 is Linear.

2. Sp2 Hybridisation: The intermixing of one s- orbital and two p – orbitals of the outer most
shell of an atom is called sp2 hybridisation.

In this process, we get three sp2 hybrid orbitals. The bond angle is 1200 and shape is
Trigonal Planar.
Ex: BCl3, BF3, C2H4.

Formation of BCl3:
1. In BCl3 the central atom is Boron (B)
2. The electronic configuration of B (5) in the ground state is 1s2 2s2 2p1.
3. The electronic configuration of B in the excited state is 1S22S12Px1 2Py1 2pz0.

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 4. In the excited state, the central B atom undergoes sp2 hybrisation and forms three
sp2 hybrid orbitals. Each having single electron.
5. The three SP2 orbitans o a overlap with half filled p2 orbitals of three Cl atoms in a
head on position and they form three bonds. The bond angle is 1200 and shape
is trigonal planar.

3. SP3 Hybridisation : The intermixing of one s- orbital and three p – orbitals of the outer
most shell of an atom is called sp3 hybridisation. As a result four sp3 hybrid orbitals are
formed. The bond angle is 1090 281 and shape is Tetrahedral. Each sp3 hybrid orbital
contains.
25% s – characters, 75% p – character.
Ex: CH4, H2O.
Formation of CH4.
1. In CH4, the central atom is carbon.
2. The electronic configuration of C (6) in the ground state is 1s2 2s2 2p2.
3. The electronic configuration of C in the excited is 1s2 2s1 2px1 2py1 2pZ1.
4. In the excited state, the central C atom undergoes SP3 hybridisation and forms four
sp3 hybrid orbitals. Each having single electron.
5. The four SP3 orbitals of C overlap with half filled s – orbitals of four H atoms in a
head – on position and they form four bonds.
6. The bond angle is 1090 281 and shape of the CH4 molecule is Tetrahedral.

7. Give the molecular orbital energy diagram of a. N2, b. O2. Calculate the respectively
bond order of N2 and O2.
Ans: a. Electronic configuration of N(7) = 1s2 2s1 2p1x 2p1y 2p21. N atom has 7 electrons. So
the molecular orbital of N2 Contains 14 electrons.

MOED of N2 molecule.

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 Electronic configuration of molecular orbitals of N2 ( 1S2) (* 1S2) (2 S2) (* 2S2)
[π2P2x = π 2py2] (2 pz2) here, the number of bonding electrons (Nb) = 10.

The number of anti – bonding electrons (Na) = 4

Bond Order = Nb – Na = 10 – 4 = 6 = 3
2 2 2

N2 is diamagnetic due to the absence of unpaired electrons.

b. Electronic configuration of 0 (8) = 1s2 2s2 2p1x 2p1y 2pz1 since the O atom has 8
electrons the molecular orbital of O2 contains 16 electrons.

MOED of O2 Molecule.

Electronic configuration of molecular orbitals of O2 :

 (1S2) * (1S2)  (2S2) * (2S2)  (2pz2) [π 2P2x = π 2py2] π* 2px1 = π * 2py1.

Here the number of bonding electrons (Nb) = 10

The number of ant bonding electrons (Na) = 6

Bond Order = Nb – Na = 10 – 6 =4 = 2
2 2 2

O2 is paramagnetic due to the presence of two unpaired electrons.

8. How do we get benzene from acetylene? Give the corresponding equation. Explain
the hologenation, alkylation, acylation, nitration and sulphonation of benzene?

Ans: Reparation of benezene from acetylene: Acetylene when passed through red hot Cu,
polymerises and gives benzene.

3C2 H2 Red hot Cu C6H6

6000 C-

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1. Halogenation: Benzene reacts with chlorine in the presence of Anhy. AlCl3 and form
chloro benzene.

2. Friedel – Craft’s alkylation : Benzene reacts with methyl chloride in the presence of
anhy. AlCl3 and forms methyl benzene.

3. Friedel – Craft’s acylation : Benzene reacts with acetyl chloride in the presence of AlCl3
and forms Aceto Phenone.

4. Benzene Nitration : Benzene reacts with Nitric acid in the presence of conc. H2SO4 at
600C and forms Nitro benzene.

5. Sulphonation: Benzene racts with fuming sulphuric acid and gives benzene sulphonic
acid.

9. Describe any two methods of preparation of acetylene? How does it react with a.
water, b. Ozone c. Bromine d. Hydrogen? Write equations?

Preparation of acetylene (C2H2)

i. Synthesis from calcium carbide (Ca C2)

When calcium carbide reacts with water it gives acetylene.

CaC2 + 2H2O ---------------> Ca (OH)2 + C2H2.

Calcium Water Calcium Acetylene
Carbide Hydroxide

14
ii. From Iodoform:
Iodoform is heated with silver powder to form acetylene.
Δ
CHI3 + 6 Ag + CHI3 ----------------> C2H2 + 6 AgI
Iodoform Acetylene
Chemical reactions
a. Reaction with water : When acetylene reacts with water in the presence of dil. H2SO4
and HgSO4 below 600C vinyl alcohol is formed. This on rearrangement gives formal dehyde
or ethanal.
OH
|
C2H2 + H2O ------->CH2 = CH CH3CHO.
Acetylene Vinyl alcohol Ethanal

b. Reaction with ozone

Acetylene reacts with Ozone forms acetylene ozonide.

HC Ξ CH + O3 --------->
c. Reaction with Br2.
When acetylene reacts with bromine in the presence of CCl4 undergoes addition
reaction gives 1, 1, 2, 2, tetra Bromo ethane
CCl4
H-C = C – H + Br2 -------> [CHBr = CH – Br] ----> CHBr2 – CHBr2.
Acetylene 1, 1, 2, 2, – tetra Bromo ethane

d. Reaction with Hydrogen.

Acetylene reacts with H2 in presence of Ni or Pt catalyst and undergoes addition
reaction forming ethylene and ethane.
Ni or Pt H2
HC ≡ CH + H2 --------------> H2C= CH2 -------> H3C – CH3
Acetylene Ethylene Ni or Pt Ethane

15
 CHEMISTRY - I
Short Answers (4 Marks)

1. Write the postulates of Kinetic molecular theory of gases?

Ans: The postulates of kinetic molecular theory of gases.
1. Every gas contains large number of tiny particles called molecules.
2. The gas molecules are randomly moved in all directions with high velocities.
3. No attractive (or) repulsive forces among gas molecules.
4. No effect of gravitational force on gas molecules.
5. The volume of gas molecules if negligible when compared to container.
6. Pressure of gas and all collisions are perfectly elastic and gas molecules on the wall
of the container.
7. The average K.E. is directly proportional to the absolute temperature.

K. E α T.

2. Derive Ideal gas equation?

Ans: The ideal gas equation is derived from the Charles law. Boyle’s law, Avogadro’s Law,
where v = volume, p= pressure, t = absolute temperature, N = No. of moles of an ideal gas.

Boyle’s law : At a constant temperature, the volume is inversely proportional to its pressure.
V α 1/P ---->(1)

Charles Law : At constant temperature, the volume of a given gas is directly proportional to
its absolute temperature.
V α T ----> (2)

Avogadro’s Law: At constant temperature, the volume of gas is directly proportional to the
na of moles
V α n -----> (3)

Combing 3 equations (1) (2) and (3)

We get Vα 1 xTxn
P
V=R 1 T.n
P
PV = nRT

This equation is ideal equation. In the ideal gas equation, R is called gas constant
and it is independent of the gas amount.

Value of gas constant R: The value of gas constant R is called as universal gas
constant.

Ex: R = 0.821 atm. Lit. Mole – 1, K-1.

= 8.314 x 107 ergs. K-1 Mol – 1.

3. Deduce a. Boyle’s Law, b. Charle’s Law from kinetic gas equation?

Ans: a. Boyle’s Law: From kinetic gas equation

PV = 1 mnu2 rms = 2 x 1 mnu2 rms.

3 3 2
PV = 2 KE ………… (i),

16
 3
 KE = 1 mnu2 rms.
2
According to kinetic gas theory, KE  T

KE = KT …….. (ii)

From (1) & (2), PV = 2 KT

3

If temperature (T) is kept constant, then PV = constant

Thus, Boyle’s law is derived

b. Charle’s Law: From kinetic gas equation PV = 1 mnu2 rms

3
=> PV = 2 x 1 mnu2 rms.
3 2
PV = 2 KE ………… (i),
3

 KE = 1 mnu2 rms.
2
From Kinetic gas theory
KE α T => KE = KT ---> (ii)

From (i) & (ii),

PV = 2 KT = V = 2 x K .
3 T 3 P
If pressure (P) is kept constant, then
V/ T = Constant
Thus Charle’s Law is derived.

4. Deduce a. Grahma’s Law and b. Dalton’s Law of partial pressure from kinetic gas
equation?
Ans: Graham’s Law: At a constant temperature and pressure, the rate of diffusion ® of a gas
is inversely proportional to the square root of its density (d)”
From kinetic gas equation

PV = 1 mnu2rms = 1 Mu2rms
3 3
( mn = M = Molar mass of gas)

µ2rms = 3PV = 3P [  d = M/V]

M d

=> µ2rms α 1 = µ α 1 ,
d d
But RMS velocity, u rms α r.
rα 1 ,
d
Thus Graham’s law is derived from kinetic gas equation.

17
Dalton’s Law of partial pressure: “The total pressure exerted by a mixture of non –
reacting gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of component gases at a given
temperature and volume”

Let m1, n1, µ1rms denote the mass, number and RMS velocity of molecules. From the
kinetic gas equation, the pressure of the gas

P1 = 1 m1 n1 µ12rms
3 V

If the gas is replaced by another gas in the same vessel, with m2, n2, u2rms as mass,
number and RMS velocity of molecules, then
Its pressure

P2= 1 m2 n2 µ22rms
3 V

Suppose the two gases are taken in the same vessel and if P is the total pressure of
the mixture then

PV = 1 m1 n1 u2 rms + 1 m2 n2 u22 rms

3 3

=>P = 1 m1 n1 u2 rms + 1 m2 n2 u22 rms

3 V 3 V

 P = P1 + P2.
Thus Dalton’s law is derived from kinetic gas equation.

5. Chemical analysis of a carbon compound gave the following. Percentage

composition by weight of the elements present; Carbon = 10.06%, Hydrogen = 0.84%,
Chlorine = 89.10%. Calculate the empirical formula of the compound.

Ans: Step 1 : Percentage composition of the elements present in the compound

C = 10.06 H = 0.84 Cl = 89.10

Step 2 : Divide by weight of elements

= 10.06 = 0.84 = 89.10
12 1 35.5
= 0.84 = 0.84 = 2.51

Step 3 : Divide by smallest No. of the answers.

= 0.84 = 0.84 = 2.51
0.84 0.84 0.84
=1 =1 =3

Step 4: Multiplication by a No. is 1

=1x1=1 = 1 x 1= 1 =1x3=3

 The empirical formula of the compound is C1 H1 Cl3 = CHCl3.

6. Balance the following redox reaction by ion – electron in a acidic solution?

MnO4- + SO2 ----------> Mn2+ + HSO-4

18
1. Skeleton ionic equation

RHR
MnO4- + SO2 ----------> Mn2+ + HSO-4
+7 +4 +2 +6
OHR

2. Oxidation half reaction Reduction half reaction

SO2 -----> HSO4- MnO-4 -- Mn2+

3. Balance the atoms other than O and H.

SO2 ----------->HSO-4 MnO-4 ------------>Mn2+

4. Balance of oxygen atoms

SO2 + 2H2O -------> HSO4- MnO-4 ------> Mn2+ + 4H2O.

5. Balance of Hydrogen atoms

SO2 + 2H2O -------> HSO4- + 3H+ MnO-4 + 8H+ ------> Mn2+ + 4H2O.

6. Balance of charges
SO2 + 2H2O -------> HSO4- + 3H+ + 2e- MnO-4 + 5e- + 8H+ ------> Mn2+ + 4H2O.
7. Equalizing of electrons
5SO2 + 10H2O -------> 5HSO4- + 15H+ + 10e- 2MnO-4 + 10e- + 16H+------> 2Mn2+ + 2H2O.
8. Adding the two half reactions.
2MnO-4 + 10e- + 16H+------> 2Mn2+ + 8H2O.
5SO2 + 10H2O -------> 5HSO4- + 15H+ + 10e-
2MnO-4 + 5SO2 + H+ + 2H2O -------------> 2Mn2+ + 5HSO-4.
This is the balanced equation.
7. Carbon compound contains 12.8% carbon, 2.1% hydrogen, 85.1% Bromine. The
molecular weight of the compound is 187.9. Calculate the molecular formula.
Ans: Step 1 : Percentage composition of the elements present in the compound (5)
C H Br
12.8 2.1 85.1
Step 2 : Dividing by the respective atomic weights of the elements.
12.8 2.1 85.1
12 1 80
= 1.067 = 2.1 = 1.063
Step 3: Dividing by the smallest number of atomic ratio
1.067 2.1 1.063
1.063 1.063 1.063
=1 =2 = 1
 The Empirical formula is CH2Br.
 Empirical formula weight = 12 + (2 x 1 ) + 80 = 94
The molecular = 187.9
n= molecular weight
Empirical formula weight
= 187.9 / 94 = 2
The molecular formula = (empirical formula) n = (CH2Br)2 = C2H4Br2.

19
8. Balance following equation in Basic medium by ion – electron method.
MnO-4 + I- -----> MnO2 + I2.
+7 RHR +4

Ans: MnO-4 + I- -----> MnO2 + I2.

OHR
-1 0

Ans: 1. Skeleton ionic question:

Oxidation half reaction Reduction half reaction
2. I- -----> I2. MnO4- --------> MnO2.
3. Balance the atoms other than O and H
2I- ----->I2. MnO4- --------> MnO2.
4. Balance of oxygen atoms Balance of oxygen atoms
2I- -----> I2. MnO4- --------> MnO2 + 2H2O.
5.Balance of hydrogen atoms Balance of Hydrogen atoms
2I- ----->I2. MnO4-+4H2O -----> MnO2 + 2H2O + 4OH-.
6. Balance of charges Balance of Charges
2 I- ------> I2 + 2e-. MnO4-+4H2O +3e- -----> MnO2 + 4OH-.
7. Equalizing of electrons Equalizing of electrons
6I- -----> 3I2 + 6e- 2MnO4-+4H2O+6e- ----> 2MnO2 + 8OH-.
8. Adding the two half reactions
6I- -----> 3I2 + 6e-.
2MnO 4 + 4H2O + 6e- -----> 2MnO2 + 8OH-.
-

2MnO-4 + 6I- + 4H2O -----> 2MnO2 + 3I2 + 8OH-.

This is the balanced equation.
9. State and explain the Hess’s law of constant Heat summation.
Ans: Hess law: That total heat change in a reaction is the same, whether the chemical
reaction takes place in a single step or several steps.

It is based on the 1st Law of thermodynamics.

Explanation : Consider a reaction A ----------> D Suppose this reaction proceeds in two

paths.

Path – I : A -------->D;  H
Path – II : A -------->B;  H1
B -------->C;  H2
C -------->D;  H3
Total Heat change in path – II is
 H1 +  H2 +  H3
Now, from the Hess law, we have
 H =  H1 +  H2 +  H3
Ex: CO2 can be obtained from C (Graphite)
And O2 (g) in two different ways.
Path – I : C (Graphite) + 1/20 2 (g) -------------> CO (g); Here, H = -393.5 Kj Mol -1.
Path – II: C (Graphite) + 1/20 2 (g) -------------> CO (g)
Here, H1 = - 110.5 Kj Mol – 1.
CO (g) + 1/20 2 (g) -------------> CO 2(g)

20
 Here, H2 = - 283.02 Kj Mol – 1.
Total heat change in path – II = H1 + H2
= (-110.5) + (-283.02) = 393.52 KJ Mol -1.
H = H1 + H2
Thus Hess law is proved.

10. Define heat capacity? What are CP & CV? Show that CP – CV = R.
Ans: Heat Capacity: the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a substance
through one degree is called heat capacity.

Formula : q = CT => C = q/ T

Here, q = amount of heat absorbed;

T = raise in temperature,

For gases, heat capacity is two types.

1. Heat capacity at constant volume (CV)
2. Heat capacity at constant pressure (CP)

CV: The heat supplied to a system to raise its temperature through 10c by keeping its volume
constant is called heat capacity at constant volume (CV).

CP: The heat supplied to a system to raise its temperature through 10c by keeping its
pressure constant is called heat capacity at constant pressure (CP).

Relation between CP and CV:

At a constant volume, qV = CV T = V
At a constant pressure, qP = CP T = H

For 1 mole of an ideal gas, we have

H = V + RT
-----> CPT = CV T + RT
-----> (CP – CV) = T = RT
-----> CP – CV = R.

11. State Le-Chatelier’s principle for the industrial synthesis of Ammonia?

Ans: Le-Chatelier’s Principle: If a chemical reaction at equilibrium is subjected to a
change in temperature pressure or concentration, the equilibrium position shifts in the
direction, in which their change is reduced or nullified.

Synthesis of ammonia – Haber’s process: Nitrogen and hydrogen combine to form

ammonia. This reaction is reversible and exothermic.

N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ 2 NH3 (g), H = -92.3 KJ.

Effect of temperature : Formation of ammonia is an exothermic reaction. Hence low

temperature is favourable for greater yield of NH3. But at low temperature the reaction
between N2 and H2 is very slow. Therefore an optimum temperature of 725-775 K is used.
Finely divided iron is used as catalyst and molybdenum is used as a promoter.

N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ 2 NH3 (g)

21
Effect of pressure :
No. of moles of reaction = 4,
no. of moles of products = 2.
The formation of ammonia is accompanied with decrease in volume (or) number of
moles. So high pressure is favourable for the higher yield of NH3. Hence a pressure 200-300
atm is used.

Optimum conditions: Concentration : Pure N2 and H2 should be mixed in high

concentration.

Temperature : 725 – 775 K

Pressure : 200- 300 atm
Catalyst : Finely divided iron
Promoter : Mo.

12. State Le – Chatelier’s Principle for the industrial synthesis of Sulphur Trioxide?
Ans: Synthesis of SO3 – Contact Process:
Sulphurdioxide and oxygen combine to form SO3.
2SO2 (g) + O2 ⇌ 2 SO3 (g), H = -189.0 KJ.

Effect of temperature : Formation of SO3 is an exothermic reaction. Low temperature

favours of greater yield of SO3. But at low temperature the reaction between SO2 and O2 is
very slow. Hence an optimum temperature of 673 k is used. To increase the rate of reaction
V2O5 (or) platinised asbestos is used as a catalyst.

2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) ⇌ 2SO3 (g).

Effect of pressure :
No. of moles of reactants 2+1=3. No. of moles of products = 2. The formation of SO3
is accompanied with decrease in volume (or) number of moles. Hence high pressure is
favourable for the formation of SO3. But due to the acidic nature of SO3 the towers used in
the synthesis are corroded at high pressure so an optimum pressure of 1.5 to 1.7 atm is
used.

Optimum conditions:
Concentration : High concentration of SO2 and O2.
Temperature : 673 K
Pressure : 1.5 – 1.7 atm.
Catalyst : V2 O5 (or) platinised asbestos.

13. Derive the relation between KP & KC for the equilibrium reaction.
a. N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) ⇌ 2 NH3 (g), b. 2SO2 + O2 ⇌ 2SO3 (g).
Ans: a. N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) ⇌ 2 NH3 (g).
n = nP – nR = 2 – (1+3) = -2
We know KP = KC (RT) n = KC (RT)-2.
Hence KP < KC.
b. 2SO2 + O2 ⇌ 2SO3 (g).
n = nP (g)– nR (g)= 2 – 3 = -1
KP = KC (RT) n
KP = KC (RT)-1
Hence KP < KC.

22
14. Explain Bronsted – lowry acid base theory.
Ans: Bronsted – Lowry theory : Acidic or basic nature of sub – stances is explained
interms of acceptance and donation of Proton (s) of the molecules.

Bronsted acid : Any substance that can loose a proton or protons is an acid.
Ex: HCl
Bronsted base : Any substance that can gain a proton or protons is a base.
Ex: NH3, H2O, OH- etc.,

When an acid react with base neutralization takes place. As per Bronsted Lowry
theory proton transfer from acid to base is neutralization.

Ex: HCl + H2O = ⇌ H3O+ + Cl-.

The above reaction is reversible. In this reaction

a. HCl donates proton to H2O, so HCl is a Bronsted acid.
b. H2O gains the proton. So it is Bronsted base.
c. H3O+ donates a proton to Cl-,So H3O+ is a bronsted acid.
d. Cl- gains the proton. So it is a Bronsted base.

Conjugate Acid Base pair: A acid base pair which differs by only one proton is called as
conjugate acid – base pair. Thus the OH- in the above reaction act as a conjugate base of
the acid H2O and NH4+ acts as conjugate acid of the base NH3.

Advanctages of Bronsted– Lowry theory :

a. This theory explains the behavior of acids and bases
b. Both aqueous and non – aqueous solvents.
c. It explains the behavior of NH3, CaO etc., as bases and CO2, SO2, etc., as acids.

Drawback of Bronsted – Lowry theory:

a. Proton donation or acceptance happens only in the presence of other substances.
b. It could not explain the acidic nature of electron deficient molecules like AlCl3, BCl3.

15. Write a few lines on the utility of hydrogen as a fuel?

Ans:
1. Hydrogen has high heat of combustion when compared to any fuels like Methane, L.P.G.
2. Hydrogen Fuels give the less amount of pollutants.
3. Hydrogen is used as a rocket fuel.
4. Hydrogen is used in fuel cells for generating electrical energy.
5. Atomic hydrogen and oxy hydrogen torches are used for welding and cutting metals.

16. Explain with suitable examples for the following.

i. Electron deficient hydrides : These hydrides have lesser number of electrons.
Ex: B2H6.
Group 13 elements from such hydrides.

ii. Electron precise hydrides : These hydrides have exactly the required number of
electrons.
Ex: CH4, SiH4, GeH4.

23
iii. Electron rich hydrides : These hydrides have excess number of electrons for
conventional Lewis structure.
Ex: NH3, H2O, HF.
Group 15, 17 elements from such hydrides.
The excess no. of electrons are present as lone pairs.
Ex: NH3 and 1 lone pair, H2O has 2 – lone pairs
HF has 3 – lone pairs.

17. Write two oxidation and two reduction reactions of hydrogen peroxide?
Ans: Hydrogen peroxide can act as both oxidising and reducing agent in both acid and basic
medium.
In H2O2 oxidation state of oxygen is -1. It is oxidised to O2. H2O2 is reductant.

As oxidising agent: H2O2 oxidises black lead sulphide to white lead sulphate.
1. PbS + 4H2O2 --------> PbSO4+ 4H2O.
2. 2Fe2+ + H2O2 --------> 2Fe3+ + 2OH-.

As reducing agent: H2O2 reduces acidified potassium permanganate to manganese

sulphate.

1. 2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 + 5H2O2 -------->K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 8 H2O+ 5O2.

2. HOCl + H2O2 --------> Cl- + H3O+ + O2.

18. Explain the terms hard water and soft water. Write a note on the
i. Ion – exchange method and
ii. Calgon method for the removal of hardness of water.
Ans: (a). Soft water : Water which is gives lather with soap dissolved salt of calcium, iron
or magnesium.
(b). Hard Water : Water which do not give lather with soap and hardness of water is
presence of soluble compound of magnesium and calcium such as
MgCl2, MgSO4, Mg (HCO3)2, CaCl2, CaSO4, Ca(HCO3)2.

II. Ion Exchange Method :

1. This method is useful about the remove of permanent hardness of water.
2. It is called permutit or zeolite process.
3. Permutit is a artificial zeolite like sodium aluminium orthosilicate (Na2Al2 Si2O8 XH2O)
4. Permutit is written as Na2Z.
5. The following ion – exchange reactions take place.
a. Na2Z + Ca+2 --------> CaZ + 2Na+
b. Na2Z + Mg+2 -------->MgZ + 2Na+
6. CaZ and MgZ are called as exhausted permutit.
These are regenerated to permutit by the treatment with Brine solution (NaCl)
CaZ + 2Na+ --------> Na2Z + Ca+2.
II. Calgon Method : Sodium Hexametaphosphate is called as Calgon. When calgon is
added to hard water it reacts with calcium and magnesium ions forming complex anions.
Na2 [Na4(PO3)6] + 2Mg2+ --------> Na2 (Mg2 (PO3)6] + 4Na+
Na2 [Na4(PO3)6] + 2Ca2+ --------> Na2 (Ca2 (PO3)6] + 4Na+
Formation of the complex, the Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions become inactive and cannot react with
soap. Water giving good lather. This method is used for laundry process.

24
19. Explain the structure of diborane.
Ans: Structure of diborane: The molecular formula of diborane is B2H6. Electron diffraction
studies have shown that diborane contains two coplanarBH2 groups. Its structure can be
represented as follows.

II. Structure of diborane:

a. Diborane contain 2 coplanar BH2 groups.

b. The four hydrogen atoms located at the ends as shown in the above figure are
known as terminal hydrogen atoms. (Ht)
c. The middle positioned 2 hydrogen atoms are called bridge hydrogen (Hb) atmos
d. These two bridge hydrogens lie in a plane perpendicular to the plane of the BH2
groups.
e. One of the bridge hydrogens lies above the lane and the other lies below the plane.
f. In diaborane, Boron undergoes SP3 hydridisation to form 4SP3 hybrid orbitals.
g. Out of 4 orbitals, 3 orbitals contain one electron each and the fourth orbital is vacant.
h. The 2SP3 hybrid orbitals of each Boron atom forms 2 Sigma bonds with 2H atoms.
i. The bridge between two Boron atom is formed due to overlap of vacant SP3 orbital of
one Boron, ‘S’ orbital of hydrogen and SP3 orbital of another Boron containing one
electron.
j. Hence this hydrogen bridge is considered as three centered two electron bond or
Banana bond or Tau bond.

20. Explain Borax bead test with a suitable examples?

Ans: Borax bead test : This test is used for the identification of basic radicals in qualitative
analysis.
On heating, borax loses water molecules and swells into a white, opaque mass of an
hydrous sodium tetraborate.
On further heating, it turns into a transparent liquid, which modifies into glass like
material known as borax bead.

Δ Fused
Na2B4O7. 10H2O -----------> Na2B4O7 ----------------> 2NaBO2 + B2O3.
Borax glass

The metaborates of many transition elements have characteristic colours and

therefore borax bead test can be used to identify them in the laboratory.

Ex: When borax is heated in a burner flame with cobalt oxide on a loop of platinum wire,
a blue coloured CO (BO2)2 bead is formed.
B2O3 + Co.O -------> Co (BO2)2.
21. Explain the difference in properties of diamond and graphite on the basis of their
structure.

Diamond Graphite
1. Diamond is the hardest material. It is 1. Graphite is soft. It is good conductor of
bad conductor of electricity due to electricity due to presence of free electrons.
absence of free electrons.

25
 2. Each carbon is bonded to 4 other
carbon atoms tetrahedrally.
3. It is a 3 dimensional polymer.
4. C- C bond length is 1.54A0 and bond
angle is 1090281.
5. SP3 hybridisation
2. Each carbon is bonded to 3 other carbon
atoms to form hexagonal rings.
3. It is a 2 dimensional polymer.
4. C – C bond length is 1.42A0 and bond
angle is 1200.
5. SP2 hybridisation

22. Compile the following reaction and name the products A, b and C.

H2O Hot Metal tube AlCl3 + CH3Cl

CaC2 -----------> A ----------------------> B ----------------------> C.

Ans: CaC2 + 2H2O -------------> Ca(OH)2 + C2H2,

(A)
Red hot Cu tube
3C2H2 ----------------------> C6H6.
(B)
CH3Cl
C6H6 ----------------------> C6H5CH3 + HCl
Anhyd. AlCl3. (C)

A = C2H2 (Acetylene)
B = C6H6 (Benzene)
C = C6H5CH3 (Methyl Benzene)

23. Give two examples each for position and function isomerism.

Ans: Position Isomerism is due to difference in the position of substituent or functional group.

OH
|
Ex: 1. CH3CH2CH2OH, CH3CHCH3
1 – Propanol 2 – Propanol

Ex: 2: CH3CH2CH = CH2, CH3CH = CHCH3.

1 - Butene 2 – Butene

Functional isomerism: Functional isomerism is due to difference in the functional group in

the molecules.

Ex: 1: CH3CH2OH – Ethyl Alcohol

CH3COCH3 – Dimethyl Ether

Ex: 2: CH3CH2CHO – Propanal

CH3COCH3 – Propanone

26