1) Using sources

Quotation

• A quotation records the exact language used by someone in speech or in writing.

• The parenthetical citation of a quotation should appear in the text; it includes the author's
surname (year: the specific page number for the information cited) or (year, p. ) . Then a
complete reference should appear in the bibliography at the end of the work.

• e.g. Berlin (1987:92)/ (1987, p.92) explains that the 1940s witnessed a huge general
education course which emphasised “a sense of cultural inheritance and citizenship”.

Summary

• Summarizing involves putting the main idea(s) into your own words, including only the main
point(s). Once again, it is necessary to attribute summarized ideas to the original source
using only the year.

• E.g. Berlin (1987) explains that the 1940s witnessed a huge general education course which
emphasised communication skills.

Paraphrase

• Paraphrasing involves putting a passage from source material into your own words. A
paraphrase must also be attributed to the original source.

Practice

1. Paraphrase then Summarize following text

Nickerson (1999, p. 737) states:

In order to communicate effectively with other people, one must have a reasonably accurate
idea of what they do and do not know that is pertinent to the communication. Treating people as
though they have knowledge that they do not have can result in miscommunication and perhaps
embarrassment. On the other hand, a fundamental rule of conversation, at least according to a
Gricean view, is that one generally does not convey to others information that one can assume they
already have.

2. Paraphrase the following sentences.

a. The student requested that the professor excuses her absence, but the professor
refused.
b. There will be a music concert next to Vienna coffee shop. Would you like to go?
c. International Center is hosting English Conversation classes. They help non-native
speakers of English practice their English speaking skills.
d. The office of International Students and Scholars at Purdue University is located in
Schleman Hall.
e. The car that was pulled over by the police officer yesterday just had an accident.
That driver is not careful.
 3. Paraphrase then Summarize following text

The original passage is from Oliver Sacks’ essay “An Anthropologist on Mars”:

The cause of autism has also been a matter of dispute. Its incidence is about one in a thousand, and
it occurs throughout the world, its features remarkably consistent even in extremely different
cultures. It is often not recognized in the first year of life, but tends to become obvious in the second
or third year. Though Asperger regarded it as a biological defect of affective contact — innate,
inborn, analogous to a physical or intellectual defect — Kanner tended to view it as a psychogenic
disorder, a reflection of bad parenting, and most especially of a chillingly remote, often professional,
“refrigerator mother.” At this time, autism was often regarded as “defensive” in nature, or confused
with childhood schizophrenia. A whole generation of parents — mothers, particularly — were made
to feel guilty for the autism of their children.