Solutions-, QNo: 1 Answer all questions Each question carries one mark (@) Difference between DC generator tachometer and AC generator tachometer: © DC generator tachometer is an ordinary miniature de generator with small armature rotating in constant magnetic field + AC generator tachometer is ordinary rotating field type alternator © In DC Generator tachometer the magnetic field is created either by a permanent magnet or by a or separately excited electromagnet mounted on the © 11 AC Generator tachometer the magnetic field is created either by a permanent magnet or by a separately excited electromagnet mounted on the rotor (b) Advi tages of digital transducer for speed measurement: © Output is discrete in nature © Good accuracy and precision (©) Applications of stroboscope: These are used as measuring instruments to measure ‘+ Rotational speed or eyelic speed + Used to set the ignition timing of IC engines ‘+ Used in torque measurement © Used in ration measurement (@) Advantage of inductive torque measurement over contact type ‘These are pressure sensing elements such as: + Bellows © Bourdon tubes, Diaphragms (©) Different types of load cells: © Strain gauge load cell ‘© Hydraulic load cell Pneumatic load cell © Piezo-clectric load cell(© Vena contracta point: ‘Vena contracta is the point in a fluid stream where the diameter of the stream is the least, and fluid velocity is at its maximum (g) Different types of ultrasonic flow meters © Ultrasonic transit time flow meter Ultra sonic Doppler flow meter (hy Differences between Optical and Ordinary dipsticks: + Noneed to remove the dips - from vessel for reading for Optical dipstick ‘© Optical dipsticks are useful for larger and deeper tanks ‘+ Level measurement is made by removing the dipstick from vessel for ordinary dipstick © Ordinary dipsticks are useful for small and shallow vessels, ( Units of viscosity ‘Pascal second (or) Poise for Absolute viscosity © mee (or) em/see (Stokes) for kinematic viscosity ) Consistency: Resistance of a substance for deformation. It is the same as viscosity for Newtonian fluids and the same ‘as apparent viscosity for Non- Newtonian fluids, (&) Density and specific gravity Density. It is the mass per unit yolume Specific gravity: Ratio between the density of a process material to that of water or air at specified conditions (D Specific humidity # Itis also called as humidity ratio + Fora given volume of air-water vapour mixture, humidity ratio = Mass of water-vapour/Mass of dry water.Each question carries one mark It (a) Why DC generator tachometer preferred over AC generator tachometer: ‘© The polarity of the induces voltages indicates the direction of rotation of the shatt. ‘= The conventional DC type voltmeter is used for measuring the induces voltage. (b) Strobouron: = A gas-filled electron tube with a cold cathode used especially as a source of stroboscopic light ‘© A device that emits periodic flashes of light of very short duration (©) Advantages of digital wansducers for speed measurement: © Output is diserete in nature © Good accuracy and precision (@) Distinguish between force and torque In simple words torque is provided to move a body in rotation, ‘And force is provided to move a body in linear motion. Torque is the courterpart of the force in angular motion, ‘Torque is measured in newton meters whereas force is measured in newton, A force can be present without a torque, but a torque cannot be present without a force by definition, (©) Absolute and gauge pressure: + Absolute pressure is zero-referenced against a perfect vacuum, so it is equal to gauge pressure plus atmospheric pressure. ‘© Gauge pressure is zero-referenced against ambient air pressure, so it is equal to absolute pressure minus umospherie pressure, (f) Materials used for making elastic elements: ‘© The commonly used materials are phosphor-bronze, silicon-bronze, beryllium-copper, inconel, and other C- Cr-Ni-Mo alloys, and so on. For Bourdon tubes ‘© Brass, Bronze, Beryllium Copper, Monel, Stainless Steels, Ni ‘© The commonly used materials are phosphor-bronze, silicon-bronze, beryllium-copper, inconel, and other C- (CE-Ni-Mo alloys, and so on. For metal diaphragms el. For Bellows. (g) Advantage of venturi meter over Orifice meter ‘©The permanent pressure loss is less ‘© The tube can be used for very high flow rates ‘© The tube is suitable for Muids having suspended particles(h) Reynolds number for laminar flow ‘© Its found that a flow in a pipe is laminar if the Reynolds Number (based on diameter of the pipe) is less than 2100 ) Differences between ordinary and optical dipsticks: No need to remove the dipstick from vessel for reading for Optical dipstick Optical dipsticks are useful for lager and deeper tanks Level measurement is made by removing the dipstick from vessel for ordinary dipstick ‘Ordinary dipsticks are useful for small and shallow vessels ) Dynamic viscosity: ‘© Dynamic viscosity (also known as absolute viscosity) is the measurement of the fluids internal resistance to flow © Viscosity isa measure of fluidity of the liquid or the gas (or) Mathematically itis given by the expression “ay (k) Methods for measurement of consistency and viscosity: Where Ais sour sess and 49, is wlocity graiont ‘+ Consistency measurement techniques: Rotating vane type, Oscillating type + Viscosity measurement techniques: Co-asial cylindrical type, Capillary tube type, Say bolt and Redwood types, Falling ball or sphere type, Two float type (Dew point temperature: ‘* The atmospheric temperature (varying according (0 pressure and humidity) below which water droplets begin to condense and dew can form. ‘= Itis the temperature at which water vapour starts condensingQNo:1 Answer all questions Each question carries one mark 1x12=12M (a) Applications of Doppler velocity transducer: ‘* To detect the speeding of cars on highways © Tracking of aircraft movements ‘+ To measure medium to very large velocities ‘© Used in missile targeting (b) Advantages of Strain gauge accelerometer: © These are preferred in high shock applications ‘© They can measure acceleration down to zero Hz (©) Three components involved in vibration measurement: © Peak value of amplitude of displacement ‘© Peak value of amplitude of velocity © Peak value of amplitude of acceleration (d) Force summing devices: These are pressure sensing elements such as: © Bellows © Bourdon tubes © Diaphragms(€) Applications of stroboscope: ‘These are used as measuring instruments to measure + Rotational speed or cyclic speed ‘+ Used to set the ignition timing of IC engines ‘¢ Used in torque measurement ‘© Used in vibration measurement (® Various load cells Strain gauge load cell © Hydraulic load cell * Pneumatic load cell * Piezo-dectric load cell (g) Variable area and variable head flow meters ‘© Flow rate of an incompressible fluid through a horizontal pipe is given by: ‘© In case of variable head flow meters (orifice or venturi), the cross section of the orifice is held constant and therefore Q, « Yip—p.)- + For variable area flow meter ais allowed to vary and p,~p,)is held constant then Q, will vary as a (h) Optical dipstick: ‘© Light from a source is reflected from a mirror, passes round the chamfered end of the dipstick, and enters light detector afier reflection by a second mirror. ‘© When the chamfered end comes into contact with liquid, its internal reflection properties are altered and light no longer enters the detector. ‘By using a suitable mechanical drive system to move the instrument up and down and ‘measure its position, the liquid level can be monitored. ( Advantages of ionization gauges: ‘© Useful to measure very low pressures of the range 10" to 10 torr(p Humidity & Moisture: * Humidity: Amount of water vapor present in the atmosphere * Moisture: Amount of water adsorbed or absorbed by a solid or liquid (k) Dew point: © The temperature at which the water vapor starts condensing is called as dew point temperature () Oscillating type consistency meter: Metal bellows, nee Mechanical J inner cytiner =F ‘Outer cylinder Input Output It consists of two concentric cylinders —the inner cylinder is given an axial sinusoidal motion through a mechanical drive rod as shown. The fluid in the annular space gets a shearing force and the motion to the inner cylinder will be transmitted o the outer cylinder because of the metal bellows—the magnitude of this transmission will depend on the consistency of the fluid flowing through the rument. The magnitude of transducer outputs are compared for the con- sistency. This also requires empirical calibration.QNo:1 Answer all questions Each question carries one mark 2) Difference between Eddy current tachometer and Variable reluctance tachometer: Eddy current tachometer ‘In Eddy current tachometer rotation of permanent magnet induces voltages in to the dise which there by causes circulating eddy currents in the di © The interact n of eddy currents with the magnetic field of the permanent magnet produce deflecting torque which tums the disc until this torque is balanced by the restoring torque owing to the spring, ‘The angular deflection of the tachometer moving element is directly proportional to the speed of rotation being measured Variable reluctance tachometer © A permanent magnet with a coil of wire wrapped around itis placed near the toothed rotor with ir gap of the order of 0.3mm. ‘© When the rotor rotates, the teeth come into close proximity with the magnet and then pass ‘© When a tooth is close to the magnet, the air gap reluctance is low and there is no tooth near the magnet the air gap reluctance is high. © Variation in reluctance causes variation in flux, which in tum induces an emf in the coil ‘wrapped on the permanent magnet. ‘The induced emf or output voltage is in the form of pulses with a variety of wave shapes. © The frequency of pulses depends on the number of teeth on the rotor and the rotor speed, (b) Advantages of digital transducer for speed measurement: © Output is discrete in nature © Good accuracy and precision (©) Applications of accelerometers: These re used as measuring instruments to measure ‘© wceleration © vibration (@) Vibration and Shock: Vibration: Repeated cyclic oscillations of an object (or) Vibration occurs when a body is subjected to acceleration altematively in two directionsShock: A mechanical or physical shock is a sudden acceleration caused (or) Shock is « transient physical excitation. (or) A shock pulse can be characterized by its peak acceleration, the duration, and the shape of the shock pulse (©) Torque: Torque: Torque represents the amount of twisting effort and is given by T= Fak where Tis torque, F is force, Ris the perpendicular distance from the point of rotation to point of application of force (®) Force summing devices Pressure sensing elements are called force summing devices. Various force summing devices are © Bellows © Bourdan tubes © Diaphragms (g) Bio-Medic These are used to measure: ipplications of electror * Blood flow rate (or) Blood flow velocity © Candiae output (b) Differences between Optical and Ordinary dipsticks: ‘© Nonneed to remove the dipstick from vessel for reading for Optical dipstick ‘© Optical dipsticks are useful for larger and deeper tanks ‘+ Level measurement is made by removing the dipstick from vessel for ordinary dipstick © Ordinary dipsticks are useful for small and shallow vessels ( Viscosity: Viscosity Viscosity is a measure of fluidity of the liquid or the gas (or) mathematically itis given by a Ys the expression «== Where is shear stress and 4, is velocity gradient ( Consistency: Resistance of a substance for deformation. It is the same as viscosity for Newtonian fluids and the same as apparent viscosity for Non- Newtonian fluids,(k) Density and specific gravity: Densit It is the mass per unit volume Specific gravity: Ratio between the density of a process material to that of water or air at specified conditions (I) Relative humidity: It is the ratio of partial pressure of vapour to the saturation pressure of vapour at the same . : By temperature and is expressed mathematically as RH = . 5