Professional Documents
Culture Documents
WSA 02—2002-2.3
Version 1.0
Part 3: Construction
CONTENTS
11 GENERAL 173
11.1 SCOPE 173
11.2 INTERPRETATION 173
12 QUALITY 175
12.1 QUALITY ASSURANCE 175
12.1.1 General 175
12.1.2 Quality system 175
12.1.3 Project management plan 175
12.1.4 Inspection and test plans 175
12.1.5 Quality tests 176
12.1.6 Quality audits 176
12.1.7 Traceability 176
12.1.8 Quality records 176
12.1.9 Inspection 177
12.2 PERSONNEL QUALIFICATIONS 177
13 GENERAL CONSTRUCTION 178
13.1 GENERAL 178
13.2 ORDER OF CONSTRUCTION, TESTING AND COMMISSIONING 178
13.3 CONTRACT INTERFACES 178
13.4 CUSTOMER FOCUS 178
13.4.1 General 178
13.4.2 Resolution of complaints 179
13.5 PROTECTION OF PEOPLE, PROPERTY AND ENVIRONMENT 179
13.5.1 Safety of people 179
13.5.2 Protection of other services 181
13.5.3 Disused / Redundant sewers 181
13.5.4 Road reserves or other thoroughfares 182
13.5.4.1 Treatment of pavements and other surfaces 182
13.5.4.2 Traffic management 182
13.5.4.3 Cleanliness of roads, paths, accesses and drainage paths 182
13.5.4.4 Storage of products, materials and equipment 183
13.5.4.5 Obstruction of street drainage 183
MRWA 13.5.4.6 Road opening permits 183
13.5.5 Private and public properties 183
13.5.6 Protection of the environment and heritage areas 183
13.5.6.1 General 183
13.5.6.2 Collection and disposal of wastes 183
13.5.6.3 Protection of adjacent lands and vegetation 184
13.5.6.4 Control of water pollution 184
13.5.6.5 Acid sulphate and contaminated soils 186
13.5.6.6 Control of noise and atmospheric pollution 186
13.6 AFFECTED PARTY NOTIFICATIONS 186
13.7 ALTERATION OF EXISTING SERVICES 187
13.8 SURVEY MARKS 187
13.9 CONSTRUCTION TOLERANCES 187
13.10 LATENT CONDITIONS 187
14 PRODUCTS AND MATERIALS 188
14.1 AUTHORISED PRODUCTS AND MATERIALS 188
14.2 REJECTED PRODUCTS AND MATERIALS 188
14.3 TRANSPORTATION, HANDLING AND STORAGE OF PRODUCTS AND MATERIALS 188
14.3.1 General 188
14.3.2 Plastics-lined concrete products 188
14.4 DELIVERY INSPECTION OF PRODUCTS AND MATERIALS 189
TABLES
TABLE 17.1 METHODS OF ACHIEVING CURVED SEWERS 199
TABLE 20.1 MAXIMUM PARTICLE SIZE 209
TABLE 22.1 EMBEDMENT OF FLEXIBLE PIPES MINIMUM COMPACTION 216
TABLE 22.2 EMBEDMENT OF RIGID PIPES MINIMUM COMPACTION 216
TABLE 22.3 TRENCH / EMBANKMENT FILL OF RIGID AND FLEXIBLE PIPES AND
MAINTENANCE STRUCTURES – MINIMUM COMPACTION (NOT
USED BY MRWA)
TABLE 22.4 PRESSURE AND VACUUM AIR TESTING ACCEPTANCE TIMES FOR 218
7 KPA PRESSURE CHANGE
TABLE 22.5 CONCRETE MH TESTING FREQUENCY 220
TABLE 22.6 MINIMUM TEST TIMES FOR CONCRETE MHs 220
TABLE 22.7 MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE SHORT-TERM PIPE DEFLECTIONS 222
TABLE 23.1 SEWER GRADE TOLERANCES 228
TABLE 23.2 PROPERTY CONNECTION SEWER GRADE TOLERANCES 228
TABLE G1 PROVER OUTSIDE DIAMETER FOR PVC AND GRP PIPES 233
11 GENERAL
11.1 SCOPE
This Part of the Code details default requirements for the construction of gravity sewers
including maintenance and inspection structures.
This document should be read in conjunction with development agreements, specific
project contract documents, general conditions of contract e.g. AS 2124 and other
documents nominated by the Water Agency.
11.2 INTERPRETATION
Unless specifically stated otherwise, construction of the sewers includes all functions
described in this Part and the provision of any minor materials and services that are not
described but are reasonably necessary to produce a fully functional sewerage system.
For the purposes of this Part, except where otherwise shown:
"Authorised" means acceptable to, authorised by or approved by the Water Agency
or Owner or Regulator.
“Constructor” means the individual, corporation or legal entity including any
contractors and sub-contractors that is accountable at law for delivery of Works under
a specific contract or development agreement.
“Design Drawings” means plans, elevations and drawings required for the
construction of the sewerage systems and showing the locality including roads and
sewer details, the site plan including lots, boundaries, roads, proposed and existing
sewers, proposed property connection sewers, pumping stations, pressure mains,
water mains, drains, watercourses, site contours, proposed aqueducts, proposed
boreholes, a longitudinal section, construction details and a connection to existing
sewer schedule. Supplementary information may include proposed buildings, existing
services, and groundwater and watercourse levels.
The Designer may nominate Standard Drawings or parts thereof as Design Drawings
for the purposes of the project.
“Improvements” are deemed to include but not be limited to pavements, shrubs,
gardens, retaining walls, fences and all other structures.
"Owner” means the Agency, Authority, Board, Company, Controlling Authority,
Corporation, Council, Department, Individual, Regulator, Utility or other legal entity
who is the owner of the asset and/or who has responsibility for the asset.
“Part” means the Sewerage Code of Australia, Part 3: Construction.
“Purchase Specification” means the WSAA Purchase Specification detailing the
requirements for the supply of a product or material (Refer www.wsaa.asn.au) .
“Regulator” means a Regulator who has the power to enforce Regulations related to
the activities and responsibilities of a Commonwealth, State, Territory or Local
government. It applies to environmental management and protection, occupational
health and safety and the like.
"Specification" means the Specification detailing the work involved in the particular
project in hand.
“Specified” means as specified in the Specification, Design Drawings, Purchase
Specifications and/or by the Superintendent.
“Standard Drawings” means the Sewerage Code of Australia, Part 4: Standard
Drawings and any MRWA variations and additional drawings.
12 QUALITY
12.1 QUALITY ASSURANCE
The Water Agency is responsible for specifying quality assurance of construction activities
and personnel qualifications. Unless otherwise specified, the requirements of this section
apply.
The Constructor is required to have and maintain a Management System that is third party
accredited to elements of the following:
• ISO 9000 Series Quality
• ISO 14000 Series Environment
• AS 4801 Safety
An acceptable management system that is deemed to meet the requirements of this clause
is the Civil Contractors’ Federation Integrated Management System (IMS), provided that
the system is third party accredited and maintained by the Constructor.
12.1.1 General
The Constructor shall comply with all requirements of the Civil Contractors Federation
(CCF) Civil Construction Management Code or Water Agency authorised equivalent
system. The quality management system shall address the more pertinent elements of
quality assurance (ISO 9001), health and safety issues (AS/NZS 4801) and environmental
requirements (ISO 14001). These elements are incorporated within the Civil Construction
Management Code and shall be addressed within the management system documentation.
The Constructor shall provide evidence of its certification to the CCF Code (or equivalent)
prior to the commencement of any work.
12.1.2 Quality system
The Constructor shall plan, establish, document and maintain a quality system that
conforms to the requirements of the contract and shall provide the Superintendent with
access to the Constructor's quality systems for monitoring and quality auditing. The quality
system proposed by the Constructor shall be used as an aid to achieve compliance with
the requirements of the contract and to document such compliance.
If the Constructor discovers material or work that is not in accordance with the contract, the
Constructor shall promptly initiate the non-conformance procedure required by the quality
system. If the Constructor proposes a disposition of any non-conforming materials or work
which is at variance with the requirements of the contract, the proposal shall be submitted
in writing to the Superintendent whose decision on the proposal shall be obtained in writing
before the non-conforming material or work is covered up and/or incorporated into the
Works, or is the subject of any other disposition.
12.1.3 Project management plan
The Constructor shall conform to the policies and procedures stated in the project
management plan submitted to the Superintendent prior to the commencement of works.
12.1.4 Inspection and test plans
The Constructor shall submit inspection and test plans (ITPs) to the Superintendent for
verification before commencing work on activities covered by the project quality plan. The
ITPs shall include where applicable, observations, measurements or tests at the
Constructor's facilities.
Model ITPs for construction of reticulation sewers will be available at www.wsaa.asn.au.
12.1.9 Inspection
The Superintendent and Water Agency shall be given access in conjunction with or through
the Constructor to all laboratories and other facilities used for quality control tests to verify
that specified requirements are being met.
12.2 PERSONNEL QUALIFICATIONS
The handling, laying, jointing, trench filling and testing of all sewers, construction and
testing of associated structures and installation of appurtenances shall be carried out, and
supervised by, acceptably qualified and/or accredited personnel.
Personnel shall hold minimum qualifications or specialist accreditation appropriate for the
work undertaken. Depending on the personnel, minimum qualifications or specialist
training appropriate for the work undertaken may include current accreditation in such
things as:
• Pipe laying and jointing, e.g. Plastec, Polytec
• Plant and equipment
• Lifting equipment
• No Go Zone
• Traffic management
• Confined space entry
• OH&S
• Customer service
• Site safety induction
• Trench safety
• Handling, transportation and disposal of waste asbestos and other prescribed waste
material
Minimum qualifications shall mean Statements of Attainment for all those Units of
Competence, nominated by the Water Agency, from the Water Industry National Training
Package NWP01 or Local Government Training Package LGA00 or the Civil Construction
Training Package BCC98 or other relevant Training or a combination of one or more of the
aforementioned.
Specialist accreditation shall mean a qualification achieved through specialised training
and assessment for a specific product and/or situation that is not covered by relevant
Training Packages.
Qualifications from Training Packages shall be awarded by a registered training
organisation.
Training and assessment for specialist accreditation shall be provided by registered
training organisations or recognised organisations with appropriately qualified and
experienced trainers and assessors.
Registered training organisations shall be those listed by the National Training Information
Service for the provision of training or assessment services as required.
Training packages, together with relevant short training courses and training/assessment
service providers are provided by the National Training Information Service at
www.ntis.gov.au.
13 GENERAL CONSTRUCTION
13.1 GENERAL
Construct the sewerage works to the lines, levels, grades and in the locations using the
materials and methods as specified.
If insufficient detail or instruction is provided in the Design Drawings or Specification,
obtain instruction from the Superintendent prior to commencement.
Use only the types, materials, sizes, lengths, classes, jointing methods and corrosion
protection systems for the pipes, fittings and maintenance structures as specified. Use only
manufacturers products and product range authorised by the Water Agency.
Keep on site at all times a current copy of the WSAA Sewerage Code – MRWA Edition,
Project Specification, all relevant and current Design Drawings, Standard Drawings and the
Water Agency’s manual or catalogue or listing of authorised products and materials.
13.2 ORDER OF CONSTRUCTION, TESTING AND COMMISSIONING
Undertake and complete all Works in accordance with the following process:
(a) Except where connection to a live sewer is required, start construction from the
furthest downstream point. Otherwise, start construction at a point clear of the live
sewer as specified by the Water Agency.
(b) Install all Works in accordance with the Design Drawings and the Specification,
progressively working upstream.
(c) Clean sewer(s) by flushing. Flushing water is to be disposed of in accordance with
EPA requirements and is not to be discharged to the sewer. The sewer is to be
plugged and flushing water pumped out.
(d) Conduct acceptance testing.
(e) Connect to the live sewer after all other Works have been constructed as specified.
13.3 CONTRACT INTERFACES
The Contract Interfaces shall be as indicated on the Design Drawings and/or Specification.
If in doubt, obtain clarification from the Superintendent. Where the Constructor is required
to connect or fit to existing infrastructure provided by Water Agency and/or any other
Agency, check all relevant measurements on site, notwithstanding the dimensions shown
on the Design Drawings, and adjust work to fit as required. The Constructor shall not be
entitled to any claim for loss or damage directly or indirectly due to its failure to take such
measurements.
13.4 CUSTOMER FOCUS
13.4.1 General
Ensure that the execution of the Works complies with the Water Agency's "Requirements
for customer service”.
Fully brief all affected customers and property owners about the impact of the Works on
buildings, garden features, trees and vegetation, noise levels, out of hours work, traffic
restrictions, etc before commencing work.
Keep documented evidence of contact details with all affected customers.
It is the aim of the Water Agency to achieve a high level of customer understanding and
co-operation in the construction process resulting in high satisfaction levels.
The procedures must ensure that work site safety is maintained in accordance with
the Occupational Health and Safety Act, relevant legislation, regulations and codes of
practice.
(b) The Constructor shall ensure that employees engaged in tasks are trained in the Safe
Working Procedure/s for that task, and that the procedures are complied with at all
times. The Constructor shall provide evidence of training to the Superintendent and
the Water Agency as required.
(c) The SMP shall also include procedures for:
(i) Induction and training of all personnel who will be working on the site (including,
but not limited to employees of the Contractor, any subcontractors, and
suppliers).
(ii) Nomination of OHS committee representatives.
(iii) Method/frequency of conducting OHS meetings.
(iv) Accident and Emergency procedures, complete with emergency telephone
numbers.
(v) Investigation and reporting of all incidents involving death, injury or a near-miss.
Job Safety Analysis (JSA)
(a) The Constructor shall prepare a Job Safety Analysis for the Works. The JSA must be
accepted by the Superintendent before the Works may commence.
(b) The primary objectives of the JSA are to:
(i) Identify hazards associated with Works’ activities and tasks.
(ii) Establish appropriate risk control measures.
(iii) Nominate the person responsible for implementing the control
measures.
(c) The JSA shall be site specific. All workers shall be included in the development of
the JSA.
(d) The JSA shall be prepared in a tabular format and to a level of detail acceptable to
the Superintendent. Typical hazards to be considered may include, but are not
limited to:
(i) Temporary electrical supplies, power leads.
(ii) Lasers.
(iii) Untidy work sites.
(iv) Trench / tunnel support.
(v) Excavation.
(vi) Work in confined spaces.
(vii) Plant/equipment operation and maintenance (includes covers, winches,
pressure vessels, excavations, etc).
(viii) Traffic management.
(ix) Noise.
(x) Hazardous materials.
(xi) Lifting and slinging.
(xii) Public safety.
(xiii) Underground/overhead assets.
plant used on the site. Ensure the exterior of all machinery and plant working on or
crossing roadways is free of all construction debris in accordance with relevant regulation.
13.5.4.4 Storage of products, materials and equipment
Store all products, materials, equipment, packaging materials and excavated material in
accordance with the requirements of Clause 14.7.
13.5.4.5 Obstruction of street drainage
Protect all drains, channels or gutters from any obstruction using silt traps, sediment
control and other means as appropriate in accordance with EPA requirements (Refer
Clause 13.5.6.4).
MRWA 13.5.4.6 Road opening permits
The Constructor is required to obtain a Road Opening Permit from council prior to
commencement of any works within a road or road reserve.
13.5.5 Private and public properties
Where work is carried out in private property or lands owned by Councils or other
authorities, whether in an easement, reserve or otherwise:
(a) Generally access requirements are negotiated as part of the design process. The
Constructor is responsible for compliance with any agreed access arrangements
necessary to actually construct the works through private or public land.
(b) As far as practicable confine operations to easements or reserves. If there are no
easements or reserves, or the area of the easement or reserve is inadequate, confine
operations to an area agreed upon with the Owner.
(c) Comply with the Water Agency requirements for resolution of any dispute associated
with access or entry rights to the Works.
(d) Minimise damage to existing vegetation and improvements.
(e) Obtain the Owner's written permission for storage of materials, equipment or
excavated material for Works on any of Owner's land.
(f) Replace damaged conduits with the same, or agreed equivalent, material and
authorised connectors. Repair and/or replace all property and environmental damage
caused by the Works to the satisfaction of the Water Agency or Owners.
(g) Remove all facilities for the Works from the site within the time frame specified or
agreed.
(h) Restore all services, drains, fences, structures, surfaces and improvements affected
by the Works to the original surface and condition to the satisfaction of the Owner,
and within the time frame specified or agreed.
13.5.6 Protection of the environment and heritage areas
13.5.6.1 General
Take all necessary measures to protect the environment and heritage areas.
13.5.6.2 Collection and disposal of wastes
Provide, operate and maintain adequate facilities for the collection, transportation and
disposal of liquid wastes including portable toilet wastes, fuels, lubricants, oils and
greases.
On no account allow any untreated liquid waste to discharge to the ground surface of the
site or into any drain or open area. Ensure that no contamination of the soil occurs and that
all sludge and solid material is removed and disposed of safely and lawfully.
On Works completion, completely remove all the storage and treatment facilities.
If soil pollution occurs, remove all contaminated material from the site and dispose of in
accordance with the requirements of the Water Agency and relevant Regulators.
13.5.6.3 Protection of adjacent lands and vegetation
Confine all operations associated with the construction Works to the designated Works
area either within roadway reserves or enclosed by temporary and existing fences.
Fence all stockpile areas.
Make every attempt to minimise impact of the Works on adjacent areas and cooperate with
the owners / occupiers of adjacent land to minimise inconvenience.
Protect trees, shrubs and grasses outside the Works area by appropriate site management
and fencing.
The Constructor must at all times comply with any Council requirements regarding
vegetation; this may include having to obtain town planning permits.
Only remove or trim trees and shrubs if essential for the Works. Where applicable:
(a) treat all cut branches and roots with a suitable fungicide; and/or
(b) collect seeds from existing vegetation for use during restoration (Refer to Clause
25.5); and/or
(c) employ a qualified bush regenerator to weed the Works area prior to commencement
to prevent the spread of weeds during construction.
Stockpile vegetation separately on geotextile filter fabric when the line is initially cleared
for use during restoration (Refer to Clause 25.5). Similarly, if present, stockpile bush rock
separately during the initial clearing of the line.
Do not remove trees and shrubs on or adjacent to the Works without obtaining prior written
permission from the Owner and where appropriate, the Council and replace as
required / agreed.
Lop trees and prune shrubs in a professional manner using appropriate tools to the extent
authorised by the relevant Owner before Works commencement.
Suitably dispose of all debris from the cutting, pruning, lopping of trees and shrubs,
including removing trunks and roots.
13.5.6.4 Control of water pollution
Prior to work commencing, develop and provide to the Superintendent, or other approving
authority, an erosion and sediment control plan (or soil and water control plan) for the site.
The plan shall outline:
(a) Measures to be taken to minimise erosion and to trap sediment in any water leaving
the site.
(b) Defined access locations to the worksite.
(c) Location of stockpiles of excavated materials, fill and other erodable materials.
(d) Procedures for construction and rehabilitation activities to minimise erosion and
sediment transport.
(e) Procedures for monitoring, maintaining and removing erosion and sediment control
measures.
(f) Procedures to trap and dispose of excess water during testing, disinfection and
swabbing of the completed Works.
Implement the requirements of the approved plan and comply with all applicable
Commonwealth, State, Territory and Local Government laws and regulations.
In order to control water pollution and meet the emission limits for waste discharges to
water specified in State Environmental Protection Policy (Waters of Victoria), the
Constructor shall:
(a) Comply with the requirements of the following EPA documents. (These documents
can be downloaded from www.epa.vic.gov.au.)
(i) Environmental Guidelines for Major Construction Sites.
(ii) Construction Techniques for Sediment Pollution Control.
(b) Ensure that the concentration of suspended solids and turbidity in waters pumped into
the drainage system do not exceed the emission limits for waste discharges to water
as specified in Schedule E of the State Environment Protection Policy (Waters of
Victoria). To achieve this, it may be necessary to:
(i) Adequately plan, install and maintain the sediment control of the construction
site and ensure that construction activities such as excavating and dewatering
do not result in turbid water entering drainage networks.
(ii) Implement daily monitoring of the turbidity of water pumped directly to a natural
waterway or a drainage system discharging to a natural waterway.
(iii) Supervise all pumping and implement precautions to minimise the turbidity of
pumped water.
(c) Adopt practices to ensure that turbid water shall not enter the drainage systems.
Suggested practices could include, but are not limited to:
(i) Construction of detention basis and settling ponds particularly on larger sites.
(ii) Discharge of silt laden waters onto vegetated areas of suitable size and slope to
filter out suspended silts.
(iii) Where land is not available or suitable for settling ponds and/or vegetated filter
strips, then silt laden water may need to be subject to a specifically designed
physical filtration and/or chemical flocculation system to remove suspended silts.
(d) Advise the Superintendent of the proposed method prior to commencing construction.
Suggested options/methods that the Constructor may use to achieve the measures
are as follows:
(i) Temporary culvert/side entry pit entry:
Planks of timber around culverts/side entry pits with geotextile and/or gravel
behind timber to allow water to pass through, but retain the silt.
(ii) Silt fences:
Fabric filter (geotextile) reinforced with mesh and crushed rock.
(iii) Side entry pits:
Plug side entry pits and discharge into pit, then dispose of at sites where other
controls have been installed. This may require transportation of water off site.
(iv) Baffle tanks:
(A) Site baffle tanks designed to manage the site flows.
(B) Hessian bags (sausages) filled with crushed rock laid across gutters in
series as required.
NOTE: These options/methods only present a few of what is available and the
Constructor may use others that exist. The Superintendent will need to approve
any such options/methods that the Constructor decides to use.
(e) Stockpiles of spoil and materials are to be kept to a minimum as well as being located
clear of footpaths and street channels.
Other steps that may be necessary to prevent sediment from these stockpiles
entering the drainage system would be the use of such options as:
(i) Tarpaulins or plastic sheeting over the stockpiles.
(ii) Storage bins.
(iii) Use of timber toe boards around the stockpiles.
(f) Use suitable methods on construction sites when dewatering and road
cleaning/jetting.
(g) Hay bales shall not be used as the only sediment control in residential streets.
If all known on-site treatment methods are unsuitable or impracticable, then turbid and silt
laden water must be removed by tankers for treatment and disposal at an appropriate
wastewater treatment facility.
13.5.6.5 Acid sulphate and contaminated soils
Determine from the Design Drawings and mark out prior to work commencing the sites of
acid sulphate (or potential acid sulphate) soil and other contaminated sites to be
excavated. Where such sites exist, the Constructor shall adhere to requirements of the
relevant planning authority and the EPA and take appropriate measures during excavation,
storage, transport and disposal of soil and filling of the trench, to ensure that excavated
material is treated on-site or at an authorised remote location.
Refer to the Product and Material Information and Guidance for pipeline suitability in acid
sulphate and contaminated soils
13.5.6.6 Control of noise and atmospheric pollution
Comply with relevant Regulator requirements for mitigating noise and atmospheric
pollution.
Operate all plant and construction equipment such that it does not cause undue noise and
atmospheric pollution.
Fit compressors, air tools, generators and other plant as necessary with appropriate
silencers.
Take all necessary measures to prevent dust generation on the site and in particular its
spread to adjacent areas. Preventative measures shall include, but not be limited to,
regular watering of the Works area and the access tracks and roads.
13.6 AFFECTED PARTY NOTIFICATIONS
The Constructor must:
(a) Notify (in writing) each property owner and resident who will be affected by the
Works. The notification shall be completed legibly by the Constructor and delivered
between eight (8) and fifteen (15) working days prior to the Works commencing to:
(i) Owners and residents on both sides of the boundary, where the Works are
located along the boundary of a private property.
(ii) Owners and residents of properties on both sides of the road, where the Works
are located in a road reserve.
(b) Advise each owner/resident in person, where practicable, of the work that will be
undertaken within the property.
(c) Provide a copy of a typical notification, and a plan showing the properties to where it
shall be delivered, to the Superintendent.
Notify commencement of Works to the Superintendent. The period of notice shall comply
with the relevant notification requirements specified in the contract or by the Water Agency.
Comply with the notification requirements of all affected municipal, services and other
Owners having care, management or control over streets, services and/or property affected
by the Works.
Retain copies of all notices for audit purposes.
13.7 ALTERATION OF EXISTING SERVICES
Carry out alterations to other services in accordance with the policies, practices and
procedures specified by the responsible service Owner.
13.8 SURVEY MARKS
Maintain all State and Territory survey marks in their correct position.
When such survey marks are disturbed, re-establish or reinstate the marks to the
requirements of the relevant Regulator.
13.9 CONSTRUCTION TOLERANCES
Adhere to tolerances specified in Section 23.
13.10 LATENT CONDITIONS
Not used by MRWA.
(a) Use only lifting and transportation equipment that does not contact plastics linings
and plastics accessories, except where appropriate padding or protective systems
are used.
(b) Provide special protection for unsecured plastics linings and PVC sheet flaps and
accessories during handling, storage and construction operations until secured in the
completed installation.
(c) Prevent exposure to sunlight of plastics lining sheets and accessories for the duration
of the project.
(d) Provide a secure, clean and dry storage area for plastics linings work materials and
tools.
(e) Do not incorporate in the Works any plastics-lined concrete product or accessory:
(i) which has not complied with the requirements of this sub-clause; or
(ii) whose bore, in the case of pipe or MH product, is affected by plastic lining
corrugations and/or non-circularities, which reduce:
(A) pipe waterway area by more than 1.5%; and/or
(B) pipe diameter by more than 5 mm for pipe <DN 1800; or
(C) pipe diameter by more than 10 mm for pipe ≥DN 1800 over; or
(iii) which is above the dimensional tolerances permitted by the requirements of the
Purchase Specification for unlined concrete product.
14.4 DELIVERY INSPECTION OF PRODUCTS AND MATERIALS
Inspect all products and materials at the time of delivery for damage and excessive
distortion.
Replace products and materials that are damaged, excessively distorted, outside their use-
by date or storage period and indelibly mark or tag with wording such as “Do not use” or
other identification.
Do not use:
(a) PE pipes and fittings scored deeper than 10% of the wall thickness.
(b) Faded / discoloured PVC, PE, ABS, GRP and plastic coated pipes and fittings.
(c) PVC and ABS pipes and fittings scored deeper than 0.5 mm.
(d) GRP pipes and fittings scored deeper than 1 mm or with impact damage.
Remove rejected products and materials and store separately from useable products to
prevent inadvertent use.
14.5 CONCRETE WORKS
14.5.1 Delivery
Concrete shall be delivered to site for placement within 90 minutes of commencement of
mixing at the plant or within the time limitations for the mix and ambient temperature.
14.5.2 Transportation of concrete
Use pneumatic and pumping or other methods for conveying and placing concrete when
nominated in the Specification or when authorised by the Superintendent. Where concrete
is conveyed by wheeled vehicles or barrows, the equipment used and the distance
travelled shall be authorised by the Superintendent.
If concrete is conveyed by chute, the equipment shall be of such size, slope and type as to
ensure the continuous flow of concrete without segregation of materials. The delivery end
of the chute shall be as near as possible to the final position of the concrete and it shall be
provided with an effective baffle. If the chuting operation is not continuous, the chute shall
discharge the concrete into a hopper.
14.5.3 Formwork
14.5.3.1 General
Formwork, including all temporary supporting structures and precast members, shall
comply with the requirements of AS 3610 and the additional requirements of this Code,
including Standard Drawings.
Forms shall be sufficiently tight to prevent loss of mortar from the concrete. Form surfaces
shall be smooth and free from holes or irregularities detrimental to the finished concrete
surface.
Before placing the concrete, coat the forms with a suitable, non-staining coating, which will
facilitate their release.
Finish surfaces as specified.
14.5.3.2 Formwork for plastics-lined concrete
Set out and install formwork for in-situ concrete structures to be plastic lined so as to
facilitate fixing of plastic lining materials to internal formwork faces and in a manner that
will:
(a) Ensure intimate continuous contact of lining materials with the formwork.
(b) Position fixing holes within areas of lining that will be subsequently covered by
jointing or welding strips.
(c) Avoid the securing of lining materials by means of bands or straps otherwise than as
provided for in the lining material manufacturer's printed instructions.
14.5.4 Reinforcement
Supply, fix and place reinforcement in accordance with AS 3600. Ensure the specified
minimum cover is achievable between ends of members and / or construction joints.
Continuously monitor placement.
14.5.5 Placement
14.5.5.1 General
Place concrete within the time limitations for the mix and ambient temperature. Place in
discrete layers in one continuous operation between ends of members and/or construction
joints.
Continuously monitor placement.
Surfaces upon or against which concrete is to be placed shall be free of standing water,
mud and debris.
Prior to placing concrete on concrete that has set, prepare the surface of the set concrete
by scabbling to expose aggregate, clean off loose material and dampen and apply a
bonding agent recommended by the concrete supplier.
In the placement of vertical elements, do not allow free fall of concrete to exceed 1.6 m.
14.5.5.2 Placement in water
Deposit concrete in water only where specified or authorised by the Superintendent.
Place concrete in water under the direct supervision of the Superintendent.
Take precautions to prevent significant mortar loss where concrete is to be placed in
running water.
Place concrete in water continuously in a compact mass, with the top surface kept as level
as practicable, by:
(a) Using a properly designed tremie or drop bottom bucket;
(b) Pre-packing and grouting; or
(c) Placing in suitably tied jute bags, each containing not less than 15 litres of concrete.
Where concrete is provided in bags, place the bags in header and stretcher courses so
that the entire mass in interlocked.
14.5.6 Slump
Slump shall be appropriate to the project specified by the Constructor on advice from the
concrete supplier.
There is no default value for slump in the Purchase Specifications because slump is
dependent on the method of placement.
The slump at the point of acceptance shall be in the range 80–120 mm. Under no
circumstances is additional water to be added onsite unless approved by the concrete
supplier.
Higher slumps can result in an increase in bleed water requiring additional precautions
when finishing concrete. The constructor should liaise with the concrete supplier in
determining the slump.
The addition of excess water onsite can adversely affect the strength and durability of the
concrete.
14.5.7 Compaction
Immediately compact concrete after placing. Use internal and/or external vibration in a
systematic manner to ensure that all concrete is thoroughly compacted. Vibrate to the full
depth of each layer and extend into the top 100 mm of the underlying layer. Do not vibrate
to the point where segregation of the ingredients occurs.
Use rotary out of balance vibrators.
Where internal vibrators are used, insert them vertically at successive locations and at
spacings not exceeding the manufacturer’s stated zone of influence. Do not allow vibrators
to contact partially hardened concrete or reinforcement embedded in it.
In regions of closely spaced horizontal reinforcement, ensure full compaction directly
beneath the closely spaced horizontal reinforcement prior to encasing the reinforcement
with concrete.
14.5.8 Stripping
Ensure that concrete has adequate strength before stripping formwork.
Remove forms in a manner that will not injure the concrete. Provide temporary support to
the concrete structure so as to protect freshly stripped concrete from construction loads.
14.5.9 Curing
Cure concrete as specified.
14.5.10 Repair of blemishes
Fill surface holes and damage exceeding specified limits by filling with cementitious mortar
bonded to the concrete.
15 EXCAVATION
15.1 SAFETY
Comply with recommendations and guidelines set out in the Code of Practice: Safety
Precautions in Trenching Operations (Refer www.ohsrep.org.au/legislation/COPs.html.)
Do not commence any excavation until all equipment and materials necessary to make the
excavation safe are on site and available for use. This includes any necessary fencing and
barriers, as well as trench support systems.
Assess site for prior excavations and consider their impact on the new excavation.
Conduct a site hazard and safety assessment prior to commencement of any excavation to
identify all potential hazards in accordance with Clause 13.5.1.
15.2 LIMITS OF EXCAVATION
Keep the extent of excavation to the minimum possible to allow efficient construction of the
Works while meeting the requirements shown on relevant Design Drawings.
Unless specified otherwise, keep the sides of excavations vertical to at least 150 mm
above the sewer.
Ensure that the minimum cover requirements shown on relevant Design Drawings are
satisfied following any earthworks that may occur in the area of the sewer. This is
particularly relevant in new subdivisions or developments where earthworks are expected
to form roads, driveways, footways and for general shaping of the surfaces. If minimum
cover requirements cannot be achieved, refer to the Superintendent to overcome the
problem.
15.3 EXCAVATION ACROSS IMPROVED SURFACES
Obtain written permission of the Owner prior to commencing any excavation across
improved surfaces.
If excavation is required across improved surfaces such as pavements, driveways, kerbs
and gutters, where the surfaces cannot be satisfactorily reinstated, use boring in
accordance with Clause 17.12.
For open excavations across improved surfaces, keep the trench width to the minimum
allowed. Saw cut neat straight lines at least 150 mm beyond the outer limits of the
excavation through bitumen, asphalt and concrete. Remove pavers, blocks or brick
pavements by hand, clean them and set them aside for later replacement. Ensure trench
fill is compacted to requirements of Clause 21.1.3.
15.4 EXCAVATION IN ROOT ZONES
Take every precaution to ensure that no undue damage is caused to a tree root system as
a result of excavation for the Works. Excavation for sewer construction by hand or by
boring may be required to protect the root zone.
Cleanly cut all roots ≤60 mm diameter encountered during excavation.
Do not cut tree roots larger than 60 mm diameter without authorisation of the
Superintendent.
Damage to root zones can also be minimised by:
(a) Fencing off vegetation to keep machinery away.
(b) Tying back stems and branches to keep them out of the path of machinery.
(c) Avoiding piling materials directly over or against the vegetation for prolonged periods.
Also, the Constructor is required to:
(i) Avoid storing pipes and materials, including soil, rocks or gravel against trees or
under tree canopies.
(ii) Avoid machine excavation beneath the tree canopy. Boring or hand excavation
might be acceptable alternatives.
(iii) Immediately trimming back damaged roots or branches with a sharp saw to
achieve a clean cut, and applying an approved fungicide to reduce chances of
infection.
(iv) Obtain approval from the owner of the trees prior to excavation.
The Constructor should carefully clean machinery between jobs to minimise the risk of soil-
borne contamination between work sites. (This is mandatory in areas where cinnamon
fungus occurs.)
15.5 BLASTING
Use alternative methods of excavation to blasting wherever achievable.
Obtain prior authorisation from the Water Agency, Superintendent, relevant Regulator and
affected Owners of assets within the vicinity before undertaking blasting.
Where authorisation is granted, prepare a blasting plan that includes management of the
blasting and means to be used to satisfy the requirements of AS 2187 and the authorising
parties.
15.6 SUPPORT OF EXCAVATIONS
All excavations shall be supported in accordance with the Occupational Health and Safety
Act, the Code of Practice for Safety Precautions in Trenching Operations and the Job
Safety Analysis (Refer to Clause 13.5.1).
Support all excavations as the work proceeds to meet OH&S requirements. Ensure that
adjacent structures and services are not subject to disturbance by the trench support
system.
When removing, raising or withdrawing supports, prevent slips or falls and ensure that no
damage, disturbance or displacement occurs to the pipes, fittings, geotextile filter fabric,
pipe embedment and trench fill already installed. Fill the trench simultaneously with the
raising or withdrawal of trench supports. Ensure that compaction of pipe embedment and
trench fill material occurs below such trench support and against native ground.
Where specified, leave the trench support system in place as permanent support. Cut off
the support system at a depth below ground surface that will satisfy the structural and
development requirements of the site.
15.7 DRAINAGE AND DEWATERING
Keep all excavations free of water. Provide, maintain and operate intercepting Works to
prevent surface water from entering the excavations. Provide all equipment necessary for
dewatering the excavations and keeping the Works free from water.
Only lower the water table by well points or other external dewatering methods if no
damage is likely to be caused to adjacent structures and services or the environment.
Ensure that all downstream Works that are under construction, completed or in use are
protected at all times against the effects of any drainage that is discharged or likely to be
discharged from the Works.
Do not discharge dewatering to sewers, storm water drains or watercourses without
appropriate authorisation and without complying with the Owner’s or Regulator’s
requirements.
Ensure that actual details of deflections are accurately recorded on the Work as
Constructed drawings.
17.2.2 Methods of deflection
Achieve horizontal and vertical deflections as specified using one of the following methods:
(a) Deflecting consecutive flexible joints in accordance with Table 17.1, provided no
individual joint deflection exceeds 80% of the manufacturer’s recommended
maximum joint deflection. Make the pipeline joint in a straight line before deflecting
the joint. In some pipe systems the maximum allowable joint deflection is marked on
the pipe socket.
(b) Manually (not mechanically) cold bending flexible pipes in circular arcs of uniform
radius to exceed the minium prescribed radii specified in Table 17.1. Limit cold
bending to DN 150 and DN 225 pipe sizes only. Do not cold bend SCJ PVC pipe
where branch sewers or property connection branches are to be installed along the
curve. Curves formed by cold bending the pipes should be designed.
(c) Using a variable bend (Refer to Drawing SEW–1315-V).
TABLE 17.1
METHODS OF ACHIEVING CURVED SEWERS
Pipe size Pipe length Minimum horizontal
Material and Deflection and vertical curve
Curve type
joint at joint radius
DN m m
VC Up to 2.5–
Yes 100 – 1400 Note 4
Socket - Spigot varies with DN
VC
Up to 2.5–
polypropylene Yes 100 – 300 Note 4
varies with DN
coupling
Cumulative
PVC
deflection at
elastomeric seal Yes 100 – 375 3.0 – 6.0 Note 4
joints
jointed (RRJ)
Profiled wall PE
Yes 375 – 2100 2.4 – 6.0 Note 4
Socket - Spigot
Profiled wall PP
Yes 225 – 600 3.0 Note 4
Socket – Spigot
PVC Not dependent 0.3 X DN
solvent cement No 100 – 300
jointed Note 1
Manual cold
0.02 X DN at T ≥20 C
o
bending PE
o
welded joints No 160 – 355 Not dependent 0.05 X DN at 0 C
SDR ≤21
Notes 1 and 2
PVC Yes Not dependent Note 3
100 – 375
RRJ only
NOTES:
1 The minimum radius for solvent cement welded PVC pipes and welded PE pipes is based upon:
(a) the deflection that may be achieved without overstressing the pipe or pipe joint; and
(b) ensuring that the necessary restraint of the pipe and joints around the curve is readily
achievable based on manually cold bending the pipe in the field.
2 Interpolate values for temperatures between 0°C and 20°C.
3 The minimum acceptable radii for manufactured bends is 900 mm.
4 The minimum radii for rubber ring jointed pipes is dependent upon the maximum allowable deflection
through the pipe joint, in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations or the Purchase
Specification, and the length of the pipes.
Limit cumulative joint and cold vertical bends to one additional location between adjacent
MHs or MSs or combinations of both.
After completion of pipelaying and placement of embedment material, remove temporary
pegs or stakes used to restrain curved pipes.
Removal of temporary pegs or stakes is essential to avoid point loading of the pipes. Non-
removal may result in pipe failures.
17.2.5 Compound curves
Compound curves/bends shall not be used unless specifically authorised by the Water
Agency.
17.3 HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL SEPARATION OF CROSSING PIPELINES
Maintain minimum horizontal and vertical separation of crossing pipelines as specified. Fill
the separation with embedment material and compact.
Pipelines shall cross as close to 90 degrees as possible, but not less than 45 degrees.
Ensure sewer pipes always cross below water mains.
17.4 FLOTATION CONTROL
Prevent floatation of pipes, MSs and MHs by:
(a) Using trench stops in accordance with SEW–1206; and/or
(b) Placing and compacting sufficient height of fill material; and/or
(c) Filling the pipeline with water, where authorised; and/or
(d) Other appropriate methods authorised by the Superintendent.
Where trench de-watering is necessary, fully place and compact embedment and fill
material in accordance with Sections 20 and 21 while dewatering systems are operating.
Some materials such as PE have a density less than that of water and sewers can float
even when full of water.
17.5 TRENCH STOPS
Construct trench stops with trench drainage as specified.
Reference: Standard Drawings SEW–1206 and SEW–1207.
17.6 BULKHEADS
Construct concrete bulkheads with trench drainage as specified. Do not position the
bulkhead directly beneath a kerb.
Reference: Standard Drawings SEW–1206 and SEW–1207.
17.7 PROPERTY CONNECTION SEWERS
Install property connection sewers as specified.
Ensure tolerances for position, level and plumb are within the limits specified in Section 23.
Fill and compact as specified for the reticulation sewer.
Only approved, specifically manufactured OB’s and IO’s shall be used to connect property
connection sewers to sewer pipes. Cut-in type connections are not permitted on new
works.
Where concrete surround or encasement of a riser is specified, allow a minimum of
16 hours for the concrete to set before constructing a property connection sewer.
Locate vertical drops or risers to prevent damage to the sewer and provide support to
maintain their position during encasement or backfilling.
Mark locations of property connection points by placing a marking tape from the connection
point to a hardwood surface peg or by using detectable marking tape similarly placed.
Reference: Standard Drawing SEW–1316
Reference: Drawings SEW–1105-V, SEW–1153-M, SEW–1154-M, SEW–1155-M and
SEW–1314-V.
17.8 DEAD ENDS
Terminate sewer lines as specified. The Constructor may consider installing an IO at the
end of the line to allow future testing.
Reference: Standard Drawings SEW–1109 and SEW–1316.
17.9 MARKING OF PROPERTY CONNECTION SEWERS AND DEAD ENDS
Mark the position of each dead end and location of each property connection point using
identification tape and hardwood peg or by using a detectable tape.
Reference: Drawings SEW–1153-M, SEW–1154-M and SEW–1155-M.
17.10 CORROSION PROTECTION OF CAST IRON
Sleeve uncoated buried cast iron items with polyethylene, fixed with PVC tape complying
with AS 3680. Install sleeving to AS 3681. Do not allow sleeved items to be exposed to
sunlight for more than seven (7) days.
Sleeving may be omitted for items that have a thermal-bonded polymeric external coating
complying with specified requirements in Part 2 of the Code.
Cast iron includes grey cast iron and ductile (cast) iron.
South East Water does not permit sleeved DICL <DN 300.
17.11 MARKING TAPES AND POSTS
17.11.1 Non-detectable marking tape
When specified, lay non-detectable marking tape on top of the pipe embedment material
before trench filling.
Reference: Drawing SEW–1201-V.
17.11.2 Detectable marking tape
Lay detectable marking tape on top of the pipe embedment material before trench filling or
1 m below the surface for:
(a) non-metallic pipelines, as specified;
(b) all curved pipelines;
(c) property connection sewers, as specified;
(d) all sewers without an upstream access point; and
(e) at other locations as specified.
Lay the tape over the embedment to form a continuous connection between access cover
frames. Strip the ends of the tape to expose its conducting wires. Connect bare wires to a
nut or bolt of the access cover frame to form an electrical connection.
Reference: Drawing SEW–1201-V.
MRWA 17.11.3 Marker posts
Where sewers are located in remote areas or where maintenance structures may be
difficult to locate, marker posts, approved by the Water Agency, shall be specified on the
drawings and installed adjacent to maintenance structures.
Joint the plastics flap at the spigot end to the plastic lining of the previously laid pipe by
welding.
Complete jointing work prior to hydrostatic testing and backfilling of plastics-lined pipeline
components.
17.15.4 Plastics lining ancillary work
17.15.4.1 Alignment of lining keys
In order to facilitate drainage of fluid accumulations between structure and lining, vertically
align plastics-lining keys for embedment of lining into in-situ vertical concrete structural
components.
17.15.4.2 Provision of seepage channels
Provide vertical seepage channels between plastics lining and precast or in-situ concrete
components, which do not have vertically disposed keys, as specified.
17.15.4.3 Use of jointing accessories and adhesives
In accordance with the plastics lining manufacturer’s printed specification, provide for
continuity of plastics lining, including accessories, adhesives and jointing compounds, at
changes of direction, lining returns and jointing of lined components.
17.16 WELDING OF STEEL PIPELINES
17.16.1 General
Weld steel pipe in accordance with Category SP of AS/NZS 1554.1 employing welders
qualified in accordance with AS/NZS 1554.1.
Pre-qualify all weld preparations in accordance with AS/NZS 1554.1.
Inspect all welding in accordance with AS/NZS 1554.1, Section 7.
Apply corrosion protection to welded joints, internal and/or external, where specified.
Reinstate cement mortar linings as specified.
Reference: Standard Drawings WAT–1400 to WAT–1404 inclusive and WAT–1408 of
WSA 03.
17.16.2 Field welding of flanges
Field welding of flanges shall only be carried out with the express approval of the Water
Agency.
Weld flanges either directly to the pipe or fitting after machining or to a coaming piece that
can be subsequently butt welded to the pipe or fitting.
Align flanges at right angles to the axis of the pipe or to the relevant leg of the fitting.
Attach flanges by one of the following procedures depending on steel plate thickness:
(a) Where the pipe or fitting is ≤10 mm thick, weld the flange in accordance with AS 4041
Figure 3.24.4.8(H)(a) Type 6 slip-on weld.
(b) Where the pipe or fitting is >10 mm thick, weld the flange in accordance AS 4041
Figure 3.24.4.8(B) Type 2 “face and back” or Figure 3.24.4.8(D) Type 3A “bore and
back”.
After concrete curing, remove formwork carefully without damaging the lining. Do not use
sharp tools to pry forms from lined surfaces. Repair all tears, abrasions and cuts in plastics
lining in accordance with the plastics lining manufacturer's printed repair instructions.
18.8 INTERNAL COATING OF CONCRETE MHs
Epoxy coating of MHs for repair purposes shall require Water Agency approval.
Epoxy coat MHs in accordance with the manufacturer’s printed instructions and as
specified.
18.9 COVERS
All frames and covers are to be cleaned and greased with an approved lubricant, in
accordance with the manufacturer’s requirements upon installation and after each entry.
When covers are installed within a concrete pavement, an expansion joint is to be installed
around the surround.
Covers that do not have a concrete or recycled plastic surround shall not be used in
unsealed areas, e.g. gravel, grass, gardens.
Reference: Drawings SEW–1300-V, SEW–1301-V and SEW–1308-V.
18.10 CONNECTIONS TO MHs
Make connections to MHs as specified.
Where polyethylene, polypropylene or similar materials are used in connections,
incorporate a hydrophilic seal around the fitting in at least two positions.
Reference: Drawings SEW–1302-V, SEW–1303-V and SEW–1313-V.
18.11 MH DROPS
Construct MH drops as specified.
Core drill holes in precast or cast in-situ MHs using a diamond hole saw of the appropriate
diameter. Only use other techniques for creating holes in precast or cast in-situ MHs with
the authorisation of the Superintendent.
MH drops shall generally be constructed using PVC or PE pipes and fittings. PVC is also
an approved material for MH drops in industrial and commercial areas, due to the ease of
replacing them if necessary.
Reference: Drawings SEW–1303-V and SEW–1306-V.
TABLE 20.1
MAXIMUM PARTICLE SIZE
(b) only use beneath non-trafficable areas where compaction trials have been
undertaken and proven successful; and
(c) do not use beneath trafficable areas.
20.3.2 Compaction trials / Pre-qualification of embedment compaction method
20.3.2.1 General
With reference to Clause 22.3.3.2, pre-qualification of the pipe embedment material and
process, as detailed below, is an alternative to conducting embedment compaction testing
of pipes of size ≤DN 300.
20.3.2.2 Test method
Install a length of pipe at least 4 m long in a trench having minimum side clearance of
200 mm and in soil having a bearing pressure >50 kPa. Bed the pipe and place and
compact embedment in accordance with Clauses 20.1 to 20.3.1 inclusive.
Record the Purchase Specification or equivalent specification to which the embedment
material conforms. Record the compaction method in a format suitable for use as an on-
site work instruction.
Conduct compaction testing at the spring line along the pipe length at its mid-point and at
locations 1 m either side. Assess results of compaction tests for compliance with
Table 22.1 or Table 22.2 as appropriate. Record compaction test results.
Retain records of the compaction method and trial reports.
20.3.2.3 Interpretation and applicability
Provided that all compaction test results conform to the requirements of Table 22.1 or
Table 22.2, as appropriate, the test shall be deemed to pre-qualify the compaction method
for pipelaying subject to:
(a) the diameter of the pipe being the same as that used in the pre-qualification test;
(b) the actual embedment material used in construction being the same as used in the
pre-qualification test;
(c) the documented pre-qualified compaction method being used; and
(d) the native soil having a bearing capacity >50 kPa.
20.3.3 Compaction control
Compaction of the embedment zone shall comply with Table 22.1 or Table 22.2, as
appropriate.
The extent of embedment compaction testing shall be as specified in Clause 22.3.3.
20.4 SPECIAL BEDDING AND EMBEDMENTS / GEOTEXTILE SURROUND AND
PILLOW
Install special embedment as specified.
Reference: Standard Drawings SEW-1203, SEW–1204 and SEW–1205.
20.5 REMOVAL OF TRENCH SUPPORTS
Except where otherwise specified, lift temporary trench support systems progressively
above each layer of embedment to ensure that each layer is compacted against
undisturbed native soil (trench wall).
20.6 CONCRETE EMBEDMENT AND ENCASEMENT
Concrete embed or encase pipes as specified and in accordance with Clause 14.5.
Set pipes to line and level on either bags of natural fibre filled with sand and cement mix or
on concrete blocks or saddles cast to the outside diameter of the barrel and located near
the socket. Ensure that pipes do not move, float or deform while pouring concrete.
Provide rubber-ring jointed pipe "shorts" 600–1000 mm long immediately upstream and
downstream of the concrete embedment or encasement to allow for differential movement.
Construction joints in concrete embedment or encasement shall be in accordance with
Standard Drawing SEW–1205 and shall only be permitted where shown on the drawings
and where approved by the Water Agency.
Reference: Standard Drawings SEW–1204, SEW–1205, SEW–1208 and SEW–1400
Reference: Drawings SEW–1401-V and SEW–1402-V.
21 FILL
21.1 TRENCH FILL
21.1.1 General
Place trench fill as specified. Use appropriate methods of compaction to achieve the
compaction requirements of the Design Drawings and the Water Agency’s trench fill
specification.
Avoid impact loading of the sewer and maintenance structures during placement of trench
fill material.
Do not place trench fill material within 24 h of placing embedment or encasement concrete,
or longer period if shown in the Design Drawings or Specification.
Fill voids behind timber ground support in close-timbered tunnels, drives and shafts by
pressure grouting or other authorised means.
Raise the fill evenly around MH and MS risers and compact in shallow layers to avoid
unbalanced lateral loading.
Take special care to prevent displacement of precast MH joints and MS risers, access
cover assemblies or supports.
Correct any deficiencies of trench filling exposed by settlement.
Reference: Standard Drawings SEW–1202, SEW–1203, SEW–1204 and SEW–1205
Reference: Drawing SEW–1201-V.
21.1.2 Material requirements
The trench fill material shall comply with the Water Agency’s trench fill specification and
Design Drawings.
Where the filled trench will be subjected to traffic loading, the fill material shall comply with
the requirements of the road Owner. In the absence of a directive from the road Owner, the
fill material shall comply with the Water Agency’s trench fill specification.
21.1.3 Compaction of trench fill
The degree of trench fill compaction shall conform to the Water Agency’s trench fill
specification.
The extent of trench fill compaction testing shall be as specified in Clause 22.3.4 and in the
Water Agency’s trench fill specification.
Compact trench fill material in layers to achieve the required density uniformly throughout
the depth of each layer. Where settlement of the finished surface is to be controlled, use a
fill material that can be compacted to the required high degree of compaction.
Do not commence mechanical compaction of fill material directly above the pipe until the
total depth of cover above the pipe is adequate to prevent damage to the main.
The depth of fill material required before mechanical compaction can be used depends on
the type of compaction device.
For hand-held or walk-behind compaction equipment, provide at least 200 mm cover and
for larger “ride-on” machines operating within the trench, increase this depth at least
300 mm.
Compact trench uniformly and carefully around maintenance structures, jump-ups, stacks
etc.
22 ACCEPTANCE TESTING
22.1 GENERAL
Acceptance testing is required to test the capability of the sewer assembly to satisfy design
requirements as specified. It is not intended to test the material capability. Testing is
intended to:
(a) Reveal the existence of any assembly and structural faults.
(b) Ensure the sewer can operate without infiltration or exfiltration.
(c) Confirm the success of placement and compaction of pipe embedment and trench fill,
design and placement of thrust and anchor blocks and installation of pipeline
components.
Undertake acceptance testing of all sewers and structures in accordance with the
Specification and in the following order:
1 Visual inspection—above-ground.
2 Compaction testing.
3 Pressure testing (low pressure air or vacuum or hydrostatic).
4 Infiltration testing.
5 Deflection testing.
6 CCTV inspection.
Deflection testing and CCTV inspection may be performed concurrently.
Vacuum testing is considered superior to air testing for detecting potential infiltration into
non-pressure pipelines; however, low pressure air testing is currently the predominant
acceptance testing practice. The parameters and requirements low pressure air testing
have been included as an interim measure for those Water Agencies still using the
practice.
Notification of acceptance testing and responsibilities for reporting shall be in accordance
with the Water Agency’s requirements. The Constructor must provide two (2) clear working
days notice to the Superintendent and the Water Agency prior to commencement of all
acceptance testing activities. Each notice of testing must include:
(i) Water Agency’s Project Reference Number
(ii) Estate Name, Address and Location
(iii) Constructor’s name and contact details
(iv) Consultant’s name and contact details
(v) Date and timing of test
(vi) Details of testing intended.
All test results, including unsatisfactory results, shall be documented and reported to the
Superintendent.
As appropriate, clean sewers and structures before any test is performed.
Compaction testing shall be carried out by a NATA accredited organisation that holds
current listing for the relevant acceptance test.
If any of the tests prove to be unsatisfactory, detect and rectify the fault. Continue to rectify
and retest the sewer until a satisfactory test result is obtained. Even if testing produces
satisfactory results, rectify any sewer, structure or appurtenance that has a visible or
detectable leak, blockage, malfunction or other defect.
TABLE 22.1
EMBEDMENT OF FLEXIBLE PIPES
MINIMUM COMPACTION
NOTE: Type 3 support of SEW–1202 requires non-cohesive embedment material. Cohesive graded
sands and gravels may be authorised by the Water Agency.
TABLE 22.2
EMBEDMENT OF RIGID PIPES
MINIMUM COMPACTION
Embedment type Test method Minimum value
Trafficable areas Non-trafficable areas
Non-cohesive Density Index (I D )
60 60
AS 1289.5.6.1
Cohesive Density Ratio (R D )
(Notes 1, 2) AS 1289.5.4.1 and 90 90
AS 1289.5.1.1
NOTES:
1 Graded gravels or sands having fines (silts and clays) greater than 5% have their compaction
determined by dry density ratio.
2 Type 1 and 2 supports on SEW–1202 permit cohesive material at the side of the pipe above the
support material.
22.3.5.1 General
Not used by MRWA.
22.3.5.2 Trafficable test zone
Not used by MRWA.
22.3.5.3 Non-trafficable test zone
Not used by MRWA.
22.3.5.4 Frequency and location of tests
Not used by MRWA.
22.3.5.5 Retesting
Not used by MRWA.
22.4 AIR PRESSURE AND VACUUM TESTING OF SEWERS
22.4.1 General
Pressure (leakage) testing, either low pressure air testing or vacuum testing, is only
qualitative as pressure losses do not directly reflect water leakage rates. It is used to
identify points of leakage and potential pipeline infiltration and exfiltration due to damaged
pipe seals and joints.
For sewers of size >DN 750, the Water Agency shall advise testing requirements and/or
enhanced inspection and control requirements during construction. The Constructor shall
take particular care in respect of additional safety precautions required for testing large
diameter sewers.
Vacuum or air pressure test all sewers ≤DN 1500 in accordance with Clauses 22.4.2.1 or
22.4.2.2. Include external MH drops, property connection sewers, vertical risers, MSs and
inspection shafts and fittings.
Undertake vacuum tests where the Specification does not specify the test method.
Test after placement and compaction of pipe embedment, including overlay and
construction of property connections, MSs and ISs.
Make calibration certificates for all air pressure and vacuum testing equipment available to
the Superintendent on request.
Sewers ≥DN 750 should be inspected and tested during construction and before the
construction of MHs. The test may be conducted after trench filling but repair / rectification
costs would almost certainly be greater.
22.4.2 Air testing methods for sewers
22.4.2.1 Vacuum testing
The following testing requirements shall apply where sewer pipeline vacuum testing is
specified.
Plug all sewer inlets and outlets and cap and seal all MS risers in the test length of sewer.
Apply an initial test vacuum pressure (negative pressure) of approximately 27 kPa. Close
the valve on the vacuum line and shut off the vacuum pump. Allow the air pressure to
stabilise for at least 3 minutes to identify any initial leakage.
When the pressure has stabilised and is at or below the starting test vacuum of 23.6 kPa,
commence the test by allowing the gauge pressure to drop to 23.6 kPa, at which point
initiate time recording. Record the drop in vacuum over the test period.
Accept the length of sewer under test if the test vacuum loss is ≤7 kPa for the relevant time
interval specified in Table 22.4.
If the sewer fails the test, re-apply the vacuum to identify any leaks.
Rectify all defects prior to conducting any further testing.
Rectify any visible or audible faults even if the vacuum testing is satisfactory.
This test method is based on ASTM test method C1214M, which may be downloaded from
www.astm.org/cgi-bin
TABLE 22.4
PRESSURE AND VACUUM AIR TESTING
ACCEPTANCE TIMES FOR 7 KPA PRESSURE CHANGE
Test length
m
Pipe size
50 100 150 200 250 300
DN
Minimum test duration
minutes
100 2 2 2 2 3 3
150 3 3 3 5 6 6
225 4 5 8 10 13 15
300 6 9 14 18 23 29
375 7 14 22 29 36 43
450 10 21 31 41 52 66
525 14 28 42 56 70 86
600 18 37 55 73 92 106
675 23 46 70 93 116 144
750 29 57 86 115 143 168
900 41 83 124 165 207 243
1000 51 102 153 204 255 300
1050 56 112 169 225 281 319
1200 73 147 220 294 367 460
1500 115 230 344 459 574 700
NOTES:
1 Timing of the test duration shall commence after the 3 minutes initial
pressurisation and only where pressure has stabilised.
2 Test duration times for other combinations of pipe size and test length
shall be interpolated.
For pipelines ≤DN 600, the following test durations and allowable pressure losses specified
in Tables MRWA 22.4.1 and MRWA 22.4.2 shall apply.
Accept the length of sewer under test if the test pressure loss is ≤7 kPa for vitrified clay,
PVC, PE profiled wall, PP profiled wall and GRP rubber ring jointed pipe materials for the
test durations specified in Table MRWA 22.4.1.
TABLE MRWA 22.4.1
RUBBER RING JOINTED PIPE
Accept the length of sewer under test if the test pressure loss is ≤2 kPa for solid wall PVC,
sandwich wall PVC solvent cement joint pipe materials and PE solid wall fusion jointed
pipe materials for the test durations specified in Table MRWA 22.4.2.
TABLE MRWA 22.4.2
SOLVENT CEMENT AND FUSION JOINTED PIPE
For pipelines ≥DN 675 (irrespective of material or jointing system) and ≤DN 1500, the test
durations and allowable pressure losses specified in Table 22.4 shall apply.
If the sewer fails the test, re-apply the test pressure to identify any leaks.
Rectify all defects prior to conducting any further testing.
Rectify any visible or audible faults even if the pressure testing is satisfactory.
A calibrated pressure relief valve, set at a maximum pressure of 50 kPa, shall be installed
on all low pressure testing equipment.
22.4.3 Testing of sewers >DN 1500
22.4.3.1 General
Test every joint of all sewers >DN 1500 including specified maintenance structures and
inverted syphons in accordance with Clause 22.4.3.2.
Make calibration certificates for all pressure and vacuum testing equipment available to the
Superintendent on request.
22.4.3.2 Method of test
Design and construct a joint test apparatus to enable air pressure or vacuum testing of
each joint from within the sewer.
Test every joint using the relevant test procedure of Clause 22.4.2.1 or Clause 22.4.2.2.
TABLE 22.5
CONCRETE MH TESTING FREQUENCY
NOTES:
1 Where projects contain both precast concrete and cast in-situ concrete, each type
shall be viewed as a separate population and the above criteria shall apply to
each population separately within the project.
2 If any of the MHs fail the initial test, all remaining MHs in that population shall be
tested.
TABLE 22.6
MINIMUM TEST TIMES FOR CONCRETE MHs
MH Depth MH Diameter
mm
900 1050 1200 1500 1800
Time*
m s
2.4 14 17 20 26 33
3.0 18 21 25 33 41
3.7 21 25 30 39 49
4.3 25 30 35 46 57
4.9 29 34 40 52 65
5.5 32 38 45 59 73
6.1 35 42 50 65 81
6.7 39 46 55 72 89
7.3 42 51 59 78 97
7.9 46 55 64 85 105
8.5 49 59 69 91 113
9.1 53 63 74 98 121
TABLE 22.7
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE SHORT-TERM PIPE DEFLECTIONS
22.8 INSPECTION AND TESTING OF PLASTIC LINED CONCRETE SEWERS AND MHs
22.8.1 Visual inspection
Visually inspect all plastics-lined concrete sewers and MHs for defects such as cuts, tears,
or cracks and open or incompletely fused thermoplastic lining welds.
Reject linings with visible projections or depressions that exceed 25 mm depth measured
perpendicularly to the plastics lined surface.
Probe all fields welds of thermoplastic lining with a feeler gauge to determine all defective
welds requiring re-welding i.e. weak welds and welds where the probe enters more than
3 mm.
Mark all defects with chalk or a spirit pen with colour contrasting with the coating or lining.
Repair all visible and weld defects in accordance with the manufacturer’s printed
instructions using qualified welders and authorised methods.
22.8.2 Spark testing
After repair of visible and weld defects, undertake spark testing to detect discontinuities in
accordance with Clause 7 of AS 3894.1. Use equipment calibrated to 20 000 V within the
last 12 months in accordance with Appendix C of AS 3894.1. Allow 20 minutes inclusive of
warm-up for the spark testing equipment to reach equilibrium conditions.
Ensure the surface of the lining is dry. Adjust the voltage of the spark testing equipment to
12 000 +1 000 –0 V and secure an earth connection to the underlying substrate.
Pass the brush electrode of the spark testing equipment over the lining at a rate of not
greater than 0.3 m/s, maintaining contact between the electrode and the test area and
using an appropriate motion. Where the instrument indicates a discontinuity, determine the
exact location of the discontinuity (do not hold electrode stationary against the surface)
and clearly identify it on the test surface with the marker. Continue testing until the whole
of the coating or lining has been tested.
Undertake repair of discontinuities in accordance with the manufacturer’s printed
procedures.
Repeat spark testing and repair cycle until there are no discontinuities detected.
If overheating during repair causes any charring of thermoplastic welds, replace all charred
sections in accordance with the manufacturer’s printed procedures.
22.8.3 Locking key pull-out tests
For plastics-lined cast in-situ concrete MHs, conduct locking key pull-out test for each 5 m 2
of plastics lined work area nominated in either the Inspection and Test Plan or by the
Superintendent.
Use a pull-out force of at least 17.5 N per lineal mm of key applied perpendicularly to the
lined concrete surface for a period of at least one (1) minute at an ambient temperature of
between 20 and 27 °C.
In the event of any locking key failing to withstand the sustained 17.5 N pull-out force,
progressively extend the pull-out test to locations away from the failed key area so as to
determine the extent of non-conforming key embedment. Rework or repair non-conforming
key embedment areas of ≤0.5 m2 in any single pull-out test location in accordance with the
manufacturer’s printed procedures.
Reject MHs with key defective embedment areas >0.5 m2 in any single pull-out test
location.
Testing to be done by an authorised contractor.
(b) Clearly inform all personnel of the loading limits on temporary fittings and supports.
(c) Pressurise the line to 75% of the test pressure and leave for a minimum of 12 hours.
(e) Maintain the test pressure for four (4) hours. Measure and record, at half hour
intervals, the quantity of water added in order to maintain the pressure during the
period of testing.
(f) Visually inspect the line for leaks if practicable. If a leak is suspected but is not
visible, use aural or electronic assistance.
(g) Do not remove temporary supports until the syphon has been depressurised.
(h) Dispose of test water in accordance with the relevant environmental Regulator and
Water Agency requirements.
(c) The measured loss rate for the relevant test period of the pressure testing does not
exceed the maximum allowable loss rate as determined in accordance with Clause
22.9.3; and
(d) For polyethylene syphons, compliance with the requirements of Clause 2.13.5 of
WSA 01 is achieved, which shall comply with the requirements of Clause 2.13.4 or
Clause 2.13.5 of WSA 01.
If both additional tests pass, accept the syphon. If one or both of the additional tests fail,
rectify the work.
Within two weeks of the completion of any rectification work, perform another test on the
syphon. If the test fails, rectify the work and retest. Rework until all test results are
satisfactory.
MRWA 22.9.7 Rectification of faults
The use of concrete bandages to rectify faults will not be permitted on vitrified clay
pipelines of nominal size DN 100, DN 150 and DN 225 or PVC, Polyethylene and GRP
pipelines. Approved repair couplings must be used.
The use of epoxies, sealants, caulking compounds, etc in order to pass air tests is not
permitted.
TABLE 23.1
SEWER GRADE TOLERANCES
TABLE 23.2
PROPERTY CONNECTION SEWER GRADE TOLERANCES
25 RESTORATION
25.1 GENERAL
The requirement to restore surfaces shall apply to construction by means of trenching,
tunnelling or boring.
Restore to pre-existing condition, all surfaces, services and/or improvements disturbed,
destroyed, removed or damaged during construction of the Works and/or during installation
of temporary Works such as access roads to the requirements of the Water Agency and
the Owner(s).
The Water Agency’s relationship with its customers may be significantly enhanced by
providing excellent service, particularly in the area of site restoration. Consequently, there
is an expectation that restoration should be to the highest standards.
The site shall be:
(a) Kept in a safe, clean and tidy manner during construction; unsightly items such as
spoil stockpiles and barricades shall be kept to a minimum; site debris and excess
materials shall be regularly cleaned up, removed and properly disposed.
(b) Restored progressively and as soon as possible; restoration work shall not be
deferred.
(c) Left in a tidy and presentable condition.
25.2 PAVEMENTS
Immediately the filling of a trench excavation through a pavement has been completed,
restore the pavement to a trafficable condition. Where the initial restoration is of a
temporary nature, use a pre-mixed asphaltic material.
Maintain temporary restoration until final restoration is carried out. Carry out final
restoration of the pavement to restore both pavement and sub-base to no less than their
pre-existing condition. If appropriate, remove temporary restoration when carrying out final
restoration work.
After their initial temporary restoration, maintain pavements of other than bitumen or
concrete with crushed metal, gravel or equivalent material, making due allowance for
consolidation, and then restore to a condition equivalent to that of the original pavement.
Complete the final restoration of bitumen and concrete pavements within one (1) month of
temporary restoration.
Council requirements for reinstatement of road and footpath paving must be observed.
Some councils require approved contractors to carry out final reinstatement.
25.3 LAWNS
Reinstate lawns with turf sods cut and set aside from the original surface or with similar turf
imported for the purpose. To make up any deficiencies between the stripped quantity and
the quantity required for reinstatement, use imported topsoil consisting of a sandy loam of
light to medium texture, containing 5% to 10% by weight of humus, and free of weeds.
For areas to be turfed, ensure topsoil is graded to achieve a smooth surface, is free from
lumps, stones or other debris, conforms to finished levels, blends gradually into the
adjoining undisturbed ground and finishes flush with kerbs, footways and other paved
surfaces.
Incorporate into the topsoil at the rate of 40 g/m² a fertiliser mix with a nominal
Nitrogen:Phosphorus:Potassium ratio of 10:4:6.
G1 General
Australian Standards for PVC (AS/NZS 1260—plain wall and structured wall) and GRP
(AS 3571—external diameter series) sewer pipes do not specify internal diameters of
pipes. The use of the formula in Clause 22.6.2 is therefore not possible.
TABLE G1
PROVER OUTSIDE DIAMETER FOR PVC AND GRP PIPES
Pipe size Outside diameter of prover
mm
DN PVC–solid wall PVC–profile wall PVC–sandwich wall GRP
150 140 152 139 NA
225 220 223 218 NA
300 278 299 276 310
375 354 358 NA 386
NOTES:
1 The tolerance on outside diameter of provers is ±0.5 mm.
2 Applies to solid wall, profile wall and sandwich construction PVC pipes conforming to
AS/NZS 1260 and GRP pipes conforming to AS 3571, external diameter series
(centrifugally cast).
3 Where the inside diameter of fittings (eg junctions, bends) is less than the pipe
internal diameter, the pull-through prover method of testing may not be valid.
NOTES