Water Consumption Factors & Variations

Lecture No.
Water consumption and types of variation

in Water demand
Engr. M. Shakeel Hassan

Assistant Professor,
Dept. of Civil Engineering
(Water Resource Engineering and Management)
Water Supply and Waste Water Management 1

General Details
Department of Civil Engineering and Technology
 Course: Water Supply and Waste water Management
 Instructor: Engr. Muhammad Shakeel Hassan
 Lecture No. 2/16
 Week No. 02
 Class: BSc Civil Technology (2nd Year).
 Semester: 4th (BS Civil Technology).
 Section: A.
 Session: Fall-2018.
2
Summary of Previous
Lecture
I. Introduction
II. Water impurities and related health issues
III. Water quality guidelines/ standards
IV. Water quality monitoring
3
Prepared by: Engr. Muhammad Shakeel Hassan
Lecture layout
 Water Consumption
 Variations in Water demand
 Fire Demand
 Population Forecast
4
Water Consumption and Water uses.
Types of Variation in Demand
5
Terminology
Water Consumption:
It is the total amount of water consumed by a
community in one day.
Per Capita Consumption:
It is the total water consumption divided by
population and number of days in the year.
It is usual to express Water Consumption in “litres per capita per day” or lpcd.
6
Water consumption formulae
Water Consumption can be calculated as:
Average Water Consumption = 150 to 600 lpcd
7
Classification of Water Consumed
according to its Ultimate Use
Sr. Use Source Amount
#
1. Domestic Houses ,hotels (sanitary, 30-40% of total water
drinking, washing. bathing, supplied(100-400lpcd)
cooking, gardening, desert
coolers etc.
2. Commercial Markets, office buildings, dental 10-20%
clinics, private school, garages,
workshops etc.
3. Industrial 20-30%
4. Public use Public buildings (town hall, 10-20%
jail, schools, street washing,
public toilets, gardens)+fire
fighting
5. Unaccounted Loss of water through leaks, 10-15%
for unauthorized connections For Lahore >50%
8
Classification of Water Consumed
according to its Ultimate Use
Factory Product Litres/Kg of Product Live Stock Litre/animal/day)
Sugar 10 Type of Building W.C. ( lpcd) Cows 70
Oil Refining 12 Horses 40
Factories (no , with 30, 45
Butter 13 bathrooms) Dogs 16
Steel 5 Hospitals ( <100 beds, 340, 455 Sheep 12
Glass 75 >100 beds) Goats 12
Paper 170 Nurses Homes & 135 Chickens 0.1
Medical Quarters Description WC (lpcd)
Synthetic Fibres 225
Purpose For Public Water Requirements Hostels 135
Bathing 55
Public Parks 1.5 lit/m2 /day Restaurants (per seat) 68
Washing of Clothes 20
Street Washing 1.0-1.5 lit/m2/day Hotels (per seat) 180
Drinking 5
Sewer Cleaning 5 lpcd Offices 45
Cooking 5
Purpose For irrigation Water Requirements Cinemas, theatres 15
Washing of Utensils 10
Public Parks 17000 lit/ha /day School ( Day , 45, 135
Private Gardens 17000 lit/ha/day Boarding) Washing of House 10
Roadside Trees 28000 lit/km/day Flushing 30
9
Definitions
1. AVERAGE DAILY CONSUMPTION:

It is the average amount of water consumed by a
community in one day divided by the number of
people served.
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒎𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒖𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝒊𝒏 𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒚𝒆𝒂𝒓
Av. Daily W.C.= 𝟑𝟔𝟓 𝒐𝒓 𝟑𝟔𝟔 ×𝑴𝒊𝒅 𝒚𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝑷𝒐𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
Units: Litre per Capita per Day (or lpcd)
1
0
Definitions
2. MAXIMUM DAILY CONSUMPTION:
It is the maximum Water Consumption during ANY ONE
DAY in the year. It is about 150 to 180% average daily
consumption.
3. PEAK HOURLY CONSUMPTION:

The peak consumption during ANY HOUR of the year,
EXCLUDING FIRE DEMAND, is called peak hourly
consumption. It is around 150% of the maximum daily
consumption.
1
1
Uses of Water consumption
Maximum Daily Demand is used to design

Service Reservoirs (Overhead Tanks etc).
Peak Hourly Demand is used to design Water
Distribution System (Pumps etc).
Monthly Average Demand is used for main Reservoirs

(Dams etc).
1
2
Ratios used in Lahore (WASA)
Maximum Daily Average Daily
Consumption : Consumption 1.5 : 1
Peak Hourly Maximum Daily

Peak Hourly Average Daily

For Design of WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM,

Consider:
• PEAK HOUR FLOW WHICH EVER
• MAX. DAY+FIRE DEMAND IS
GREATER..
13
Factors affecting Water
Consumption
1. CLIMATE
2. STANDARD OF LIVING
3. COMMERCIAL/INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY
4. EXTENT OF SEWERAGE
5. METERING/COST OF WATER
6. QUALITY OF WATER
7. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM PRESSURE
8. SIZE OF CITY
9. EFFICIENCY OF THE SYSTEM
10. TYPE OF SUPPLY (CONTINUOUS, INTERMITTANT)
11. LEVEL OF SERVICE (Stand post, Yard Connection, Full Plumbing)
14
Consumption
1. Climate:
With high temperatures, water consumption in domestic
dwellings will be high and vice versa. For instance, there is
more water consumption during summer in residential and
public places for watering lawns, street sprinkling bathing,
washing and drinking.
2. Standard of Living:
People having better standards of living and high economic
status would consume more water as compared to low
standard of living.
15
Consumption
3. Commercial and Industrial activity:
Water consumption is usually higher to accommodate
commercial and industrial activities.
4. Extent of Sewerage:
For a large sewerage system, more water is required by
the community for sanitary utilizations and for efficient
drainage through pipes, drains and sewers.
16
Consumption
5. Metering/Cost of Water:
A metered and costly supply ensures minimum wastage
of water as the consumer knows that he has to pay
money for water used by him and thus he is more careful
in use. Meters also helps in reducing/eliminating the
losses through leaks and illegal connections.
6. Quality of Water:
When quality of water is wholesome then people will use
more water as compared to that of unhygienic quality.
17
Consumption
7. Distribution Pressure of the system:
This factor is of great importance in case of multi storey
buildings. Adequate pressure means a continuous and
constant supply of water.
8. Size of city:
Increase in city size, increases population and the water
consumption. In small towns, the private resources may
remain in use even after the introduction of public water
supply. However in large cities, public water supply is a
necessity so more per capita water consumption is there,
as water is also required to maintain clean and healthy
environments in urban landscapes.
18
Consumption
Effect of Population on Rate of Consumption
19
Consumption
9. Efficiency of the System:*
Efficient water supply system has no leakage with minimum
water losses and consequently less water consumption.
10. Type of Supply: ( Continuous, Intermittent)
Continuous Supply: Water is supplied continuously
throughout 24 hours a day. Thus more water consumption.
Intermittent Supply: Water is supplied for specific or
fixed hours during the day only, resulting in reduction of
water consumption.
20
Consumption
Level of Service:*
• Stand Post: One water tab in a town (usually in
backward areas).
• Yard Connection: One Water point at a home (in
under-developed Areas).
• Full Plumbing: Whole plumbing in the houses,
buildings is fabricated and based on public water supply
(in developed Area).
21
Necessity of Water
Consumption
One important parameters required in design of Water
supply system is to set an estimate giving the total quantity
of water that will be required after the completion of supply
works. This estimation helps in determination of sizes and
capacities of the constituents (pipes, pumps etc.) of water
supply system.
• Estimation is based on following aspects:

i. Design Population(Population at the end of design
period)
ii. Rate of per Capita per day water supply.
22
Design Period
 This is the period into the future for which
estimation is to be made.
 The Design period should neither be too long so that
overall cost of project should be appropriate and
financial burden is not thrown on the present
population, nor too short so as to avoid the design
becoming uneconomical.
 Practically, the design period is kept from 20 to 30 years
and considered as sufficient for design purposes.
23
Variations in Water
Consumption
An average amount of water per day over a period of
year that the community on the basis of one person will
require, does not remains uniform throughout the year
but it varies from season to season, even from hour to
hour. Variation in demand may be termed as:
I. Seasonal or Monthly Variations.

II. Daily Variation.
III. Hourly Variation.
Prepared by: Engr. Muhammad Shakeel Hassan 24

Seasonal Variation
 The water demand varies from season to season.
Seasonal variation are prominent in tropical
countries like India, Pakistan.
 The rate of consumption reaches a maximum during
the summer season owing to greater use of water
for street and lawn sprinkling etc.
 It goes down during the succeeding months and
becomes minimum during winter season.
 The fluctuation in the rate of consumption may be
as much as 150 per cent of the average annual
consumption.
25
Daily Variation
 The rate of demand for water may vary from day to
day also. This is due to habits of consumers, climate
conditions, holidays etc.
 Water demand on Sundays is generally more than
other days of the week w.r.t. domestic use. On Sunday,
everybody takes bath leisurely, washes his clothes etc.
 Moreover on the day of mass marriages as well as on
hot and dry day, water consumption will be more as
compared to a rainy day.
 Monday : Highest
 Sunday : lowest
 June/July : Highest
 Dec/Jan : Lowest 26
Hourly Variation
 The rate of demand for water during 24 hours
does not remain uniform and it varies
according to hours of the day.
 On Sundays and other holidays the peak hours
may be about 8am due to late awakening
whereas it may be 6am on other working
days.
 The peak flows may be between 6am to 10am
and 4pm to 8pm and minimum between
12M.N. to 4 am.
27
Hourly Variation
28
Assignment (2)
Problem 1: Estimate the average daily demand ,maximum daily demand, and
peak hourly demand for the population of (1000*Your Registration No.)
persons , use a total amount of water 960,000 m³ during 12 months.
Problem 2: Estimate the water requirement for the following communities
29

Water Consumption Factors & Variations

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Lecture No.

Water consumption and types of variation

Engr. M. Shakeel Hassan

Water Supply and Waste Water Management 1

II. Water impurities and related health issues

III. Water quality guidelines/ standards

IV. Water quality monitoring

Water Consumption can be calculated as:

Average Water Consumption = 150 to 600 lpcd

1. AVERAGE DAILY CONSUMPTION:

Units: Litre per Capita per Day (or lpcd)

3. PEAK HOURLY CONSUMPTION:

Maximum Daily Demand is used to design

Monthly Average Demand is used for main Reservoirs

Peak Hourly Maximum Daily

Peak Hourly Average Daily

For Design of WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM,

• Estimation is based on following aspects:

I. Seasonal or Monthly Variations.

Prepared by: Engr. Muhammad Shakeel Hassan 24

Problem 2: Estimate the water requirement for the following communities

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