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In this article, we explained different types of water demand like domestic water demand,
commercial water demand, public water demand, fire demand, and other water losses.
Also explained how to calculate water requirement of fire demand in the city.
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Table of Contents
1. Types of Water Demand:
1.1. 1. Domestic water demand:
1.2. 2. Commercial and Industrial water demand :
1.3. 3. Fire control water demand for Fire fighting
1.4. 4. Public water demand:
1.5. 5. Other Losses or Wastage of water:
It is not entirely possible to determine the actual consumption of water, but according to
certain empirical formulas and different types of water consumption based on experience
can be shown as follows:
1.
Domestic water demand:
Domestic use of water i.e. for drinking, bathing, washing clothes, cleaning of house and
toilets, etc. as well as water consumption for cooking.
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According to I.S.-1172-1971, 135 liters/day per person is required for water in our country.
While in developed countries this ratio is around 350 lit/day/capita.
1. For bathing 55
2. Washing clothes 20
3. Flushing of W.C 30
4. House washing 10
5. Utensils washing 10
6. For Cooking 5
8. For Drinking 5
The reason behind this difference is the comparatively high consumption of water in the
modern facilities of developed nations such as air-conditions equipment, air-coolers as
well as other equipment.
Generally about half (50%) of the total daily amount of water is spent on household
consumption.
2.
Commercial and Industrial water demand :
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Commercial or industrial places include private as well as public recreation areas, hotels,
offices, shopping centers as well as manufacturing facilities such as factories and
warehouses.
In this type of water demand, the water supply scheme should be designed keeping in
view the consumption of about a 1/4 to 1/3 part of the total water consumption.
Such consumption depends on the structure of the city and its business development as
well as the development of the population and the area.
5. Hostels 135
6. Offices 45
7. Hotel (per bed) 180
8. Restaurant (per seat) 70
Schools
10. (a) Day school 45
(b) Boarding School 135
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Fires usually occur in densely populated areas or in industrial estates or factories. Fires
cause severe damage to people’s property and sometimes even loss of life.
There are many causes of fire such as electrical short circuit, the explosion of ammunition,
fire inflammable substances or chemicals, intentional fire by criminal elements, and also
accidental fire as a result of an accidental mistake.
Fire brigades or fire fighting squads are deployed in every city or municipality for fire
fighting. Therefore, special water mains, as well as fire hydrants, are installed on the main
water lines to control the fire from where the required water is obtained.
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Generally
5 to 10 percent of the main water supply is reserved for fire fighting purposes.
This
quantity for fire fighting is calculated using the following empirical formulas:0.
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Where
b. Kuichling’s Formula:
Q = 3182 √P
c. Freeman’s formula:
Q = 1136 ( (P/5) +10)
F = 2.8 √P
where,
F = number of required streams
d. Boston’s formula:
Q = 5663 √P
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All the above formulas are adopted for every type of area except the type of houses,
location as well as type of area, etc.
Kuchling’s formula corresponds to the position of our country and gives satisfactory
results.
Fire fighting water supply is generally considered as required for residential urban areas
as per the following standards:
Public water demand includes water consumption in public places such as hospitals,
schools, colleges, town halls, religious places, prisons, inns, etc. also includes water
required for public fountains, road cleaning, cleaning of the sewer system, etc.
Generally 7 to 10% of the water supply is allocated for public water consumption.
Sr. No Live stock Water requirements lit/animal/day
1. Cows/Buffellow 50 to 65
2. Hogs 18 to 20
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4. Goats 12 to 15
5. Horses 40 to 50
6. Sheep 12 to 15
The full amount of water distributed from the water supply scheme does not reach the
consumers. The main reasons for this are as follows:
Generally 15% of the water supply is allocated for Other Losses or Wastage of water.
To build a fire fighting system for a city with a population of 150,000. Rate the amount of
water required for this using different formulas.
Solution:
Here,
P = Population = 1,50,000 people (150 thousand)
Q = Quantity of water =?
Now, using the common formulas used for fire fighting:
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= 49834 liters/minute
Q = 3182 √P
= 3182/150
= 38970 liters/minute
= 45440 liters/minute
Q = 5663 √P
= 5663 √150
= 5663 x 12.247
= 69355 liters/minute
Note: According to Kuchling’s formula for Indian urban area, the city should be supplied
with water at the rate of about 38970 liters/minute.
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