Department of Civil Engineering

Corse Code: CE-231

Course Title: Environmental Engineering-I

Credits: 3.0

Lecture: 01

Topic: Introduction to Water Supply Engineering

Syeda Zehan Farzana; Assistant Professor, CE, LUS 1

Why Water Supply Engineering?

 To ensure Potable and Palatable water for the consumers.

 To supply water in adequate quantity.
 To make water easily available to consumers.

** Potable means “safe to drink”

** Palatable means “free of detectable taste and odors”

Who is responsible?

Civil Engineer or Sanitary Engineer or Public Health Engineer or Environmental Engineer?

History

Relatively recent development of present day of water supply system is as ancient as the history
of human civilization.

 Mohenjo-Daro (2600 BC): having structures of water supply, drainage, sewerage and
swimming pools.
 Egypt (2000 BC): Nile River valley which is believed to supply water for 20,000,000
people.
 Ancient China possesses the deepest well (1500 ft.)
 Jerusalem had conduits for water supply (600-900 BC)
 Rome was one of the marvels for water supply (312 BC)
 Greeks were very skillful in conveying water to cities
 London was perhaps the first modern city which used pipe to convey water in 16th
century.

Syeda Zehan Farzana; Assistant Professor, CE, LUS 2

Essential Elements of a Water Supply System:

1. Source 2. Intake 3. Pump 4. Treatment Plant

5. Distribution System

Syeda Zehan Farzana; Assistant Professor, CE, LUS 3

Factors Affecting Per Capita Consumption:

i. Size of the city vii. Sewerage facilities

ii. Characteristics of the people viii. Water rates and metering
iii. Climatic condition ix. Nature of supply
iv. Commerce and industries x. Availability of private supply
v. Pressure of water xi. Efficiency of the management
vi. Quality of water

Consumption of Water for Various Purposes:

1. Domestic use
 Drinking, bathing, cooking, sanitation etc. (20-50 gpcd, average 45 gpcd)
2. Industrial and Commercial use
 Office, store, hotels, mills, factories, refineries, tanneries and other industries.
 (10 gpcd for small industrial city, 100 gpcd for large city; average 65 gpcd)
3. Public use
 School, college, universities, hospitals, cinema and theater halls, jails, religious place,
parks, garden, fire-fighting, sprinkling streets, flushing, sewers, public fountains.
4. Losses and Wastage
 Due to bad plumbing, faulty connections, breaking of pipes, meter slippage,
unauthorized connections, leaky main lines etc. (10-40 gpcd; average 20 gpcd)

Syeda Zehan Farzana; Assistant Professor, CE, LUS 4

Fire Demand:

 Total amount per year may be negligible but during fire demand is so great.
 At least four streams should be available.
 Each stream should deliver: 175 gpm in low risk zone and 250 gpm in high risk zone.
 Water should be available for at least 5 hrs at a pressure of more than 80 psi.

National board of fire underwriters: √ ( √ )

Kuichling: √

Freeman, John R. ( )

Where, Q = Fire Demand (gpm) P = population in thousand

Number of fire streams required: √

Where, F = Number of simultaneous fire streams

P = population in thousand

Example: Calculate the total stream flow in gpm for a town having a population of 10,000.
Assume that each stream will spray 250 gpm on the fire simultaneously. According to National
Board Fire Underwriters (NBFU) for 10,000 people – recommended water flow is 3000 gpm.

Solution:

Fire streams required: √ √ =9

Total stream flow: 250 = 2250 gpm

However, as per NBFU – the recommended stream flow for 10,000 people is 3000 gpm.
Thus design stream flow will be 3000 gpm. ( )

*** Fire Hydrants: Please read the description in M.A. Aziz; Page No. 28

Syeda Zehan Farzana; Assistant Professor, CE, LUS 5