“Every morning you have two choices: continue to sleep with your dreams, or wake up and chase them.

”
1.0 Introduction

A. Water Cycle
i. Water cycle also called hydrologic cycle, cycle that involves the continuous
circulation of water in the Earth atmosphere system
ii. Of the many processes involved in the water cycle, the most important are
evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, and runoff
iii. Although the total amount of water within the cycle remains essentially constant,
its distribution among the various processes is continually changing

B. 1.1 Urban Water Cycle

a. The urban water cycle (UWC), which is composed of the water supply system (WSS)
and sewage treatment system (STS), is a critical infrastructure required for the
functioning of urban society.
b. Considering the growing pollution and subsequent water scarcity caused by
increasing urbanization and climate change, efficient UWC management is required
to maintain resource sustainability and environmental protection.

1.2 Different between water and wastewater?

Water Wastewater
70% of earth consist water
3% is freshwater and 97% is saline water Wastewater is not just sewage. It also
includes a liquid waste discharged by
domestic residences, commercial
properties, industry, and/or agriculture
and can encompass a wide range of
potential contaminants and
concentrations.
Water is a tasteless, odorless and colorless In the most common usage, it refers to the
liquid municipal wastewater that contains a
broad spectrum of contaminants resulting
from the mixing of wastewaters from
different sources.
Water is the chemical substance with
chemical formula H2O: one molecule of
water has two hydrogen atoms covalently
bonded to a single oxygen atom.
Design the collection of sewage from internal sanitary system

Recommended Population Equivalent (PE

)
Question 1

Calculate total PE

Premise type Data Data

Single storey medium cost house 500
Double storey semi-detached house 200
Double storey shop house 50
 Ground floor – 6.1m x 12.65m
 First floor – 6.1m x 15.54m
Petrol station 1
Day school @ 1,500 pupils 1
Mosque @ 1,000 people 1
Dry market @ 30 stalls 1

Answer 1:

Premise type Data Data Recommended Subtotal PE

PE
Single storey medium cost house 500
Double storey semi-detached house 200
Double storey shop house 50
 Ground floor – 6.1m x 12.65m
 First floor – 6.1m x 15.54m
Petrol station 1
Day school @ 1,500 pupils 1
Mosque @ 1,000 people 1
Dry market @ 30 stalls 1
TOTAL
Question 2

New construction of 1 block of Student Dormitory and 1 block of Classroom Building

in the School Inderaloka National High School are plan to be starting soon. The scope
of the project is as follows
● i. Student Dormitory (150 students)
● ii. Classroom Building (300 students)
This school has an existing Sewage Treatment Plant with an area land 700m 2. The PE
value for the existing building is 470PE. Is it this treatment plant needs to be
upgraded?
Question 3

One development of Health Clinic with Quarters (4 units) in Bandar Inderasakti was
assigned to Rahmat Construction. The scope of the project is as follows
● i) Health Clinic (Floor Area - 4,300 m2)
● ii) Staff Quarters (4 unit)
Calculate the total PE and area of the land required to develop the treatment
systems
Question 4

Calculate DWF value for 10,000 people if water consumption rate is 250
liter/capita.Day

Question 5
Calculate DWF value for 25,700 people if water consumption rate is 200
liter/capita.Day and ratio wastewater / water supply is 0.75
Question 6

As an engineer, determine and specify the best number and location for inspection
chamber (IC) if sewage from this house will be discharge to the Individual Septic Tank
(IST)

Answer

IST
Question 7

As an engineer, determine and specify the best number and location for inspection
chamber (IC) if sewage from this house will be discharge to the IWK Centralized
Treatment System.

Answers
Question 8

Upgrading works the Emergency Department of Balik Pulau Hospital, Penang will be
conducted soon. Project scope as follows

 Emergency Department Building (Number of Beds = 15 nos.)

 Guard house

Sewage from this development is drained to the IWK Centralized Treatment System.

a) Calculate total PE for the development.

b) Propose the appropriate size and type of private sewer that connected all IC
Design Example 1 – Design the sewer pipeline for this residential area
Design Example 2 – Design the sewer pipeline for this residential area
Question 8

Calculate Invert Level and Depth of all manhole

Question 9

Design one septic tank which received wastewater from 150 residential
Question 10

Determine the number of people using a septic tank with the dimension is 10m x 5m x
2m
► ALTERNATIVE STEPS TO DESIGN PUBLIC SEWER
► Step 1 – Calculate PE for all proposed buildings
► Step 2 – Calculate average flowrate (DWF)
► Step 3 – Calculate Peak Factor
► Step 4 – Calculate Qpeak
► Step 5 - Identify d/D ratio (if 70% full, d/D is 0.7)
► Step 6 - Identify qpeak/QFULL value and vpeak/Vfull value from design
chart at d/D value, Example
► qpeak/QFULL = 0.85
► Vpeak/VFULL = 1.14
► Step 7 - From peak flowrate value, qpeak, identify QFULL and VFULL.
so that QFULL = (x) and VFULL = (y)
► Step 8 - Enter QFULL= (x) in Manning’s equation. We get the
sewerage diameter
► Step 9 - Calculate VFULL
► Step 10 - Check real sewer velocity at qPEAK and qMIN and compare
with self-cleansing velocity requirement.
Question 1
Determine sewage velocity in one coated cast iron sewerage with 1.8m
diameter and 1:600 slope and full flow (for this example only)
Question 2
Determine sewage velocity in one coated cast iron sewerage with 1.8m
diameter and 1:600 slope and flows 60% full
Question 3
Design a separate sewerage flowing a 70% full at a peak flowrate
of0.42m3/s and minimum flowrate of 0.047m3/s. Take hydraulic gradient as
1:600 and type of sewerage is bad coated cast iron (n = 0.013)
Question 4
Design a bad condition ductile iron separate sewer which flows 30% empty
at Qmaximum for a town with 20,500 houses and 120 shop houses with an
average area of 900 m2 each. An allowable slope is 1:600
Question 5
As a civil engineer, you are required to design public sewerage pipeline using the ductile
iron pipe to cater the listed populations. With standard water consumption rate, propose
the diameter of the pipe

Table 1: Population
Type of premises Quantity
Residential 12000 houses
School - Day school 2000 students
School – boarding school 1000 students
Hospital 500 beds
Market (wet type) 1500 stall

Table 2: Levelling data for proposed sewerage pipeline slope

Distance from Back sight (BS) Front sight (FS) Height of Elevation
Benchmark Instrument
600 m 2.205 m 249.260 m
1200 m 1.205 m 3.205 m 251.465 m 248.260 m
1800 m 2.205 m 249.465 m 247.260 m

Figure 1: Flow in sewerage

 Design the preliminary and primary treatment system in wastewater
treatment plant

Question 1

1. Why we treat wastewater?

2. What is the process involved in treating wastewater?

3. What is the name of unit operation in sewerage treatment plant?

4. How many standard of Effluent enforced in Malaysia?

5. What is the different between that standard?

6. When we have to comply the stringent standard?

7. What is the process happen in primary treatment?

8. What is the objective of secondary treatment?

 Design Parameters for Primary Screens

Quantities of Screenings Collected from Primary Screens

Typical Drawing of Screen Chamber based on depth

(<5 m for different PE)
Question 2

One wastewater treatment plan is planned to cater 50,000 people. Determine width
of screens chamber and appropriate number of blade, based on these design
criteria. Calculate also the quantity of screenings should the storage period is 7 days

 Opening size between blade = 25mm

 Width of blade = 10mm

 Volume = 0.9m/s
Depth of wastewater at peak flowrate = 0.85m
Question 3

One grit chamber is designed for a domestic wastewater treatment plant. This
plant receives waste from 8000 people. If Qpeak is used in this design, calculate
length, width and depth of this chamber. Given, SOR per day is 1500 m3/m2 and
horizontal velocity is 25 cm/s.
Question 4

A rectangle, aerated horizontal flow grit chamber needs to be designed to treat

wastewater from 50000 PE. Determine the volume and dimension of this
chamber and the quantity of grit accumulated every day if the retention time at
Qpeak is 3 minutes
Question 5

A peak flow from 25 000 PE flows into a rectangular, horizontal flow grit chamber.
If the width of the tank is 1.5m, determine

○ The depth of this chamber

○ The amount of oxygen required to aerate the chamber

○ Estimate the amount of grit to be disposed in a week

**Refer Table of Design Parameters for Grit Chambers

Question 6

An equalization tank is required to regulate flow from a housing development

project with listed building. Design suitable tank for this wastewater.

Building Nos

House 1000 houses

Small factory 1 factory with 100 workers

Shop lots 20 shop lots with floor area of 200m² each

 Formula SOR Formula Retention Time

Formula Settling Velocity Formula Horizontal Velocity

Question 7

A primary sedimentation tank is receiving peak wastewater of 5000 m 3/day. If the

Surface Overflow Rate (SOR) is 45 m3/m2.day, design:

○ A rectangular tank

○ A circular tank with bottom 1:12

Question 8

A sedimentation tank with the retention time equal to 2 hours is needed for treating
wastewater from a residential area based on the data as given below and also
population data in Table 1. Assume depth of tank is 1.5 m.

Designs this sedimentation tank.

Question 9

● Design one primary sedimentation tank using these data

○ Maximum flowrate = 0.174 m3/s

○ Retention time = 2 hours

○ Length : Width = 4:1

○ Sludge Production rate = 14 m3/day

○ Sludge desludging frequency = once in 4 days

Question 10

Design One circular primary tank with slope 7.5° that received influent from one
housing area with 100,000 people. Using this design data:

● SOR is 30m3/m2.day,

● Sludge production = 0.0016m3/person.day

● Desludging frequency = every 4 days