SOURCES OF POLITICAL ● Marcos suspended the functioning of

CHANGE political institutions such as

congress and certain political rights
Political Change particularly
● Alteration in the way authority is ○ Writ of habeas corpus
exercised in a particular state ● Martial law is an extreme political
● Type of governance changes change
● Rulers in a country lose power ○ Democratic Regime into
● New sets of rules or laws Authoritarian one
● Changed in rulers ○ The means of selecting
● Shift in relationship between those government officials and
who govern and those who are organizing government
governed institution may change and
● Profound political change even certain political
occurred in contemporary Philippine behaviors of citizens may
society when the country was put also change
under Martial Law by President ● Martial law suspended the
Ferdinand Marcos in 1972 functioning of a number of a political
● Reason why Ferdinand Marcos institutions such as the Philippine
imposed Martial law Congress
○ To defend the country from ○ Legislative power was
threats such as concentrated in the executive
■ Rampant mass branch
demonstration - ○ Military and police were
Protest empowered to conduct
■ Growing communist searches, arrest and
movement detention
■ Continued conflict in ■ Which went beyond
in Mindanao led by the usual limits of the
Moro National law
Liberation Front ■ Therefore political
● Critics said the Marcos imposed commentators
martial law so that he can considered that
concentrate all political power to Philippines
himself Government was
○ Violation of the democratic transformed and
principles of the 1935 placed under
Philippine constitution - authoritarian rule
Philippines was based on the ● Revolution
principles of separation of ○ Political disruption in
powers among 3 branches government or nation state
(Executive power, Legislative characterized by great
power, and Judicial power) Change
 ○ Removal or replacement of a ● To revolt
government, especially by against their
sudden violent action respective
■ Political Revolution: authoritarian
Results in the regimes
replacement or authoritarian
transformation of the w/o resorting
government to violent
■ Social Revolution: means
Change in the ● Political changes do not always
economic and social need to be implemented through
structures of society violent or extreme means
● The revolution in France between ● Political changes also involve
1789 to 1799 was a major upheaval changes in the pattern of political
in French behavior, ideologies, and individual
○ From monarchy to attitudes regarding politics.
Republican government
○ Grounded to ideals of the Perspective on Political Change
enlightenment - liberty and ● Political Change does not occur in a
equality vacuum. Rather, it is the
○ Inspired the Philippine consequence of various economic
Revolution of 1896 and social processes and
● Revolution entails the use of circumstances. (Discuss)
violence ● The ideas of Karl Marx (1818-1883),
○ The use of Coercion and Emile Durkheim (1898-1917), and
Force Max Weber (1864-1920) embodied
○ To prevent a revolution the major perspectives regarding
○ Revolution is characterized political and social change.
by conflict between military ● They Focus on Modernization- it is a
and against revolutionary major socioeconomic process that
forces of militias results in political change. (Discuss)
● There is revolution that do not Karl Marx
entails bloodshed or violence ● Political change is a result of
○ First People's Power in 1986 changes in the economy, particularly
■ To toppled the the way goods and services are
dictatorship of Marcos produced in society.
and re established ● He considered society as being
democratic defined by divisions between social
government classes that have conflicting
■ Inspired other interests.
countries ● He believed that the key to political
● South korea change is altering the means in
● Pakistan which individuals produce the things
● Nicaragua they need for survival.
 ● He also believed that when
traditional societies shifted to
capitalism, a change in the way
governments were organized
ensued.
Emile Durkheim
● French Sociologist
● He agreed with Marx that political
change is a result of great
transformations in Society.
● Durkheim focused more on the
impact of Modernization on the
division of labor and the social roles
played by individuals in society,
unlike Marx.
● Durkheim considered society as a
living organism whose members
interact for their mutual benefit and
survival.
Max Weber
● German Sociologist
● He focused on the significant role of
culture and ideas in implementing
change.
● He believed that the government of
traditional societies is based on
tradition and charisma or the
personal appeal of individual
leaders.
● For Weber, modern society is
characterized by the ability of
citizens to elect their leaders through
elections
● Both, Durkheim and Weber, do not
recommend revolution as a means
of political change.
Modernization: The Engine of Political
Change
● According to Samuel Huntington “a
multifaceted process involving
changes in all aspects of human
thought and activity”
● Modernization permeates culture,
economics, politics, individual beliefs
and all aspects of society
● Information technology is also an
important factor in introducing
political change
○ The rapid pace of generating
and distributing information
has changed the way citizens
understand the often
complex matters related to
politics.
○ Citizens are also empowered
to demand and agitate for
changes in the government
○ The internet became a forum
for people to air their
complaints and concerns
regarding governance and
public administration
○ Example: The ouster of
President Mohammed Morsi
in 2013
■ Many egyptians
respond to online
campaign by joining
in the actual street
protest
■ The call to go out in
the streets was made
via Twitter and
Facebook
● Economic changes also bring about
political change
○ Democratization of European
states through the
emergence of new economic
class composed of workers
■ Better educated and
politically active
■ They call out the
government to to
implement significant
 social and political
reforms
● Economic development also
contributed to the political change
○ Example: South Korea’s
impressive growth during
1970 led to the emergence of
a more educated middle
class or the “New Rich” -
demanded more human
rights and chance to to
choose their leaders through
democratic elections
● Not all economic growth resulted in
political change like what happened
to Singapore, China, and Malaysia.
● Economic Crisis – Can also bring
about political change
● Sociocultural changes- also have an
impact on the political attitudes and
values of individual members of
society.
○ Example Sweeping Reforms
– Implemented by the
Roman Catholic Church
(Discuss)
● Political Change- can also be
caused by external factors.
Example: Globalization
● The increased migration has given
rise to demographic shifts that affect
national politics
● The changing populations of
countries often give rise to a new
electorate who advocate new issues
and concerns, and whose political
activities affect the government.
● Globalization has also given rise to
the spread of post-material values
that emphasize self-expression and
choice rather than conformity.
The spread of these values has also led
citizens to increasingly call on their
governments to assess various social
concerns such as:
● Protection of the environment
● Upholding the rights of minorities
● Elimination of all forms of
discrimination
Adapting to Political Change: Active
Citizenship
● Populism refers to a range of
political ideas and views that appeal
to the masses or “ordinary people”
and usually highlight a conflict
between the masses and the elite.
● One must understand that change is
constant and the people’s mindsets,
norms, beliefs, and attitudes must
adapt to these various processes of
change.
How does one manage all the political
changes that are happening around the
world?
● One must view political changes
critically. Meaning, an individual
should view a political change as
entirely bad or good for society.
● Changes often require a shift in
orientation and mindset. People
must not be afraid to broaden their
loyalties
● The problems of one society are
often the problems shared by all
humanity and require a collective
response. And the problems that
humanity experiences are climate
change, the plight of the refugees,
pandemics, and natural disasters.
● Political change means that people
must adopt a new set of values that
appreciates humanity. As we all
know, societies are becoming more
complex and this requires a great
deal of tolerance and acceptance to
avoid conflicts.