Is there any structural design guide

(step-by-step) for building?

16-20 minutes

Structural Design a Building/House Step by Step (One Way Simply Support

Slab)

Any construction building design as per the below step.

 Slab Design
 Slab Beam Design
 Lintel Beam Design
 Column Design
 Plinth Beam Design
 Footing Design
Some Important Point for Slab Design

Type of Slab

A slab is a plate element having a depth (D), Very small as compared to its
length and width slab is used as floor or roof in building, carry uniformly
distributed load.

Slab may be

 Simply Supported
 Continuos
 Cantilever

Type of Slab Based on Support Conditions Are:

1). One Way Spanning Slab

2). Two Way Spanning Slab

3). Flat Slab Resting Directly on Columns Without Beams

4). Grid Slabs or Waffle Slabs

5). Circular Slab and Other Shapes

One Way Spanning Slab

If the slab is supported on two opposite sides. it is called a one-way

spanning slab. In this type of slab, lads are transferred on two opposite
supports as shown below figure.

One Way Slab

If the slab is supported on four sides, and if ly/lx ≥ 3 one way spaning
slab.

For any slab, if ly = lx, the slab has a tendency to bend in both the
directions Which increase is provided along lx (Short Span)

Two Way Spanning Slab

It the slab is supported on all four edges and if ly / lx < 2,

The tendency of the slab is to bend in both directions. Such slabs are
called a two-way slab. ( as shown below figure.)

In a two-way slab, the main reinforcement is provided along with lx as well

as ly direction.

Flat Slab

When the slab is directly supported on columns, without beams, it is known

as a flat slab.

Flat slabs are provided to increased the floor height and to permitted a
large amount of light which might be obstructed by the depth of beams.

Grid Slabs

When the slab is required on beams with columns only on the periphery of
the hall, the slab is called grid slab

Sometimes, in a large hall, public places, marriage halls, auditoriums,

etc. a large column-free area is required. In these cases, large deep beams
may be permitted but the columns are permitted only on the periphery
One Way Simply Support Slab Calculation /Design

One Way Simply Support slab Below Point Calculation Required

1. Effective Depth (d)

2. Effective Span

3. Reinforcement Requirements

4. Check for Cracking

5. Check for Deflection

6. Check for Development Length (Ld)

Effective Depth (d)

For deflection control

L/d = 20 X M.F

 M.F. Modifiction factor from— IS: 456, p.38.Fig-4

 Assume % steel 0.3 to 0.6%

Fs = 0.58 Fy X (Ast requierd / Ast Provied)

Initially assume that Ast reqierd = Ast Provided

Fy = 250 N/Sq.mm —– Fs = 0.58 X 250 = 145 N/sq.mm.

Fy = 415 N/Sq.mm —– Fs = 0.58 X 415 = 240 N/sq.mm.

Fy = 500 N/Sq.mm —– Fs = 0.58 X 500 = 290 N/sq.mm.

Effective Span

Clear Span + d

c/c of Supports
Whichever is smaller ——– as per IS 456-2000 P. 34, CI 22.2.a

Reinforcement Requirements

Minimum reinforcement

For Fe-250 Pt = 0.15 % of total C/s area (d x D)

For Fe-415 Pt = 0.12 % of total C/s area (d x D)

For Fe-500 Pt = 0.12 % of total C/s area (d x D) ——– as per IS 456-2000 P.

48, CI 26.5.2.1

Maximum diameter (Sp 34)

For minbar:

 Plain bars———–10 mm Ø min dia

Deformed bars—–8 mm Ø min dia

For Distribution bars:

 Plain bars———–6 mm Ø min dia

Deformed bars—–6 mm Ø min dia

Check for Cracking

For Min Steel:

3d ——— Where. d = Effective depth

300 mm

Spacing should not exceed smaller these two values.

For Distribution steel:

5 d

450 mm
Spacing should not exceed smaller these two values. ——- IS: 456-2000, P.46

Check for Deflection

Allowable L/d = 20 X M.F.

 M.F is Obtained from IS:456-200 P-38 Fig 4

Find actual, L/d

If Actual L/d < allowable L/d ———- Ok

Check for Development Length (Ld)

IS 456-2000,P.44, Cl. 26.2.3.3 C

Ld should be ≤ 1.3 (M1/V) + L0

Where

Ld = (Ø.σs / 4 τ bd )—————–σs = 0.87 fy As per IS 456-200, P.42

50 % of steel is bent up near support. Therefore find M.R for 50 % of steel

only

M1 = M.R. for 50% steel support

V = Shear force at the support

L0 = Sum of anchorage beyond the center of support

12 Ø

Take L0 as the smaller of two values.

One Way Simply Support SlabCalculation /Design- Example

Sum Point Consider As below

Slab Size 3.2m X 9.2 m

The slab is resting on 300mm thick wall

Find One Way Slab or Two Way Slab

ly/lx = 9.2 / 3.2 = 2.875 > 2

As per the type of slab

Here this one-way slab, So we design the slab as one-way simply supported
slab

Effective Depth (d)

Here Consider shorter span as l,

l = 3200 mm = 3.2 m

l/d = 20 x M.F

fy – 415 N/sq.mm, fs = 240 N /Sq.mm

M.F = 1.15 | As per IS Code 456, Fig.4

l/d = 20 x 1.15

3200/d = 20 x 1.115

d = 139.13 mm

Here, d = 150 mm , Assume 10 mm Ø bars

Overall Depth, D = 150 + (Ø / 2 ) + Clear Cover

D = 175 mm

Effective Span

1). 3200 + 150 = 3350 mm

2). c/c of Supports = 3200 + 300 = 3500 mm | IS: 456-2000,P-34, CI. 22.2.a

Whichever is smaller

Effective Span = l = 3350 mm = 3.35 m.

Reinforcement Requirements

Load Calculations

Factored Load = 1.5 x 7.875

w = 11.82 kn/m.

Bending Moment

Mu = (w. l2) / 8 = (11.82 / 3.352)

Mu = 16.58 Kn.m.

Main Steel

Pt = 50 (fck/fy) [1 – √ ( 1 -{(4.6 Mu)/ (fck x bd²)})]

Pt = 50 x (0.482) x (0.0945)

Pt = 0.215 %

Ast = ( pt / 100) x 1000 x 150

Ast = 322.5 mm²

For Spacing

Sapcing = ({[π/4] x d2}/Ast ) x 1000 mm

Sapcing = ( 78.53 / 322.5 ) x 1000 = 243.50 mm

Distrbution Steel

Provide a minimum of 0.120% of Total C/s Area | As per IS 456-200 P 48, CI.
26.5.2.1

Ast = (0.12/100) x 1000 x 175 = 210 http://Sq.mm

Check for Cracking

For Main Steel

1). 3 d = 3 x 150 = 450 mm

2). 300 mm | IS 456-2000 P-46

240 mm provided < 300 mm …………….. o.k.

For Distribution Steel

1). 5 d = 5 x 150 = 750 mm

2). 450 mm

130 mm provided < 450 mm …………….. o.k.

Check for Deflection

Allowable (l/d) = 20 x M.F.

% pt Provided = 100 Ast / bd = (100 x 327) / (1000 x 150) = 0.218% | IS

Code 456-2000 P.38, Fig 4

M.F = 1.6

Allowable l/d = 20 x 1.6 = 3350 / 150 = 22.33

22.33 < 32 …………….. o.k.

Check for Development Length (Ld)

1). d = 150 mm

2). 12 Ø = 12 x 10 = 120 mm

Taking larger of two values L0 = 150 mm

S.F. at support = 50% of East at mid-span = 327 / 2 = 163.5 mm²

M1 = 0.87 x 415 x 163.5 x 150 x [1-(415 x 163.5) / (20 x 1000 x 150)]

M1 = 8.65 x 106 N.mm = 8.65 kN.m.

1.3 [ M1/V] + L0 = 1.3 x (8.65 x 106 ) / (18.91 x 103 ) + 150

M1 = 744.65 mm

for M 20 , fy = 415 N/mm²

10 mm Ø. bar, tension

Ld = 470 mm

470 mm < 744.65 mm …………….. o.k.

Structural Design a Building/House Step by Step (Two Way Simply Support

Slab)

Two Way Simply Support Slab Calculation /Design

Two Way Simply Support slab Below Point Calculation Required

1. Effective Depth (d)

2. Effective Span

3. Load Calculations

4. Mid Span Moment

5. Effective Depth of Flexure

6. Reinforcement in Mild Strip

7. Check for Cracking

8. Check for Deflection

9. Check for Development Length

Effective Depth (d)

For deflection control

L/d = 35 X M.F X 0.8

M.F. Modifiction factor from— IS: 456, p.38.Fig-4

Assume % steel 0.3 to 0.6%

Fs = 0.58 Fy X (Ast requierd / Ast Provied)

Initially assume that Ast reqierd = Ast Provided

Fy = 250 N/ http://Sq.mm —– Fs = 0.58 X 250 = 145 N/ http://sq.mm.

Fy = 415 N/ http://Sq.mm —– Fs = 0.58 X 415 = 240 N/ http://sq.mm.

Fy = 500 N/ http://Sq.mm —– Fs = 0.58 X 500 = 290 N/ http://sq.mm.

Effective Span
• ClearSpan + d

• c/c of Supports

Whichever is smaller ——– as per IS 456-2000 P. 34, CI 22.2.a

Load Calculations

Total Load = D.L. + F.L. + L.L.

Dead load of slab = (d x 25)

Floor Finishing load = (as floor finishing near 1 kn/sq.mm)

Live load = ( as per calculation)

Factor Load = 1.5 x Total load

Mid Span Moment

Corners not held down conditions is given as per IS: 456-2000 P-90 CI D-2

Mx = ax . w . lx . lx

My = ay . w . lx. lx

ax and ay coefficientare obtained from IS: 456 table -26, fig 10.3 shoe
nine separate possible arrangement for two way restrained slab.

Effective Depth of Flexure

Mu = 0.138 . fck . b.d.d

Heaer find d

Mu = Sp 16 P 10 Table C

Fck = strength of concrete

b = 1 m area required load

Reinforcement in Mild Strip

Along Lx

 Pt= 50 (fck/fy)x( 1-√(1-(4.6xMu/Fck b.d.d)))fck = strenth of

concretefy = 415 N/Sq.mmMu = Sp 16 P 10 Table C =0.138 . fck . b.d.d=
Mx

Along Lx

 Pt= 50 (fck/fy)x( 1-√(1-(4.6xMu/Fck b.d.d)))fck = strenth of

concretefy = 415 N/Sq.mmMu = Sp 16 P 10 Table C =0.138 . fck . b.d.d=
My

Check for Cracking

Along Lx:

3d ——— Where. d = Effective depth

300mm

Spacing should not exceed smaller these two values.

Along Ly:

3d ——— Where. d = Effective depth

300mm

Spacing should not exceed smaller these two values.

Check for Deflection

Allowable L/d = 35 X M.F.X 0.8

 M.F is Obtained from IS:456-200 P-38 Fig 4

Find actual, L/d

If Actual L/d < allowable L/d ———- Ok

Check for Development Length

IS 456-2000,P.44, Cl. 26.2.3.3 C

Ld should be ≤ 1.3 (M1/V) + L0

Where

Ld = (Ø.σs / 4 τ bd )—————–σs = 0.87 fy As per IS 456-200, P.42

50 % of steel is bent up near support. Therefore find M.R for 50 % of steel

only

M1 = M.R. for 50% steel support

V = Shear force at the support

L0 = Sum of anchorage beyond the center of support

d 12 Ø

Take L0 as the smaller of two values.x

Two Way Simply Support Slab Calculation /Design Example

Sum Point Consider As below

Slab Size 3.0m X 3.0 m

The slab is resting on 300mm thick wall

Find One Way Slab or Two Way Slab

ly/lx = 3.0 / 3.0 = 1 > 2

As per the type of slab

Here, this Two-way slab, So we design the slab as Two-way simply supported
slab

1. Effective Depth (d)

Length – 3 m

l/d = ( 35 x M.F.) x 0.8 | IS 456-2000, P-39

fy – 415 N/sq.mm, fs = 240 N/Sq.mm

M.F = 1.3 | As per IS Code 456, Fig.4

3000 / d = (35 x 1.5 x 0.8)

d = 71.72 mm

Here, d = 100 mm , Assume 10 mm Ø bars

Overall Depth, D = 100 + (Ø / 2 ) + Clear Cover

D = 125 mm

2. Effective Span

CLear Span + d = 3000 + 100 = 3100

C/c of Supports = 3000 + 230 = 3230 mm

Takeing Smaller of two values

lx , ly = 3100 mm

3. Load Calculations

Factored Load = 1.5 x 6.625

w = 9.94 kn/sq.mm.

4. Mid Span Moment

Here, Corners down condition is given | IS 456-2000, P-90, C.L.- D1

Mx = ∝x . w. lx²

My = ∝y . w. ly²

Ly/Lx = 3100 / 3100 =1.0

∝x = 0.056

∝y = 0.056 | IS 456-2000, P-91, Table -26, case -9

Mx = ∝x . w. lx²

Mx = 0.056 x 9.94 x 3.12

Mx = My = 5.35 kn/m.

5. Effective Depth of Flexure

Mu = 0.138 fck bd² | Sp.16, P-10 Table-c

5.35 x 10^6 = 0.138 x 20 x 1000 x d²

d = 44.27 mm

d = 44.27 mm < d = 100 mm …………….. o.k.

6. Reinforcement in Mild Strip

Along Lx

Pt = 50 (fck/fy) [1 – √ ( 1 -{(4.6 Mu)/ (fck x bd²)})]

Pt = 50 x (0.482) x (0.063)

Pt = 0.151%

Ast = ( pt / 100) x 1000 x 100

Ast = 150 mm²

For Spacing

Sapcing = ({[π/4] x d²}/Ast ) x 1000 mm

Sapcing = ({[π/4] x 82}/150 ) x 1000 mm

Sapcing = ( 50.26/ 150 ) x 1000 = 335 mm

Provide 8 Ø – 300 mm c/c

Along Ly

d = Depth – Dia = 100 – 8 = 92

Pt = 50 (fck/fy) [1 – √ ( 1 -{(4.6 Mu)/ (fck x bd²)})]

Pt = 50 x (0.482) x (0.075)

Pt = 0.180%

Ast = ( pt / 100) x 1000 x 92

Ast = 165.6mm²

For Spacing

Sapcing = ({[π/4] x d²}/Ast ) x 1000 mm

Sapcing = ({[π/4] x 82}/165.6 ) x 1000 mm

Sapcing = ( 50.26/ 165.6) x 1000 = 270 mm

Provide 8 Ø – 270 mm c/c

7. Check for Cracking

Along Lx

1). 3 d = 3 x 100 = 300 mm

2). 300 mm | IS 456-2000 P-46

300 mm provided < 300 mm …………….. o.k.

Along Ly
1). 3 d = 3 x 92 = 276 mm

2). 300 mm | IS 456-2000 P-46

270 mm provided < 300 mm …………….. o.k.

8. Check for Deflection

This check shall be done along with lx

Allowable (l/d) = 35 x M.F. x 0.8

% pt Provided = 100 Ast / bd = (100 x 300) / (1000 x 100) = 0.21% | IS Code

456-2000 P.38, Fig 4

M.F. = 1.7

Allowale 35 x M.F. x 0.8 = 35 x 1.7 x 0.8 =47.6

l/d = 3100 / 100 = 31

31 < 47.6 …………….. o.k.

9. Check for Development Length

Usually bond is critical along a long span

Ld ≤ 1.3 x ( M1 / V) +L0 | IS 456-2000 , P-44

For L0

1. d = 100 mm

2. 12 Ø = 12 x 8 = 96 mm

L0 = 100 mm

Steel is not bent up near support

Ast = 150 mm²

M1 = 0.87 x 415 x 1150 x 100 x [1-(415 x 150) / (20 x 1000 x 100)]

M1 = 5.85 x 106 N.mm

S.F. at support = Vu = w. lx / 2 = ( 9.94 x 3.1 ) / 2 = 15.407 kn

1.3 x (M1/V) +L0 = 1.3 x ( 5.35 x 106 ) / (15.407 x 103 ) = 451 mm

For,

M-20, Fe-415

8 Ø Bar tension Ld = 376 mm | SP 16, P-184, Table – 65

Ld = 376mm < 451 mm …………….. o.k.

Structural Design a Building/House Step by Step (Slab Beam Design)

Slab Beam Design

Below steps slab beam design.

1. Beam Thickness & Depth Design

2. Find Ast

3. Slab beam Steel Design

Beam Thickness & Depth Design

Mu lim = 0.138 . fck . b d2 | SP. 16, P-10, Table-c

d = 2 b

Find Ast Min Steel Design

Ast = (pt / 100) x b x d | Sp. 16, P – 229

Pt= 50 (fck/fy)x( 1-√(1-(4.6xMu/Fck b.d.d)))

Beam Ring Design

Vus = Vu – τc . b . d

Vu = wl /2

τc | IS 456-2000, P-73, Table-19

Sv = (0.87 x fy x Asv x d) / Vus

Check for Maxminum Spacing

1. 0.75 d

2. 300 mm

3. Sv = (0.87 x fy x Asv) / (0.4 x d) | IS : 456 – 2000, P 47

Beam Thickness & Depth Design- Example

Total Weight = As per Slab total Weight Mu X Area = 11.82 kn.m x 3.0 x 3.0
= 89.438 kn.m.

Beam load per running. m = 89.438 kn.m. / (3.0 + 3.0 + 3.0 + 3.0 ) = 14.031
Kn.m.

Along Lx Beam weight = 7.453 x 3.0 = 22.36 kn.m.

Along Ly Beam weight = 7.453 x 3.0 = 22.36 kn.m.

Along Lx Find Breadth & Depth

Mu lim = 0.138 . fck . b d²

22.36 x 106 = 0.138 x 20 x b x (2b)²

Breadth = 138.9 mm ≅ 230 mm

Depth = 2 x 230 mm = 460 mm

Along Ly Find Breadth & Depth

Mu lim = 0.138 . fck . b d²

22.36 x 106 = 0.138 x 20 x b x (2b)²

Breadth = 138.9 mm ≅ 230 mm

Depth = 2 x 230 mm = 460 mm

Find Ast Min Steel Design

Along Lx

Ast = (pt / 100) x b x d | Sp. 16, P – 229

Pt= 50 (fck/fy) x ( 1-√(1-(4.6 x Mu / Fck b.d.d)))

Pt= 50 (20 / 415 ) x ( 1-√(1-(4.6 x 22.36 x 106/ 20 x 230 x 460² )))

Pt = 0.131 %

Ast = (0.131 / 100) x 230 x 460

Ast = 138.6 mm²

Select = 12 mm dia

ast = ( π / 4 ) x 122 = 113.04 mm²

No Bars. = 138.6/ 113.04 = 1.22 ≅ 2 Nos.

2 Nos – 12 mm Dia

Along Ly

Ast = (pt / 100) x b x d | Sp. 16, P – 229

Pt= 50 (fck/fy) x ( 1-√(1-(4.6 x Mu / Fck b.d.d)))

Pt= 50 (20 / 415 ) x ( 1-√(1-(4.6 x 22.36 x 106/ 20 x 230 x 460² )))

Pt = 0.131 %

Ast = (0.131 / 100) x 230 x 460

Ast = 138.6 mm²

Select = 12 mm dia

ast = ( π / 4 ) x 122 = 113.04 mm²

No Bars. = 138.6/ 113.04 = 1.22 ≅ 2 Nos.

2 Nos – 12 mm Dia

Beam Ring Design

Lx Beam Self Wight = (b x d x l) x Density of RCC = ( 0.230 x 0.460 x 3.0)

x 25 = 7.94 Kn.m.

Ly Beam Self Wight = (b x d x l) x Density of RCC = ( 0.230 x 0.460 x 3.0)

x 25 = 7.94 Kn.m.

Lx Total Weight = 22.36 kn.m. + 7.94 kn.m. = 30.3 kn/m.

Ly Total Weight = 22.36 kn.m. + 7.94 kn.m. = 30.3 kn/m.

Along lx Vu = (w . l)/2 = ( 30.3 x 3) / 2 = 45 kn

Along ly Vu = (w . l)/2 = ( 30.3 x 3) / 2 = 45 kn

Along with lx pt = 0.131%

Along with ly pt = 0.131%

Along with lx τc = 0.28 N/mm² | IS 456-2000, P 73, Table -19

Along with ly τc = 0.28 N/mm² | IS 456-2000, P 73, Table -19

Find Vus

Vus = Vu – (τc x b x d)

Along with lx

Vus = 45 – (0.28 x 230 x 460) = 15826 N

Along with ly

Vus = 45 – (0.28 x 230 x 460) = 15826 N

Beam Ring Design

Consider 2 – legged 8 mm ∅ Vertical stirrups of Fe – 415 steel

Asv = 2 x (π /4) x d2 = 2 x (3.14/4) x 82 = 100.51 mm²

Sv -1

Along lx, ly = (0.87 x fy x Asv x d) / Vus = ( 0.87 x 415 x 100.51 x 460) /

15826 = 1054 mm.

Sv -2

Along lx, ly = 0.75 x d = 0.75 x 460 = 345 mm

Sv -3

Along lx, ly = 300 mm | IS 456-2000, P-47

Sv -4

Along lx, ly = (0.87 x fy x Asv) / 0.4 b = (0.87 x 415 x 100.51) / 0.4 x

230 = 238 mm

Minmum sapcing of vartical strips = 238 mm

Slab Beam Design

Structural Design a Building/House Step by Step (Column Design)

Column Design
Below Steps Column Design.

1. Column Size.

2. Column Min Steel Design.

3. Column Ring Size.

Column Size

Pu = (0.4 x fck x Ac) + (0.67 x fy x Asc)

Pu = Axial Load Kn

Ag = Gross Area of Column

fck = Strength Concrete

Ac = Ag – Asc

Asc = Area Steel Concrete

Minum Size of column 230 mm

Column Min Steel Design

Assume 2% Steel Provided.

Asc = 0.02 Ag

Asc = 0.02 Gross Area of Column | Sp-16 ,P-229

Column Ring Size

Dia of Internal Ties | IS 456-2000, P-49

1. (1/4) x dia of a larger bar

2. 6 mm

Provide a larger to two values.

Pitch of Internal Ties | IS 456-2000, P-49

1. Least Internal Dimension

2. 16 x Dia. of Smaller Bar

3. 300 mm

Provide a smaller of three values.

Column Size Example

Load Calculation

1. SlabWeight of Slab = (62.94 /2) + (180.97/2) = 121.95 kn.

2. Beam End Point weight Along lx = 13.54 kn

Weight of Beam Along Lx = (0.230 x 0.460 x 25) x 3.2 = 8.464 kn.m

Along Lx Vu = (8.464 x 3.2) /2 = 13.54 kn

3. Beam End Point weight Along ly = 111.94 kn

Weight of Beam Along Ly = (0.230 x 0.460 x 25) x 9.2 = 24.334 kn.m

Along Ly Vu = (24.334 x 9.2) /2 = 111.94 kn

4. Total load Calculation = 247.435 kn

Column Size

Pu = (0.4 x fck x Ac) + (0.67 x fy x Asc)

Pu = 247.435 kn

fck = 20 N/mm²

fy = 415 N/mm²

Ac = 0.98 Ag

Pu = (0.4 x 20 x 0.98 Ag) + (0.67 x 415 x 0.02Ag )

247.435 x 103 = 13.401 Ag

Ag = √18496 mm² = 136 mm ≅ 230 mm Min mum

Column Min Steel Design

Asc = 0.02 Ag

Asc = 0.02 x 230²

Asc = 1058 mm²

Provide 4 Nos. 20 mm dia | SP 16, P. 229

Column Ring Size

Dia of Internal Ties| IS 456-2000, P 49

1. (1/4) x dia of a larger bar

= (1/4) x 20 = 5mm

2. 6 mm

Provided larger 6 mm Ø lateral ties

But we, Provided 8 mm Ø lateral ties

Pitch of Internal Ties | IS 456-2000, P-49

1. Least Internal Dimension =

Least Internal Dimension = 230mm

2. 16 x Dia. of Smaller Bar

16 x 20 = 320 mm

3. 300 mm

Provide a smaller of three values.

Provide pitch = 230 mm c/c

Provided, 8 mm Ø lateral ties at 230 mm c/c

Column