Republic of the Philippines

CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY

Silang Campus
Biga I, Silang, Cavite

“Punching Politics: The Knockout Impact of the 'Pacquiao Effect' and 'Duterte Effect' on
Filipino College Students in Cavite State University- Silang Campus”

In Partial Fulfilment of the

Requirements for the Subject

Filipino Psychology (BPSY 70)

By:

Bayangat, Nina Alliah J.

Bolves, Sweeth Jean R.

Javier, Jetka Mae M.

Pamplona, Minalyn M.

Portagana, Jaycelle R.

Timan, Lovelaine Y.

January 2023
nd
2 year Bachelor of Science in Psychology
Section D
SY 2023 – 2024, 1st Semester
 Table of Contents

Table of Contents 1
Chapter 1
The Problem and Review of Related Literature 2
Introduction 3
Background of the Study 6
Literature Review 9
The Pacquiao Effect 9
The Duterte effect 13
Synthesis of the Literature Review 23
Theoretical Framework 27
Statement of the problem 30
Hypothesis 31
Significance of the Study 33
Scope and limitations 36
Definition of Terms 37
Chapter 2
Research Methodology 39
Research Design 40
Research Gap 44
Population, Sample, and Sampling Techniques 45
Research Instrument 47
Data Gathering Procedure 51
Statistical Analysis of Data 53
Indigenous Research Method/ Approach 54
References 56

1
 Chapter 1
The Problem and Review of Related Literature

2
Introduction

The socio-political landscape of the Philippines has been intricately woven with

the charismatic personas and influential tenures of individuals such as Manny Pacquiao

and Rodrigo Duterte. Their prominence transcends mere political domains, seeping into

the cultural, societal, and ideological fabric of the nation. This study embarks on a

critical exploration of the 'Pacquiao Effect' and 'Duterte Effect'—distinct phenomena that

have shaped the thoughts, perceptions, and actions of Filipino college students in

recent years.

According to Galang, A. J. R., Quinones, D. M. A., & Adriano, J. (nd), the

“Pacquiao Effect” revolves around the inspirational force emanating from the boxer,

Manny Pacquiao, an awe-inspiring ascent from poverty to becoming a global sports

figure. His story resonates deeply, transcending mere sporting accomplishments, as it

embodies resilience, determination, and triumph against adversities. This effect is vital

in understanding how narratives of personal resilience and success can significantly

influence the aspirations, self-belief, and psychological well being of individuals,

particularly those from disadvantaged backgrounds in the Philippines.

Conversely, the “Duterte Effect” encompasses the far-reaching ramifications of

Rodrigo Duterte’s presidency, marked by controversial policies, notably the aggressive

anti-drug campaign and robust stance on law enforcement. As stated by D.G

Timberman, this effect delves into psychological dimensions of leadership, authority,

3
and societal perceptions, raising questions about the impact of stringent policies on

public psyche, social norms, and individual freedoms. Understanding the psychological

underpinnings of this effect is crucial in comprehending shifts in collective beliefs,

attitudes, and behaviors within Philippine society.

Understanding the multifaceted impacts of the 'Pacquiao Effect' and 'Duterte

Effect' on Filipino college students not only illuminates the evolving socio-political

landscape but also paves the way for insightful discourse on the interplay between

influential personalities, societal values, and the aspirations of the youth in the

Philippines.

Moreover, this study seeks to delve into the psychological dimensions of the

"Pacquiao Effect" and "Duterte Effect" to elucidate their relevance, implications, and

applicability within the Filipino context. By examining these phenomena through a

psychological lens, this aims to set the stage for a study by highlighting the significance

of Manny Pacquiao and Rodrigo Duterte's influence on Filipino college students in

Cavite State University- Silang Campusand signaling the intention to explore their

impacts comprehensively.

Crafting effective research questions is crucial for guiding your study and

addressing the key aspects of the 'Pacquiao Effect' and 'Duterte Effect' on Filipino

college students. Here are some research questions that can serve as a foundation for

the investigation:

4
1. How do Filipino college students perceive the 'Pacquiao Effect,' considering

Manny Pacquiao's journey from sports stardom to political leadership, and how

does this perception influence their attitudes and aspirations?

2. In what ways does the 'Duterte Effect' manifest among Filipino college students,

specifically exploring their views on Rodrigo Duterte's presidency, governance

style, and the broader societal impacts of his leadership?

3. To what extent does social identity contribute to the shaping of perceptions and

attitudes of Filipino college students towards Manny Pacquiao as an iconic figure

and political leader?

4. How does media exposure influence the understanding and opinions of college

students regarding the 'Pacquiao Effect' and 'Duterte Effect' in the Philippines,

and what role does media play in shaping their political awareness and

engagement?

5
Background of the Study

This background study provides an overview of Manny Pacquiao and Rodrigo

Duterte's influences, setting the stage for a deeper examination of their effects on

Filipino college students. It highlights the need to explore the nuanced ways in which

these influences shape the thoughts, behaviors, and aspirations of the youth in Cavite

State University- Silang Campus.

According to Cos, W. (2022), Filipino college students, in their formative years,

are not only consumers of information but also active participants in shaping societal

discourse. The impact of these influential figures on their perspectives, aspirations, and

engagement in socio-political affairs is a crucial area of study to comprehend the

evolving landscape of Filipino youth.

The effects of both the 'Pacquiao Effect' and 'Duterte Effect' have been palpable

among Filipino college students, a demographic highly attuned to social and political

developments. These influences manifest in various ways, from shaping political beliefs

and perceptions of leadership to influencing civic engagement and societal values

among the youth.

Manny Pacquiao, a boxing legend turned senator, embodies the quintessential

rags-to-riches narrative that resonates deeply with many Filipinos. His journey from

6
humble beginnings to global recognition in the boxing ring has made him not only a

sports icon but also a symbol of hope and perseverance in the Philippines.

Pacquiao's transition from sports to politics marked a significant turning point. His

foray into public service as a senator and later a presidential aspirant has sparked

discussions about the intersection of sports, entertainment, and governance. His

popularity, built on his boxing achievements and philanthropic endeavors, has granted

him considerable influence, especially among the youth who admire his ascent to power

from a disadvantaged background.

On the other hand, Rodrigo Duterte's ascent to the presidency in 2016 brought

about seismic shifts in Philippine politics and society. His unorthodox style,

characterized by a no-nonsense approach to law enforcement and governance, drew

both praise and criticism. Duterte's administration was marked by controversial policies,

including an aggressive anti-drug campaign and a focus on national security.

The Duterte administration's policies and rhetoric have sparked heated debates

domestically and internationally. Duterte's blunt and unconventional manner of

governance, often seen as a departure from traditional political norms, has garnered

support from segments of society while facing opposition from others, leading to

polarization within the Filipino populace.

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 Acknowledging the 'Pacquiao Effect' and 'Duterte Effect' on Filipino college

students necessitates a nuanced exploration of how these figures' personas, policies,

and ideologies intersect with the aspirations and worldview of the youth. A

comprehensive analysis of these impacts can shed light on the changing dynamics of

political consciousness, societal values, and the future trajectories of this vital

demographic in the Philippines.

8
Literature Review

This literature review delves into the comprehensive examination of the

'Pacquiao Effect' and 'Duterte Effect’, elucidating the intricate nuances of their

influences, implications, and multifaceted impacts on this critical segment of the

population. Understanding the interactions between these iconic figures and the

perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors of Filipino youth enrolled in higher education

becomes imperative in comprehending the evolving socio-political fabric of the

Philippines.

The Pacquiao Effect

According to Asia Game Changer of the Year (2015), growing up in poverty in the

Philippines, Manny Pacquiao faced such financial hardship that he had to abandon

school at the age of 14. Moving to Manila to support his mother and five siblings, he

experienced a period of living on the streets. However, he later found his way onto the

Philippine national amateur boxing team, turning professional within two years. Within a

decade, he emerged as a national hero, amassing wealth and earning the status of

arguably the most renowned Filipino globally. Pacquiao not only revolutionized the sport

of boxing but also challenged global perceptions of Asians.

9
 Often referred to as "Pac-Man" by his fans, Pacquiao has achieved 10 world

boxing titles, received the title of "Boxer of the Decade" from the World Boxing Council,

and ventured into politics, securing election to the Philippines House of Representatives

in 2010 and 2013. Despite his significant success, in his economically challenged home

province of Sarangani, he is equally recognized for his generosity and readiness to

assist almost anyone in need.

Throughout the years, a substantial portion of his boxing earnings has been

directed toward initiatives such as student scholarships, agricultural equipment for

impoverished areas, support for churches and hospitals, disaster relief efforts,

environmental causes, and numerous international charities. In recent times, he has

become a prominent advocate in the fight against human trafficking, leveraging his

influence, political standing, and financial resources to combat the practice in the

Philippines.

As stated by Npiccolotti (2021), in 2007, Manny initiated his bid for a position in

the Philippine House of Representatives. Although unsuccessful at that time, he made a

comeback in 2009, securing a legislative seat in the Philippine House of

Representatives for the Sarangani Province. Pacquiao was re-elected in 2013 and held

the legislative position until 2015 when he declared his candidacy for the Senate.

Subsequently, he officially became a senator of the Philippines in 2016. Alongside his

political roles, Pacquiao consistently leveraged his success as a professional boxer to

10
extend assistance to the less fortunate in the Philippines. In May 2019, he established

the Manny Pacquiao Foundation.

Pacquiao served as a bridge connecting the public with politicians, fostering a

substantial following and trust between these two often-disconnected groups. Despite

his widespread fame, Pacquiao consistently stayed connected to his humble origins of

poverty, personally financing development initiatives across the Philippines. Noteworthy

political achievements include receiving the Congressional Medal of Honor from 2003 to

2009 and the Philippine Legion of Honor in 2008.

As explained by Beltran (2021), Pacquiao identifies as a conservative and an

evangelical Christian, and these affiliations strongly influence his policy decisions. For

the majority of his term, the senator's actions have generally aligned with the

preferences of the president. He played a role in the persecution of Senator Leila de

Lima, a critic of Duterte, and defended President Duterte's son, Paolo Duterte, against

accusations of illegal drug trafficking. Pacquiao supports the reinstatement of the death

penalty, a key campaign promise of Duterte. Notably, he made controversial remarks

about homosexuals, likening them to animals, though he later apologized, expressing

opposition to same-sex marriage.

While Pacquiao originates from an impoverished background and has exhibited

philanthropic tendencies on multiple occasions, his noteworthy action in support of

11
marginalized groups in the country has primarily been limited to endorsing labor groups'

advocacy for national wage increases.

From the point of view of Wbur (2015), Manny, almost on his own, has

significantly raised the visibility of the Philippines on the global stage. It might seem

unusual considering the nation's large population exceeding 100 million. While some

elite circles in the Philippines may debate the appropriateness of having an athlete as

their international representative, Manny is genuinely adored, particularly by those

unfamiliar with the Philippines. This is because, as a sportsman, he portrays a friendly

and humble image of the country.

In Lim's (2019) account, Manny Pacquiao serves as a source of inspiration,

embodying qualities such as optimism, determination, and selflessness. Motivated by

Pacquiao's example, Lim joins the wrestling team despite personal disadvantages,

demonstrating confidence that hard work will lead to success. Despite a setback in a

wrestling tournament, Lim’s determination, fueled by Pacquiao's influence, results in a

fourth-place finish. The experience reinforces the belief that determination and

selflessness lead to success, with the author extending congratulations to opponents to

promote a positive atmosphere. Motivated by Pacquiao's selflessness, it aspires Lim to

live heroically, aiming to inspire others to do the same. Pacquiao's success becomes a

testament to the idea that anyone can achieve greatness with heart and support. This

concludes with a call to pass on the flame of heroism to inspire future generations of

determined and altruistic heroes.

12
The Duterte effect

According to Timberman (2019), while the focus on Duterte and his controversial

anti-drug campaign is justified, there has been considerably less scrutiny of his

administration's overall policy initiatives, political strategies, and their broader

implications for democratic institutions and norms. During his candidacy, Duterte

pledged significant and swift enhancements in the well-being of Filipinos, primarily by

tackling crime and corruption aggressively. Now, halfway through his presidency, it is

appropriate and feasible to evaluate the extent of changes – both realized and

unrealized – under Duterte's leadership. The assessment reveals a nuanced picture,

encompassing aspects of transformation, persistence, and setbacks.

The Duterte administration's performance concerning human rights and

democracy is undeniably troubling. It has disregarded human rights, targeted political

opponents, and undermined the democratic structures of the country. The formidable

power of the Philippine presidency, combined with the adaptability of most political

institutions, is leading to a substantial decline in democratic values. However, solely

concentrating on Duterte overlooks two crucial aspects: the degree to which this

deterioration has occurred within ostensibly legal frameworks and the limited resistance

thus far from groups and institutions opposing authoritative rule.

Timberman (2019) added that the challenges posed by the Duterte administration

to human rights and democracy prompt an inquiry into the role of the U.S. government

13
and American non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in safeguarding democracy

within the Philippines, a former colony of the United States. The examination concludes

by addressing the notably meager support provided by the United States for human

rights and democracy in the Philippines under Duterte's presidency and proposes

recommendations for a more substantial and proactive response.

Duterte has prioritized a strongly punitive stance toward illegal drug use, viewing

it as a significant threat to the societal fabric of the country. His nationwide anti-drug

campaign mirrors the approach he employed in Davao City, granting the police

considerable authority to handle suspected drug users and dealers with minimal regard

for legal procedures. The initiative also includes a less prominent effort against

government officials suspected of involvement in the drug trade. This strategy has led to

the deaths of numerous suspected drug users and dealers, predominantly young males

residing in impoverished urban areas, either at the hands of the police or unidentified

perpetrators.

While law enforcement asserts that many of these fatalities resulted from

suspects resisting arrest, evidence from journalists and human rights organizations

indicates that a considerable number were deliberate extrajudicial killings (EJKs).

Determining the exact number of EJKs is challenging and contentious, partly due to

intentional data obfuscation by the government and the Philippine National Police

(PNP). Nevertheless, estimates vary from 6,000 to 12,000 deaths.

14
 The devastating loss of life is the gravest and most immediate outcome of the

drug war. However, the existence of this drug war itself signifies a notable failure on the

part of the Philippine government to uphold its duty in safeguarding human rights and

adhering to the principles of the rule of law. Extrajudicial killings (EJKs) perpetrated

during this war contravene both the Philippine Constitution and the International

Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, of which the Philippines is a signatory. This

violation extends to the principles of the presumption of innocence and the observance

of due process. Considering the significant attention garnered by human rights

organizations and the media concerning the drug war, it becomes imperative to delve

deeper into its underlying reasons and the broader repercussions it entails.

The majority of Filipinos perceive President Duterte's aggressive campaign

against alleged drug users and pushers as a harsh yet indispensable response to a

critical societal issue. Survey data reveals robust but declining support for this initiative:

while 85 percent expressed satisfaction in December 2016, the figure dropped to 78

percent by June 2018. Simultaneously, nearly three-quarters of Filipinos (73 percent)

acknowledge extrajudicial killings (EJKs), with a similar number expressing concerns

about becoming EJK victims. Moreover, a significant majority emphasizes the

importance of law enforcement capturing suspects alive.

15
 The question arises: Why does the public strongly endorse the war on drugs?

One proposed explanation suggests that it mirrors widespread disenchantment with the

Philippine justice system. Wealthy and influential individuals seemingly enjoy immunity,

contrasting with the perceived high costs, delays, bias, and corruption experienced by

many in the lower and middle classes. Nevertheless, it's essential not to exaggerate this

disillusionment, considering that few Filipinos engage with the legal system directly.

Surveys indicate a moderately high approval rating for both the judiciary and the police.

A second rationale posits that Duterte has effectively dehumanized suspected

drug pushers and users, depicting them as a menacing "other" deserving eradication

through any available means. Consequently, they are perceived as unworthy of legal

safeguards, rehabilitation, or empathy. This perspective might shift if the anti-drug

campaign were to extend its focus to alleged drug users in the middle and upper

socioeconomic classes.

Another explanation is that, despite its excesses, the drug war is perceived as a

positive illustration of government responsiveness. It is uncommon for various

government entities, including the PNP, national government agencies, and local

government officials, to collaborate in addressing urgent social issues. This

comprehensive governmental approach seems to have yielded positive outcomes. As

per the PNP, the national crime rate (excluding murders) has decreased by more than

20 percent in the last two years, and surveys indicate an increased sense of security

among Filipinos. In a Pulse Asia survey conducted in June 2018, 69 percent of

16
respondents identified the Duterte administration's efforts to eliminate drugs as its most

significant achievement, with the battle against criminality ranking second.

According to Nabong, (2017) the ongoing war on drugs has resulted in a

significant loss of lives, impacting not just those who have perished but also the

surviving families. The emotional toll is particularly intense for those who have

witnessed the brutal murders of their loved ones. Compounded by the limited availability

of mental health resources in the country, many find themselves navigating the

aftermath in isolation.

Many family members who have lost loved ones in the drug war are experiencing

post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety, as noted by Maria Cruz

(pseudonym), a counselor assisting families affected by the drug war. Cruz, a volunteer

psychologist with Rise Up for Life and for Rights, an organization actively engaging with

communities profoundly impacted by the drug war, is one of the few individuals offering

community-based psychosocial support to bereaved relatives. Requesting anonymity for

security reasons, Cruz highlighted that symptoms such as withdrawal, suicidal thoughts,

and heightened paranoia are not uncommon among the individuals she has counseled.

She further emphasized that the grieving process is exceptionally challenging for these

families due to the abnormal circumstances surrounding the deaths.

People respond to violence diversely, but Cruz notes that there are shared

factors that exacerbate the trauma experienced by surviving families. Widespread fear

17
has prompted many to vacate their residences and seek refuge in hiding. Additionally,

the prevalent endorsement of the drug war and the associated stigma linked to being

related to a former drug user intensify the grieving process for families. Cruz pointed out

that instead of receiving empathy, they often face exclusion, as if the elimination of drug

users is perceived as resolving the issue, thereby adding to the families' emotional

distress.

Cruz and fellow psychologists at Rise Up for Life and for Rights emphasize the

significance of community-based psychosocial therapy for surviving relatives exhibiting

signs of trauma resulting from the drug war. Neglecting these needs may lead to more

severe psychological issues and the adoption of unhealthy coping mechanisms, such as

alcoholism and drug abuse, according to Cruz. “The [challenge] there is how to restore

their lives back to normalcy. Actually, for many of them, they say the damage is

irreparable, their families have already been torn apart,” said Cruz.

“You eliminate them [drug personalities] and not only then are you impacting

them but their children and their family,” said Rebecca Lawson, an organizer at Rise Up

for Life and for Rights. “You're causing so much more trauma in the whole community

and in the families… How can this possibly lead us to a better situation?”

18
 Despite the increasing number of individuals affected by the drug war, mental

health services remain scarce and inaccessible to many. According to the Department

of Health's data from December 2016, there are only 60 licensed psychiatric healthcare

facilities in the country, with just one being a government-owned tertiary hospital.

Private mental health facilities are concentrated in urban areas, and the cost of

treatment in such establishments is often high, with limited availability of free services or

outreach programs. Government-owned hospitals do offer free counseling for

lower-income individuals, but the overall system faces challenges.

Issues such as a lack of mental health awareness, financial constraints, social

stigma, and a shortage of facilities contribute to the difficulties of relying on

institution-based mental health care. Many Filipinos hesitate to seek assistance from

mental health professionals due to the associated stigma, unawareness of available

resources, and financial concerns. Karla, for instance, was unaware that professional

help was an option and coped by immersing herself in work.

Furthermore, the perception of treatment as expensive adds to the barriers. For

families affected by the drug war, the additional burden of transportation costs to reach

mental health care facilities is often too much, especially for those already grappling

with basic needs. Cruz emphasizes the need for a community-based approach to

mental health services, suggesting that services should ideally be brought to the

community rather than waiting for individuals to seek help at hospitals.

19
 According to Balboa (2020), since the election of President Rodrigo Duterte in

2016, the foreign policy of the Philippines appears to have entered a phase of increased

uncertainty. President Duterte's unpredictable demeanor and confrontational statements

aimed at traditional Western allies, such as the United States (US) and the European

Union (EU), coupled with his expressed intent to forge closer ties with China and

Russia, have significantly altered the political and diplomatic landscape of the

Philippines. This shift has particularly impacted the political relationship between the

Philippines and Western nations due to Duterte's strong criticisms of the US and EU.

This prompts an exploration into whether this transformation has extended to the

economic domain.

Lasco (2023) stated that in Philippine Drug Policy, young people play a

significant role both in its justification and enforcement. They are portrayed as a

vulnerable demographic needing protection from the perceived "evils of drug use" while

simultaneously being viewed as a potential threat necessitating policing. The existing

law governing drug policies in the country, Republic Act 9165 (Dangerous Drugs Act of

2002), emphasizes in its preamble the state's commitment to safeguarding the

well-being of its citizenry, particularly the youth, from the adverse effects of dangerous

drugs. This perspective has been reiterated by various government officials, including

former President Duterte, who frequently cites the supposed wasting of the lives of the

youth as a justification for the ongoing drug war.

20
 Lasco (2023) added that the concern for young people has resulted in policies

that claim to protect them but also make them subjects of the drug policy. Republic Act

9165, for instance, dedicates an entire section to the "Participation of the Family,

Students, Teachers, and School Authorities." This section mandates all student

organizations to implement programs for preventing and deterring drug use, and

schools are required to integrate instruction on drug abuse prevention and control into

their curriculum. Additionally, teachers are granted the authority to apprehend or arrest

individuals violating these provisions, including students who can be held criminally

liable according to the same law.

These provisions gained increased importance during the Duterte administration

(2016-2022), which prioritized a 'war on drugs' as a major national policy and effectively

employed drugs as a populist theme (Lasco, 2020). Once again, young people became

central to political discussions surrounding drugs, as President Duterte consistently

argued that the "lives of our youth are being wasted" to justify his drug war. Critics, on

the other hand, cited the killings of young individuals as evidence that the drug war is

both abusive and ineffective. Notably, legislators advocated for reducing the age of

criminal liability from the current 15 to 9 or 12 (Reganit and Cervantes, 2019).

Simultaneously, government critics and human rights activists invoked the rights of

young people to condemn the government's policies (e.g., UNICEF Philippines, 2019).

Understanding the 'Pacquiao Effect' and 'Duterte Effect' holds paramount

importance in predicting future political trends, fostering civic education, and nurturing a

21
socially conscious and politically engaged generation in the Philippines. Moreover, this

review serves as a springboard for future research, emphasizing the need for deeper

explorations into the lasting impacts of these effects and their evolving dynamics within

the ever-changing socio-political landscape.

In conclusion, the 'Pacquiao Effect' and 'Duterte Effect' stand as seminal

phenomena that imprint their influences on the minds and aspirations of Filipino college

students in Cavite State University- Silang Campus. This literature review endeavors to

contribute to a deeper understanding of these effects, paving the way for informed

discourse, policy considerations, and continued scholarly inquiry into their enduring

impacts on the youth and the future of Philippine society.

22
Synthesis of the Literature Review

Pacquiao Effect

The literature on Manny Pacquiao paints a vivid picture of his remarkable journey

from poverty in the Philippines to becoming a global icon, transcending the realms of

boxing and politics. As highlighted by Asia Game Changer of the Year (2015),

Pacquiao's early struggles led him to abandon school at the age of 14, but his entry into

boxing propelled him to national hero status within a decade. Achieving 10 world boxing

titles and the title of "Boxer of the Decade," he challenged global perceptions of Asians,

earning the nickname "Pac-Man."

Pacquiao's influence extends beyond the boxing ring, as he ventured into politics,

securing a seat in the Philippines House of Representatives in 2010 and 2013, and later

becoming a senator in 2016. His political roles served as a bridge between the public

and politicians, fostering trust and a substantial following. Pacquiao's commitment to

philanthropy, evident in initiatives such as the Manny Pacquiao Foundation, showcases

his generosity and readiness to assist those in need.

Npiccolotti (2021) provides insights into Pacquiao's political journey, emphasizing

his persistent efforts to serve the less fortunate. Despite initial setbacks in his political

career, Pacquiao's determination led to successful bids for legislative positions, and he

consistently leveraged his boxing success to aid the marginalized. Noteworthy

23
achievements, such as receiving the Congressional Medal of Honor and the Philippine

Legion of Honor, underscore his impact in both boxing and politics.

Beltran's perspective (2021) sheds light on Pacquiao's conservative and

evangelical Christian identity, influencing his policy decisions that align with the

preferences of the president. Pacquiao's involvement in the persecution of political

critics and controversial remarks on issues like the death penalty and homosexuality

add complexity to his public image.

Wbur's viewpoint (2015) emphasizes Pacquiao's role in raising the visibility of the

Philippines on the global stage, despite debates about having an athlete as an

international representative. Pacquiao's friendly and humble image as a sportsman

contributes to his widespread adoration, particularly from those unfamiliar with the

Philippines.

Lim's account (2019) introduces a personal dimension to Pacquiao's influence,

portraying him as a source of inspiration for qualities like optimism, determination, and

selflessness. The call to pass on the flame of heroism reflects Pacquiao's impact in

inspiring future generations of determined and altruistic individuals.

In conclusion, Manny Pacquiao's life story, as depicted in the literature, has the

potential to significantly impact Filipino students. His journey from poverty to global

recognition, marked by achievements in boxing, politics, and philanthropy, serves as a

24
powerful source of inspiration. Pacquiao's narrative can instill a sense of hope and

resilience among Filipino students, demonstrating that regardless of their

circumstances, they too can overcome challenges and achieve greatness. His

emphasis on determination, selflessness, and the importance of support may

encourage students to pursue their dreams with dedication, contribute to their

communities, and believe in their own capacity to make a positive impact. Pacquiao's

story thus stands as a beacon of motivation for Filipino youth, illustrating that success is

attainable through hard work, passion, and a compassionate mindset.

Duterte Effect

This literature review provides a comprehensive examination of the 'Duterte

Effect' on Filipino college students which offers insight unto their influences,

implications, and multifaceted impacts on this critical segment of the population. The

polarizing reign of Rodrigo Duterte, the former president, have significantly shaped

societal narratives and political discourses within the Philippines.

The 'Duterte Effect' delves into Rodrigo Duterte's administration, particularly his

controversial anti-drug campaign. The campaign, while enjoying initial strong public

support, has raised concerns about human rights violations and democratic erosion.

Duterte's confrontational foreign policy, particularly with traditional Western allies, has

also altered the diplomatic landscape of the Philippines.

25
 The review emphasizes the significant psychological and emotional toll the drug

war has taken on families, with limited mental health resources exacerbating the

challenges faced by those affected. The narrative also gives definition upon the impact

of Duterte's foreign policy on the Philippines' relations with Western nations, contributing

to increased uncertainty and diplomatic shifts.

The role of young people in Philippine drug policies is highlighted as they are

portrayed both as vulnerable demographics needing protection and potential threats

necessitating policing. Policies implemented during the Duterte administration

emphasize the involvement of students and schools in preventing drug use with young

people becoming central to political discussions surrounding the drug war.

In conclusion, understanding the 'Duterte Effect' is crucial for predicting political

trends and nurturing a socially conscious and politically engaged generation in the

Philippines. This literature review serves as a foundation for future research,

emphasizing the need for deeper exploration into the lasting impacts of these effect on

the youth and the evolving dynamics within the socio-political landscape of the

Philippines. The article also discusses the impact of Duterte’s foreign policy on

Philippine relations with the West, increasing uncertainty and exchanges between

countries.

26
Theoretical Framework

In the dynamic landscape of Filipino society, the influence of public figures can

play a profound role in shaping cultural symbols, national identification, and societal

norms. This research seeks to unravel the intricate web of the 'Pacquiao Effect' and

'Duterte Effect' on Filipino college students, examining their impact on marginalized

backgrounds, social norms, and individual perceptions. To provide a comprehensive

framework for this exploration, researchers draw upon below several established

theoretical perspectives and relevant literature.Halo effect.

Diagram 1. Theoretical Framework of Duterte and Pacquiao Effect

27
 The seminal work of Tajfel and Turner (1986) on Social Identity Theory serves as

a foundational pillar. This theory will be instrumental in understanding how the 'Pacquiao

Effect' contributes to the formation of shared social identity among individuals,

particularly those from marginalized backgrounds. By exploring the influence on national

pride and identity, this theory becomes a lens through which we can dissect the intricate

dynamics at play.

According to Hofstede's (1980) exploration of cultural dimensions is crucial for

dissecting the 'Pacquiao Effect.' This framework allows us to investigate how the

success and persona of Manny Pacquiao intersect with Filipino cultural values, shaping

cultural symbols and influencing national identification. By focusing on marginalized

backgrounds, the cultural impacts become even more nuanced, unraveling the intricate

connections between public figures and cultural identity.

As stated in Goffman's (1959) work on the presentation of self in everyday life

offers insights into the negative feedback mechanism associated with the 'Duterte

Effect.' Examining how Duterte's influence contributes to negative feedback on Filipino

social norms, we delve into the dramaturgical perspective to understand how individuals

navigate societal expectations and norms in the face of political influence.

In accordance with Almond and Verba's (1963), classic exploration of political

attitudes and democracy provides a framework for understanding the 'Duterte Effect.'

This theory becomes the cornerstone for assessing how Rodrigo Duterte shapes the

28
political beliefs and attitudes of college students, particularly focusing on its impact on

social norms within the Filipino context.

Castells' (1997) analysis of the power dynamics in the information age becomes

instrumental in unraveling the societal dynamics and individual perception influenced by

both the 'Pacquiao Effect' and 'Duterte Effect.' By examining the role of media and the

evolving nature of political and cultural influences, we gain a holistic understanding of

how these effects manifest across different generations.

In crafting this theoretical framework, researchers integrate established theories

and literature to provide a robust foundation for unraveling the multifaceted impact of

the 'Pacquiao Effect' and 'Duterte Effect' on Filipino college students. By adopting a

comprehensive approach that considers cultural, political, and psychological

dimensions, this research aims to contribute valuable insights into the intricate interplay

between public figures and societal dynamic

29
Statement of the problem

Filipino mentality plays a large role in the Philippines society by overall means of

affection towards political and cultural resolve. Furthermore, this research articulates the

standpoint of each individual, showcasing the majority based conclusion by answering

the problem stated. The research aims to limit its range by the Pacquiao Effect and

Duterte Effect as It hopes to follow and answer the psychological aspects in cases such

as:

1.) How does the 'Pacquiao Effect' influence cultural symbols and national

identification among Filipino college students enrolled in Cavite State

University- Silang Campus?

2.) How does the Duterte effect claim a negative feedback on the Filipino

college students’ social norms?

3.) How does the Pacquiao and the Duterte Effect play a role on the Filipino

college students’ societal dynamics and individual perception?

The problem stated in this section should be answered clearly and identify any

gaps concerning the Filipino community standpoint. Overall, it talks about how the

psychological needs of the Filipino students enrolled in a higher education could be

addressed via the Pacquiao Effect and its contrast towards the Duterte Effect.

30
Hypothesis

In the context of the Philippines, the influential phenomena known as the

"Pacquiao Effect" and the "Duterte Effect" have garnered substantial attention, reflecting

the convergence of sportsmanship, politics, and societal transformation. Rooted in the

narratives of boxing icon Manny Pacquiao's inspirational journey and the policies under

President Rodrigo Duterte's administration, these effects symbolize divergent yet

influential forces shaping Filipino society.

This study aims to investigate the multifaceted repercussions of the "Pacquiao

Effect" and the "Duterte Effect" within Cavite State University- Silang Campus,

employing specific hypotheses as guiding principles. These hypotheses serve as lenses

through which the psychological, societal, and political impacts of these effects will be

scrutinized.

Hypothesis 1: The “Pacquiao Effect” has a favorable impact on cultural symbols,

national identification, patriotism, psychological well-being, and

aspirations, particularly those from marginalized backgrounds, fostering a

sense of hope, resilience, and determination.

Hypothesis 2: The detrimental effects of the “Duterte Effect” runs in social-bandit

like morality, violating human rights, initiating war on drugs, extrajudicial

killings, and 12.79 Trillion increased debt of the Philippines in his

31
 administration, potentially leading to changes in collective beliefs,

compliance with authority, and alterations in social norms within Filipino

college students.

Hypothesis 3: There exists an intricate interplay between the narratives of

personal success and resilience associated with the "Pacquiao Effect" and

the socio-political impact of the "Duterte Effect," shaping the collective

psyche of the Filipino college students, thereby impacting societal

dynamics and individual perceptions.

Through the examination of these hypotheses, this study aims to unravel the

intricate connections between personal inspiration, political governance, societal

transformations, and the psychological underpinnings that collectively define the

"Pacquiao Effect" and the "Duterte Effect" within the complex tapestry of Filipino college

students.

32
Significance of the Study

This research is significant as it delves into the profound impacts of the 'Pacquiao

Effect' and 'Duterte Effect' on Filipino college students, offering critical insights into the

evolving socio-political landscape of the Philippines. By examining how these influential

figures, Manny Pacquiao and Rodrigo Duterte, shape the perceptions, political

ideologies, and societal engagement of the youth, this study illuminates the nuanced

interplay between popular personalities, societal values, and the aspirations of the next

generation of leaders. Researchers have provide the key points highlighting the

significance of this study:

Understanding Youth Political Engagement

Filipino college students represent a vital demographic whose perspectives and

actions often signal broader societal trends. Exploring how the 'Pacquiao Effect' and

'Duterte Effect' shape their political engagement, ideologies, and civic participation

provides valuable insights into the evolving nature of youth involvement in governance

and societal affairs.

Influence on Future Leaders

According to the United Nations Development Programme (2021), Filipino Youth

as future leaders and influencers can significantly impact the trajectory of the nation.

Understanding the influences of figures like Manny Pacquiao and Rodrigo Duterte on

33
these individuals helps anticipate potential shifts in leadership styles, policy

preferences, and societal values that might shape the Philippines in the years to come.

Socio-Cultural Dynamics

The 'Pacquiao Effect' and 'Duterte Effect' are not merely political phenomena;

they intertwine with cultural narratives and societal perceptions. Examining how these

effects resonate within the cultural fabric of the Philippines, especially among the

younger generation, offers deeper insights into the societal ethos and values evolving in

response to influential personalities.

Implications for Political Discourse

Studying the impacts of these effects on college students' perceptions of

governance, democracy, and political processes informs the broader discourse on the

state of democracy in the Philippines. It sheds light on how political figures' personas

and policies shape public opinions, potentially influencing future electoral behavior and

policy-making.

Educational Relevance and Policy Implications

Insights gained from this study can inform educational institutions and

policymakers about the need for comprehensive civic education and critical thinking

skills among students. Understanding the influences impacting college students allows

34
for more targeted approaches in fostering a politically aware and socially responsible

citizenry. This study can also be use as a reference to students, professionals such as

educators and instructors, and especially to future researchers for their papers.

Societal Cohesion and Understanding

Understanding the 'Pacquiao Effect' and 'Duterte Effect' on Filipino college

students contributes to a more comprehensive comprehension of societal divisions,

ideological alignments, and the factors shaping Filipino society's unity or discord.

In conclusion, studying the impacts of the 'Pacquiao Effect' and 'Duterte Effect'

on Filipino college students holds significance not only for understanding the youth's

role in shaping the nation but also for informing policy, education, and broader societal

discourse in the Philippines.

35
Scope and limitations

This study, conducted by the Bachelor of Science in Psychology 2D Academic

Year 2022-2023 students at Cavite State University-Silang Campus, aims to examine

the Impact of the 'Pacquiao Effect' and 'Duterte Effect' on Filipino college students. The

research focuses on a selective group of college students from Cavite State University-

Silang Campus and endeavors to comprehend how these effects shape the perceptions

and attitudes of students towards notable political figures like Manny Pacquiao and

Rodrigo Duterte.

The study will involve a limited sample of 50 college students chosen using a

targeted selection method based on their willingness to participate and accessibility

during the research period. The selection process will disregard demographic factors

such as age, gender, academic standing, or economic status.Data collection will utilize

the pagtatanong-tanong method and pakikipagkwentuhan method, engaging

participants in multiple questions and informal conversations to garner comprehensive

insights into how the 'Pacquiao Effect' and 'Duterte Effect' manifest among Filipino

college students.

To ensure confidentiality and create a secure environment for participants to

freely express their opinions, the research team will uphold strict confidentiality and

anonymity standards, respecting the rights and privacy of the participants throughout

the study.

36
Definition of Terms

'Pacquiao Effect' encompasses the inspiration, admiration, and socio-political influence

that Pacquiao's rise to fame, success in sports, and subsequent foray into politics have

had on the Filipino populace, particularly the youth.

‘Duterte Effect' encompasses the social, political, and cultural changes, as well as the

divisions and polarizations in Filipino society that emerged during Duterte's tenure,

impacting various segments of the population, including college students.

Pagtatanong-tanong Method is a Filipino term that translates to the act of asking

questions or conducting interviews in an informal manner. In research, the

pagtatanong-tanong method involves engaging participants in conversational-style

questioning to gather qualitative data or insights on a particular topic.

Pakikipagkwentuhan Method is a Filipino term referring to engaging in conversation or

storytelling. In a research context, the pakikipagkwentuhan method involves informal

discussions or dialogues between researchers and participants, often used to gain a

deeper understanding of personal experiences, perspectives, or attitudes.

War on Drugs is an anti-drug campaign in the Philippines, involving a strong stance

against illegal drugs, with a focus on law enforcement efforts to eradicate drug-related

activities.

37
Civic Education refers to the educational process that aims to develop individuals'

understanding of their rights, responsibilities, and participation in society.

Political Consciousness refers to an individual's awareness, understanding, and

perception of political issues, ideologies, structures, and processes within a society.

Unorthodox style refers to Former President Duterte’s contrary to what is usual,

traditional, or accepted way of aggressive anti-drug campaign and a focus on national

security.

Patriotism refers to being aware of our moral obligations to the political society.

Social identity theory defines a group as a collection of people who categorize

themselves as belonging to the same social category.

Disenchantment is the feeling that comes from being let down or disillusioned by

someone or something.

38
 Chapter 2
Research Methodology

39
Research Design

This research design provides a detailed plan for employing qualitative methods,

ensuring a thorough exploration of the 'Pacquiao Effect' and 'Duterte Effect' on Filipino

college students. Adjustments to the timeline and methods can be made based on the

evolving needs of the study.

1. Research Approach:

● Qualitative Approach: Employ a qualitative research approach to capture the

nuanced perceptions and attitudes of Filipino college students regarding the

'Pacquiao Effect' and 'Duterte Effect.'

2. Data Collection Methods:

● In-Depth Interviews:

- Conduct in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 15-20 selected

participants.

- Explore participants' experiences, beliefs, and attitudes towards Manny

Pacquiao, Rodrigo Duterte, and the broader political landscape.

● Focus Group Discussions (FGDs):

- Facilitate 2-3 FGDs with diverse groups of students.

40
 - Encourage interaction to uncover shared experiences, differing

viewpoints, and collective influences of the 'Pacquiao Effect' and 'Duterte

Effect.'

3. Sampling Strategy:

● Purposive Sampling:

- Select participants purposively based on academic discipline, age, gender,

and economic background.

- Ensure diversity to capture a broad range of perspectives.

4. Sample Size:

● Saturation-Based Sampling:

- Continue data collection until thematic saturation is achieved.

- Approximately 15-20 participants for in-depth interviews and 2-3 focus

groups.

5. Data Analysis:

● Thematic Analysis:

- Utilize thematic analysis to identify patterns, codes, and themes within the

qualitative data.

- Code and categorize responses to uncover key insights.

41
6. Ethical Considerations:

● Informed Consent:

- Obtain informed consent from all participants.

- Clearly communicate the study's purpose, voluntary participation, and

confidentiality measures.

● Privacy Protection:

- Ensure participant anonymity and remove identifiable information from

transcripts.

- Safeguard all data to protect participant privacy.

7. Timeline:

● Data Collection Period:

- Conduct planning and focus group discussions over a span of 8-10 weeks.

- Flexibility in scheduling to accommodate participants' availability.

● Data Analysis:

- Begin data analysis immediately after data collection.

- Aim to complete the analysis within 2-3 weeks to maintain momentum.

8. Validation:

● Member Checking:

42
 - Validate findings through member checking, where participants review and

confirm the accuracy of their contributions.

● Peer Review:

- Engage in peer review to enhance the study's credibility and ensure rigor

in the research process.

43
Research Gap

Despite the acknowledgment of the "Pacquiao effect" as a phenomenon of

considerable societal impact, the current academic landscape is characterized by a

noticeable dearth of substantive resources, articles, research, and studies specifically

examining its dimensions related to national identification, patriotism, and symbolism.

The limited availability of comprehensive investigations into how Manny Pacquiao's

pervasive popularity intricately contributes to shaping collective identity, fostering

patriotism, and embodying symbolic representations within the Philippine context

creates a compelling need for expanded research initiatives. A more extensive and

nuanced exploration of these interconnectedness is imperative to address the existing

research gap comprehensively, facilitating a deeper understanding of the profound

socio-cultural implications of the "Pacquiao effect" on the national psyche.

On the other hand, the prevailing body of research on the "Duterte effect"

predominantly focuses on the negative aspects of his administration, offering limited

insight into potential positive contributions or nuanced dimensions of his impact on

Philippine society. The absence of comprehensive studies that delve into the positive

implications, leaves a substantial gap in our understanding of the multifaceted

consequences of Duterte's governance. There is a pressing need for further

investigations that adopt a more balanced approach, considering both positive and

negative aspects of the "Duterte effect," to provide a comprehensive and nuanced

analysis of his overall influence on the socio-political landscape.

44
Population, Sample, and Sampling Techniques

The population under study comprises college students enrolled at Cavite State

University-Silang Campus. Given the diverse nature of this academic institution, the

selection of this population aims to capture a cross-section of Filipino youth, including

various courses, age groups, genders, and economic backgrounds. The choice of

Cavite State University-Silang Campus provides a microcosm that allows for a nuanced

exploration of the 'Pacquiao Effect' and 'Duterte Effect' within the Filipino college student

demographic.

For this research, a purposive sampling technique will be employed to select a

representative sample from the defined population. The inclusion criteria prioritize

diversity, ensuring the participation of students from different academic disciplines, age

groups, genders, and economic strata. This approach aims to capture a broad spectrum

of perspectives and experiences related to the 'Pacquiao Effect' and 'Duterte Effect'

among Filipino college students.

The researchers will utilize both convenience and snowball sampling techniques

to identify and recruit participants. Initially, participants will be approached conveniently

based on their accessibility and willingness to participate. Subsequently, the snowball

sampling method will be employed, where initial participants will refer the researchers to

other potential participants within their social networks. This approach facilitates the

45
inclusion of participants with varying degrees of exposure to the 'Pacquiao Effect' and

'Duterte Effect' and enhances the richness of data collected.

Given the exploratory nature of the study, a sample size of 50 college students

has been determined. While this may not be fully representative of the entire population,

it provides a manageable yet substantial sample for in-depth qualitative analysis. The

emphasis on qualitative insights aligns with the research's aim to understand the

nuanced perceptions and attitudes of Filipino college students towards the influential

figures of Manny Pacquiao and Rodrigo Duterte.

Prior to data collection, informed consent will be obtained from each participant,

ensuring they are aware of the research's purpose, their voluntary participation, and the

confidentiality measures in place. Participants will be assured that their identities will

remain anonymized, fostering an environment where they can freely express their

opinions without fear of reprisal.

The strategic selection of a diverse sample of 50 college students from Cavite

State University-Silang Campus, employing purposive, convenience, and snowball

sampling techniques, forms the backbone of this research. Ethical considerations

ensure participant confidentiality and informed consent. As we move forward, this

sample will provide nuanced insights into the 'Pacquiao Effect' and 'Duterte Effect' on

Filipino college students, contributing to a deeper understanding of political influences

within this demographic.

46
 Research Instrument

In this section, researchers provide examples of research instruments for

in-depth interviews and focus group discussions for your study on the 'Pacquiao Effect'

and 'Duterte Effect' on Filipino college students.

In-Depth Interview Guide:

● Introduction:

1. Welcome and Introduction:

- Introduce yourself and the purpose of the interview.

- Emphasize confidentiality and the voluntary nature of participation.

2. Informed Consent;

- Confirm that the participant understands and consents to the interview.

● Background Information:

3. Demographic Information:

- Age, gender, academic discipline, and economic background.

4. Media Consumption:

47
 - Discuss their media habits, focusing on sources of information about Manny

Pacquiao, Rodrigo Duterte, and political events.

● Main Questions:

5. Perceptions of Manny Pacquiao:

- Explore their perceptions of Manny Pacquiao, covering his sports career, political

career, and impact on Filipino society.

- How do they interpret the 'Pacquiao Effect'?

6. Views on Rodrigo Duterte:

- Examine their views on Rodrigo Duterte, specifically his presidency, governance

style, and societal impact

- How do they perceive the 'Duterte Effect'?

7. Social Identity:

- Probe how their social identity influences their views on political figures.

- How do they identify with or distance themselves from Pacquiao and Duterte?

8. Educational Influence:

- Discuss the role of education, particularly at Cavite State University-Silang

Campus, in shaping their political views.

48
 - Explore any specific courses or experiences that influenced their perspectives.

● Closing:

9. Additional Comments:

- Ask if there is anything else they would like to add.

- Thank them for their time and participation.

Focus Group Discussion Guide:

● Introduction:

1. Welcome and Introduction:

- Introduce yourself and the purpose of the focus group discussion.

- Emphasize confidentiality and the voluntary nature of participation.

2. Icebreaker:

- Participants briefly introduce themselves.

● Main Questions:

3. Shared Experiences:

49
 - Encourage participants to share common experiences related to Manny

Pacquiao, Rodrigo Duterte, and politics in the Philippines.

4. Differing Perspectives:

- Explore differing viewpoints within the group regarding the 'Pacquiao Effect' and

'Duterte Effect.'

- How do opinions vary, and what factors contribute to these differences?

5. Media Influence:

- Discuss the role of media in shaping their collective understanding of political

figures.

- How do media portrayals influence their perceptions?

6. Impact on Political Engagement:

- Explore how the 'Pacquiao Effect' and 'Duterte Effect' influence their political

engagement and discussions.

● Closing:

7. Additional Comments:

- Ask if there is anything else they would like to add.

- Thank them for their contributions.

50
Data Gathering Procedure

The comprehensive data gathering procedure for investigating the Pacquiao

Effect and Duterte Effect among college students at CVSU-Silang Campus adopts a

multifaceted approach. Initially, an exhaustive literature review will meticulously explore

reputable online articles, academic journals, and publications, focusing intently on the

identified themes. The synthesis of key findings and methodologies from these sources

will serve as a robust foundation to inform the study and contextualize the subsequent

data collection methods.

Following this, the pakikipagkwentuhan method will be diligently implemented,

fostering informal conversations with a diverse group of students. These engaging

discussions aim to delve into the intricate fabric of their perceptions of Manny Pacquiao,

placing particular emphasis on aspects related to patriotism, national identification, and

symbolism.

Simultaneously, the patanong-tanong method will be executed through a

carefully crafted structured questionnaire. This survey, featuring open-ended questions,

will be tailored to the unique context of CVSU-Silang Campus. Administered to a

representative sample of college students, the survey will ensure diversity in

demographics, capturing a holistic array of perspectives. Ethical considerations will be

paramount throughout the data gathering process, with a commitment to obtaining

informed consent and maintaining strict participant confidentiality.

51
 Finally, the gathered data will undergo meticulous qualitative analysis, providing

nuanced insights into the Pacquiao effect on patriotism, national identification, and

symbolism. Additionally, the study will shed light on the negative Duterte Effect within

his administrations, specifically among college students at CVSU-Silang Campus.

52
Statistical Analysis of Data

In the statistical analysis of data, the researchers will strategically employ a

combination of convenience and snowball sampling techniques, ensuring a diverse and

representative sample of Filipino college students. This approach aims to capture a

wide range of perspectives, allowing for a robust examination of nuanced perceptions

and attitudes towards influential figures like Manny Pacquiao and Rodrigo Duterte. By

utilising this sampling strategy, the study aims to uncover valuable insights that go

beyond mere statistical trends. The resulting data will serve as a comprehensive

resource, offering a detailed understanding of the intricate interplay between popular

personalities, societal values, and the aspirations of the next generation of leaders.

The statistical results derived from this diverse sample will be pivotal in

determining the acceptance or rejection of the hypothesis. Moreover, the analysis will

explore the significance of these perceptions in shaping the political ideologies and

societal engagement of the youth. The comprehensive nature of the data collected will

contribute not only to academic discourse but also to informed discussions on the

dynamic relationships between influential figures, societal values, and the evolving

aspirations of the emerging leadership in the Philippines.

53
Indigenous Research Method/ Approach

Certainly, conducting research on the "Pacquiao Effect" and the "Duterte Effect"

within the Philippine context could benefit from incorporating indigenous research

methods that align with the cultural nuances and societal fabric of the country.

Researchers provided some indigenous research methods/approaches that can be

considered for this study:

Pakikipagkwentuhan Method

A regular aspect of human daily activities includes the informal, free, and

common process of exchanging ideas, knowledge, and information known as

pakikipagkwentuhan. It can also be oral or written and can be used as an indigenous

research method so that we can gather more information on the experiences of the

"kalahok" or participants.

Pagtatanong-tanong Method

Pagtatanong-tanong, Filipino word for “asking questions,”. Basically, we can use

this indigenous research method to gather our data simply by asking questions. For us

researchers, with its participatory aspect and equal treatment of both the informant and

the researcher, the pagtatanong-tanong approach is the most effective and reliable.

54
 By integrating these indigenous research methods, the study on the "Pacquiao

Effect" and the "Duterte Effect" can authentically capture the cultural nuances,

perspectives, and lived experiences of Filipino college students within Cavite State

University- Silang Campus, thereby enriching the research findings and contributing to a

more comprehensive understanding of these influential phenomena.

55
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