Photogrammetry I

Seng 2128
Haile A (MSc Geomatics)
 1. Basic definitions:
 Branches of Photogrammetry
 Interpretative Photogrammetry
4. 5. Organization of photogrammetric works:
 Metric Photogrammetry
 flight planning and obtainable
 Aerial Photogrammetry
accuracy
 Terrestrial Photogrammetry
6. Air photo interpretation:
2. Photogrammetric Instruments:
 Strategies
Cours  mapping cameras,
 keys, tasks, recognition elements and
e  pocket and mirror stereoscopes
procedures
outlin  photogrammetric plotters
7. Applications of Photogrammetry:
e 3. Photographic films:
 spatial analysis
 Types
 mapping and surveying
 properties and use
4. Types of photographs:
 vertical and oblique photographs
 printed information on air photos
 image displacement on vertical photographs
(drift, crab and tilt);
 Chapter one
1. Basic definitions:

1. Branches of Photogrammetry

2. Interpretative Photogrammetry

3. Metric Photogrammetry

4. Aerial Photogrammetry

5. Terrestrial Photogrammetry
 1.1 Basic definition of photogrammetry
What is photogrammetry
Etymologically definition of photogrammetry
• The term photogrammetry is composed of three Greek roots:
 ‘Photo’ means ‘Light’’,
 ‘Gram’ means ‘Write’ (or ‘Draw’)
 ‘Metry’ means ‘Measure.
• Hence, We can deduce the etymological meaning as ‘the science of measuring from
photographs’.
• In line with this American Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing
(ASPRS) defines photogrammetry as the art, science, and technology of obtaining
reliable information about physical objects and the environment.
 ……Basic concept
What is photogrammetry
Many literatures also define the term
 Photogrammetry as a science, art and technology of obtaining reliable measurements
through processes of Recording, Measuring, and interpreting photographic
images and patterns of recorded Radiant Electromagnetic Energy and other
phenomena.
Obtaining spatial measurements and other geometrically reliable derived
products from photographs and measuring in photo qualitatively and
quantitatively.
It is an art, because obtaining reliable measurements requires certain skills,
techniques and judgments to be made by an individual e. g. flight Planning
stage
 It is a science and a technology, because it considered scientific steps and
methods while taking an image and transforms it and scientific processes to
interpreted photograph eg. Orthophoto processing steps
 ……Basic concept
What is photogrammetry
 The end product of the photogrammetric Process can be coordinate values of
individual points
 a graphic representation of the ground surface (topographic map), or
 a rectified image of the ground surface with map-like characteristics
(orthophoto).
 With the development of technology, digital photogrammetry has started to be
used widely in almost all areas about mapping.
 Especially, Digital Ortho-photos which are photogrammetric products are
being used by different sectors because of their easy interoperability (Zinabu
et.al, 2018).
 ……Basic concept
What is photogrammetry
Photogrammetry and remote sensing are two related fields. Photogrammetry is
the first remote sensing technology ever developed.
 This is also manifest in national and international organizations which are
 International Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ISPRS)
 national organization is the American Society of Photogrammetry and
Remote Sensing (ASPRS)
 The principle difference between photogrammetry and remote sensing is in the
application;
 while photogrammetry produce maps and precise three-dimensional
positions of points,
 remote sensing specialists analyze and interpret images for deriving
information about the earth’s land and water areas.
 Advantage of photogrammetry vs conventional surveying
Some advantage of photogrammetry over conventional surveying and mapping method
• It provides a permanent photographic record which have metric characters
• If information has to be re-surveyed or re-evaluated, it is not necessary to perform
expensive field work and same photographs can be measured again and new
information can be compiled in a very timely fashion.
• It provide a large mapped area can be used in locations that are difficult\, unsafe or
impossible to access //.it is an ideal surveying method
• An extremely important for road survey can be done without closing lanes ones a
road is photographed, measurement of road features including elevation data is
done in the office not in the field
• Inter visibility between points and unnecessary surveys to extend control to a remote
area of a project are required.
 1.2. Branch of photogrammetry
Photogrammetry could be classified based on different perspectives.
 According to the location of the sensor during data acquisition:
Photogrammetry may be divided into three fundamental classifications of
photography used in the science of photogrammetry are
 Aerial Photogrammetry
 Close range (or Terrestrial) Photogrammetry.
 Space photogrammetry
 Cont….. Branch of photogrammetry
• In addition according to instrument used, Aerial Photogrammetry may also be
classified into three categories, Namely
 Analog Photogrammetry
 Analytical Photogrammetry
 Digital Photogrammetry.
Photogrammetry could be classified base on different perspectives.
Depend on Analysis perspectives; photogrammetry are classified in to two
branches
1. Interpretative photogrammetry
2. Metric photogrammetry .
 Cont…. Branches of photogrammetry
1. Interpretative Photogrammetry
It means recognizing and identifying objects and judging their significance
through careful and systematic analysis and it depending on our own individual
perceptions and experience.
 It also deals principally in recognizing and identifying objects and judging their
significance through careful and systematic analysis.
 It is included in the branches of image interpretation and remote sensing.
 Image interpretation and remote sensing include not only the analysis of
photography but also the use of data gathered from a wide variety of sensing
instruments, including multispectral cameras, infrared sensors, thermal scanners,
and side looking airborne radar
 Cont….. Branch of photogrammetry
2. Metric photogrammetry
Metric photogrammetry means making precise measurements from photos and other
information sources to determine, in general, the relative locations of points and location).
 This enables finding distances, angles, areas, volumes, elevations, and sizes and
shapes of objects.
 The most common applications of metric photogrammetry are the
 preparation of planimetric and topographic maps from photographs and
 the production of ortho-photos from digital imagery
• The photographs are most often aerial (taken from an airborne vehicle), but terrestrial
photos (taken from earth-based cameras) and satellite imagery are also used.
 Cont….. Branch of photogrammetry

According to the location of the sensor during data acquisition:

Photogrammetry may be classified in to
 Terrestrial photogrammetry means that the images are acquired by a
ground based stationary sensor.
 Aerial photogrammetry deals with images taken with sensors mounted on
airborne platforms.
 Space photogrammetry embraces the processing of images recorded of
the earth or of other planets from satellites.
 Cont….
• Aerial photogrammetry is the science of deducing the physical dimensions of
objects on or above the surface of the Earth from camera stations in the air (aero-plane
for the purpose of photography) with the axis of camera vertical or nearly vertical.
• An aerial photograph is any photograph taken from an airborne vehicle (aircraft,
drones, balloons, satellites, and so forth).
 The aerial photograph has many uses in military operations and as well as
commercial purpose
• Areal photogrammetry are divided in to three
 Analogue photogrammetry
 Analytical photogrammetry
 Digital photogrammetry
Aerial photogrammetry
 ………..Aerial Photogrammetry
• Analog Photogrammetry is the branch of
Photogrammetry that includes all methods and
techniques to extract information from analog
photos based on mechanical and optical
methods or their combination.
• The principles of analog photogrammetry is to
produce in the laboratory and on a smaller
scale, the configuration of the camera when
taking pictures in two position.
• This configuration is reconstructed by using
optical and mechanical instruments.
 ………..Aerial Photogrammetry
• Analytical photogrammetry is a term used to describe the rigorous mathematical
calculation of coordinates of points in object space based upon camera
parameters, measured photo coordinates, and ground control
 Digital Photogrammetry
• Digital Photogrammetry and it uses the
same mathematical principles as analytical
photogrammetry. However, digital
photogrammetry (in contrast to analytical)
uses digital photos.
• Digital photos may come either from
scanning existing analog photos, or directly
acquired from digital camera
 Cont…
2. Terrestrial Photogrammetry

• Terrestrial photogrammetry is an important branch of the science of

photogrammetry
 It deals with photographs taken with cameras located on the surface of the
earth
 The cameras may be handheld, mounted on tripods, or suspended from towers
or other specially designed mounts
 The term close-range photogrammetry is generally used for terrestrial
photographs having object distances up to about 200 to 300 m
 Cont… terrestrial
 With terrestrial photography the cameras are usually accessible, so that direct
measurements can be made to obtain exposure station positions, similar to
airborne GPS control with aerial photography
 With some terrestrial cameras, angular orientation can also be measured or set to
fixed values, so that all elements of exterior orientation of a terrestrial photo
are commonly known and need not be calculated
 These known exterior orientation parameters are a source of control for
terrestrial photos, replacing in whole or in part the necessity for locating control
points in the object space
 Cont…
Terrestrial Photogrammetry

• Terrestrial photography may be static (photos of stationary objects) or dynamic

(photos of moving objects)
 For static photography, slow, fine-grained, high resolution films may be used
and the pictures taken with long exposure times
 Stereopairs can be obtained by using a single camera and making exposures at
both ends of a baseline
In taking dynamic terrestrial photos, fast films and rapid shutter speeds are
necessary
If stereopairs of dynamic occurrences are required, two cameras located at the
ends of a baseline must make simultaneous exposures
 Cont….
Important technical term definition in photogrammetry
Exposure (or Air) Station (O) is a point in the air occupied by the front nodal
point of the camera lens at instant of exposure.
Perspective projection: a projection is said to be perspective when the straight
rays radiate from the common or selected point and pass thorough points on the
sphere to the plane of projection.
Perspective Center (O): the real or imaginary point of the origin of bundles of
perspective rays is known as perspective center.
Flying height (H): is the elevation of the exposure station O above mean sea
level.
Line of flight: a line which represents the track of an aircraft on an existing map
• Focal Length (f): The distance from the front nodal point of the lens to the plane of the
photograph
• Principal point (p and P): principal point is a point where a perpendicular dropped from the
front nodal point of the camera lens strikes the photograph.
• Nadir point (plumb point)(ν or V) : The point where a plumb line dropped from the front
nodal point, strikes the photograph
• Principal line (νp) : is the line of intersection of the principal plane with the plane of
photograph.
• Tilt (t): Tilt is the angle νOp which the optical axis makes with the plumb line.
• Tilted photograph : At the time of exposure if the camera axis (or optical axis) is tilted
intentionally from the plumb line by a small amount usually less than 3°
• Iso-center (i): is the point i in which the bisector Oi of the angle of tilt meets the photograph.
• Swing(s): The horizontal angle measured clockwise in the plane of the photograph from the
positive y-axis to the plumb point is known as the swing.
 Principles of Photogrammetry
• The principles of photogrammetry starting with the Principles
of Human Vision-
 monoscopy is the process of vision that involves only a
single eye and provides only a two dimensional
representation of the scene (the perception doesn’t contain
any information about the depth of the scene).
 Stereoscopy is the process of vision that involves the two
eyes at the same time and it allows perceiving the of the
scene through the brain interpretation third dimension of
the two images that are formed on the left and right retinas

We discussed in chapter two in detail

 Cont….
• A standard workflow of Photogrammetry contains three main phases which are: 1 )
Data Acquisition, 2) Photogrammetric Procedures and 3) Photogrammetric
Products.
Thanks
Question?