CONTEMPO - Unit V
advisors.
LESSON 1: Global Population and Mobility
GLOBAL CITY
● An urban center that enjoys significant
competitive advantages and that serves as a
hub within a globalized economic system.
● The term has its origins in research on cities
carried out during the 1980s, which examined
the common characteristics of the world’s
most important cities.
● With increased attention being paid to
processes of globalization, these world cities
came to be known as global cities.
● A city’s brand is not only a valuable resource
of a city but also a driving force for a city's
development, in that the brand value of a
city directly affects the flow of capital,
information, commodity, and talent into the
city.
● A clear city brand strategy can enhance the
city’s standing and strengthen its cohesion.
(Global City Lab, 2019).
INDICATORS OF A GLOBAL CITY
1. Seats of Economic Power
● New York - may have the largest
stock market in the world
● Tokyo - houses the most number of
corporate headquarters
● China - manufacturing center of the
world.
○ Shanghai - plays a critical role
in the global economic supply
chain
2. Economic Opportunities
● Economic opportunities in a global
city make it attractive to talents from
across the world.
3. Economic Competitiveness
● The Economist Intelligence Unit has
added other criteria like market size,
purchasing power of citizens, size of
the middle class, and potential for
growth.
● Based on this criteria, Singapore is
considered Asia's most competitive
city because of its strong market,
efficient and incorruptible
government, and livability.
4. Centers of Authority
● Washington DC - the seat of American
state power.
● Canberra - Australia's political capital,
it is home to the country's top
politicians, bureaucrats, and policy
5. Centers of Political Influence
● Cities that house major international
organizations may also be considered
centers of political influence.
6. Centers of Higher Learning and Culture
● A city's intellectual influence is seen
through the influence of its publishing
industry.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GLOBAL CITY
1. Economic Attribute
● No city is a global city unless it is an
economic powerhouse, dominant in
finance, trade, manufacturing, or
business services
2. Population Size
● All global cities are big cities--three
million people or more.
● It takes size to offer all the attributes
needed to be a global city.
3. Human Capital
● This means having a storehouse of
smart, educated, creative people.
● The percentage of the population
with a college degree counts. So
does the number of universities and
their quality.
4. Culture
● A strong economy pays for the
museums, universities, symphonies,
and theaters that make a city more
than a labor pool.
● This is also a draw for global citizens
who have a palette of places to live,
work, and do business.
5. Tourists
● Because global cities are so big, so
vibrant, and so much fun, they are
magnets for tourists.
● Tourists - are a major export industry:
they come from outside to buy what
a city has to offer.
6. Connectivity
● For the most part, this means air and
digital connections to the rest of the
world.
● If the global cities are where global
citizens meet, then a major airport
with a full schedule of nonstop flights
to other global cities is crucial.
7. Quality of Life
● This includes public transit, the
environment, safe streets, good
 health care, and efficient and honest
local government.
● A reputation for corruption, pollution,
or crime will damage a city’s
competitive power
LESSON 2: Global Demography
DEMOGRAPHY
● derived from the Greek words demos for
“population” and graphia for “description” or
“writing,” thus the phrase, “writings about
population.”
● It was coined by Achille Guillard, a Belgian
statistician, in 1855.
● The origins of modern demography can be
traced back to John Graunt’s analysis of ‘Bills
of Mortality’ which was published in 1662.
● Demographic transition started in mid- or late
1700’s in Europe.
○ death rates and fertility began to
decline
○ High to low fertility happened 200
years in France and 100 years in the
United States
○ In other parts of the world, the
transition began later.
■ Africa and Asia (except
Japan) (20th century) -
mortality declined.
● 1950’s - fertility
declined
■ India - life expectancy was
only 24 years (early 20th
century)
■ China - same with India
(1929-1931)
■ Japan - “total fertility rate did
not drop below five births per
woman” (1930’s)
○ Resulted in rapid population growth
after the Second World War affecting
the age structure of Asia and the
developing world.
○ The baby boom in the developing
world was caused by the decline of
infant and child mortality rates.
■ The West, on the other hand,
experienced a baby boom
that resulted from rising birth
rates.
EFFECT OF DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION
● A remarkable effect of the demographic
transition is "the enormous gap in life
expectancy that emerged between Japan
and the West on one hand and the rest of
the world on the other.”
● 1820 - the life expectancy at birth in Japan
and the West was 12 years greater than that
of other countries.
● 1900 - It increased by 20 years. Although
there was an improvement in life expectancy
all throughout the world in 1900-1950, the gap
had reached 22 years.
● 1999 - the gap declined to 14 years.
● These differences in time of transition
affected the global population.
● 19th century - Europe and the West had an
increase in share in the world’s population,
from 22.0 percent to 33.0 percent, while Asia
and Oceania’s contribution dropped from
69.0 percent to 56.7.
○ India and China suffered from
economic stagnation and decline
during that time.
THEORY OF DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION
● Stage 1 - Pre-industrial society, death rates
and birth rates are high and roughly in
balance.
● Stage 2 - Developing countries, death rates
drop rapidly due to improvements in food
supply and sanitation, which increase life
spans and reduce disease. Afghanistan is
currently in this stage.
● Stage 3 - Birth rates fall.
● Stage 4 - There are both low birth rates and
low death rates.
● Stage 5 (Debated) – Increased in infertility
rates
LESSON 3: Global Migration
Global Migration
● is a situation in which people go to live in
foreign countries, especially to find a job.
Though it can be often seen as a permanent
move rather than a complex series of
backward or onward series.
● Migration
○ is often conceptualized as a move
from an origin to a destination, or from
a place of birth to another destination
across administrative borders within a
country or international borders.
TYPES OF MIGRATION
● INTERNAL MIGRATION - This refers to people
moving from one area to another within one
country.
 ● INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION - This refers to the homes and move either within
movement of people who cross the borders their country or abroad
of one country to another. ■ Comprises the people who
have been displaced by
5 GROUPS - INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION natural disasters and those
● Immigrants - those who move permanently to who choose to migrate
another country because of the worsening
● Workers - who stay in another country for a environmental condition of a
fixed period (at least 6 months a year). particular area.
● Illegal Immigrants - comprise the third group ■ The environmentally caused
● Migrants - those whose families have migration can be internal as
“petitioned” them to move to the destination well as international
country. ○ Economic Factors
● Refugees - (also known as asylum-seekers) ■ Remittances - are more stable
those “unable or unwilling to return because and predictable as compared
of a well-founded fear of persecution on to other financial flows and,
account of race, religion, nationality, more importantly, they are
membership in a particular social group, or counter-cyclical providing a
political opinion.” buffer against economic
shocks.
REASONS FOR MIGRATION ■ In conflict or post–conflict
● Push factor - induces people to move out of situations, remittances can be
their present location crucial to survival, sustenance,
● Pull factor - induces people to move into a rehabilitation, and
new location. reconstruction.
● The following are factors underlying the ■ In providing primarily for
global movement of people: household livelihoods,
○ Cultural Factor remittances are spent on
■ Can be especially a general consumption items in
compelling push factor, local communities that
forcing people to emigrate contribute to local economies
from a country. by supporting small businesses.
■ Forced international migration
has historically occurred for
two main cultural reasons:
slavery and political instability.
○ Socio-political Factor
■ Situation of war, oppression
and the lack of socio-political
rights are the major factors of
migration in contemporary
times.
■ Lack of political rights and
prevalent exploitation of a
particular group or community
○ Environmental Factor
■ Environmental migrants - are
persons or groups of persons
who, for compelling reasons of
sudden or progressive
changes in the environment
that adversely affect their lives
or living conditions, are
obliged to leave their habitual