Chapter 7 - 2

EXAMPLE 7.
2
Find maximum tensile and compressive bending
stresses in the symmetrical t beam under the action of a
constant bending moment Mb
Calculate IZZ=(Izz)1+ (Izz)2
Find the centre of Gravity
Using parallel axis theorem
Then applying the pure bending
Equation, Find the Max Tensile and
Compressive bending stress
a1 y 1  a 2 y 2
y
a1  a 2
Stresses due to Bending
Section Modulus
Section modulus is used to compare c/s of the beam symmetric @ y
and z axes.
e.g. Square c/s Vs Rectangle c/s
Circular c/s Vs Rectangle c/s
Circular c/s Vs Elliptical c/s and so on
From flexural formula
Mb Mb
b  y where ‘Z’ is section modulus in mm3
I ZZ Z
I zz
Z
y
21.11.2018 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Section Modulus
y bh3 h bh 2
z bh I zz  ; y ; Z
12 2 6
y
z aa a4 a a3
I zz  ; y ; Z
12 2 6

Section Modulus
d4 d d3
Diameter I zz  ; y ; Z
‘d’ 64 2 32
OD ‘D’  (D4  d 4 ) D  (D4  d 4 )

I zz  ; y ; Z
ID ‘d’ 64 2 32 D
Major axis ‘2a’  ab 3

 ab 2
I  ; y  b; Z
Minor axis ‘2b’ zz 4 4

Problem:
Calculate the moment of inertia for the beam cross section
illustrated.

Solution:
y1  200mm y 2  75mm
y  150mm
1
( I ZZ )1   225  (100)3  225 100  (50)2
12
( I ZZ )1  75 106 mm4
1
( I ZZ ) 2  100  (150)3  100 150  (75) 2
12
( I ZZ )2  1.125 108 mm4
I ZZ  ( I ZZ )1  ( I ZZ )2
I ZZ  1.875 108 mm4

Problem:
illustrated.
Ans: 14.97  1006 mm4

Problem:
illustrated.
Ans: 21.64  1006 mm4

Problem:
A simply supported beam with over hang is loaded as shown in fig.
cal the maximum bending stresses in the beam
Loading Diagram
Cross-section of
the beam
Solution
From chapter 3
RA = 35.83 kN
RB = 9.17 kN
Maximum bending moment

is 16.5 kNm. Therefore beam
should be designed based on
16.5 kNm

Solution
I ZZ  1.875 10 mm 8 4
( b )t M b 16.5 106
  ( b )t  150
y I ZZ 1.875 108
( b )t  13.2MPa
( b )c M 16.5 106
 b  ( b )c  100
(250  y ) I ZZ 1.875 108
( b )c  8.8MPa
Problem:
A cast iron beam of I section as shown in fig is supported over a span
of 5m. If the permissible stresses are 100 Mpa in compression and
25 Mpa in tension, what UDL will the beam carry safely?
Loading Diagram
Cross-section of the beam

Solution
y1  287.5mm y 2  25mm y 3  162.5mm
y  105.36mm
I ZZ  2.5 108 mm4
( b )t M b
  M b  59.32 106 Nmm
y I ZZ
( b )c Mb
  M b  128.44 106 Nmm
(300  y) I ZZ
For safe design, calculation will be against the minimum value of
bending moment
Solution
From chapter 3
Maximum bending moment for
given loading diagram will act at
center of the beam
wo L2
Mb 
8
Permissible bending moment
(Mb) will be = 59.32 x 106 Nmm
wo  18.98N/mm OR wo  18.989kN/m

Calculation of Shear Stress in a Symmetrical Beam from
Equilibrium of a Segment of a Beam
 Constant shear force i.e. no external
transverse load acting on the element.
 ∆Mb is variation of BM with x.
 Fig. b : Due to increase ∆Mb over length
∆x, bending stresses acting on +ve x
face of the beam element will be
somewhat larger than those on the –ve
x face.
 Fig c: equilibrium of segment of beam ,
by isolating part above plane y=y1.

 Due to unbalance of bending stresses on the ends of this
segment, ∆Fyx act on –ve y face to maintain force balance in the x
direction.
Fx     x dA  Fyx     x dA 0
 A1  x  A1  xx
Where the integrals are to be taken over shaded area A1 i.e. y = y1 to y = c
Fyx   
 M b  M b  y dA  Mb y M b
A1 I zz A1 I zz dA  
I zz  A1
ydA
Dividing both sides by x and taking the limit

dFyx Fyx dM b 1
dx
 lim
x0 x

dx I zz 
A1
ydA

We know that rate of change of BM is nothing but shear force i.e.
dM b
 V
dx
Substitute above equation in previous one
dFyx V
dx

I zz 
A1
ydA
We may use following abbreviations for above equation

dFyx
q yx  and Q   ydA
dx A1
Q is simply the first moment of shaded area A1 and qyx is shear flow i.e shear
force per unit length.
VQ
q yx 
I zz
Suppose width of beam is b, then shear stress yx or xy is given

by
q yx VQ
 yx   xy  
b bI zz

Shear Stress Distribution in Rectangular Beams
Consider equilibrium equations
 x  xy  xy  y
 0 and  0
x y x y
Our assumption says that shear

force; therefore shear stress
also is independent of x
 xy  x
 
y x
 xy   M b y  Vy
   
y x  I zz  I zz

Shear Stress Distribution in Rectangular Beams
h  xy V h
 2
dy  
2
ydy
y1 y I zz y1
h/2
V y 
 
2
  xy 
h/2
 
y1
I zz  2  y
1
V  h  2 
 xy     y1 
2
2 I zz  2  
Shear stress is maximum at

neutral surface and it has
parabolic variation across the
cross section of the beam.
Problem:
Sketch the shear stress distribution diagram for the given I section
where the shear force is maximum along the length of the beam.
Also determine the ratio of max bending stress to max shear stress
100 kN
L= 1m
0.5 L
Loading Diagram
Solution:
Consider Loading diagram. Refer ch. 3 to determine maximum
bending moment and maximum shear force.
Maximum shear force, V = 50kN
Maximum bending moment, Mb = 25kNm
Moment of inertia for given I section is

(refer earlier slides)
Izz: 21.64 x 1006 mm4

Solution:
τmax
Shear stress distribution Cross-section of the beam

Problem:
Sketch the shear stress distribution diagram for the given T section
13.6 kN/m
4m
Loading Diagram

Solution:
Consider Loading diagram. Refer ch. 3 to determine maximum
bending moment and maximum shear force.
Maximum shear force, V = 27.2kN
Maximum bending moment, Mb = 27.2kNm
Moment of inertia for given T section is

(refer earlier slides)
Izz: 14.97  1006 mm4

Solution:
y
10 mm
z 200 mm τmax
10 mm
180 mm
Shear stress distribution Cross-section of the beam

Problem:
100 kN
L= 1m
0.5 L
Loading Diagram
Problem:
13.6 kN/m
4m
Loading Diagram

Problem:
Determine the ratio of max bending stress to max shear stress
Loading Diagram Cross-section of the beam

Self Study Articles from Ch-7

Shear stress distribution in I beams
STRESS ANALYSIS IN BENDING; COMBINED
STRESSES
• SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT BOTH ARE

PRESENT
• EXAMPLE 7.5
• INVESTIGATE THE STATE OF STRESS AT POINTS B
& C IN THE TOP FLANGE AND WEB OF THE I BEAM
WHEN SHEAR FORCE V AND BENDING MOMENT Mb
ARE BEING TRANSMITTED.
• FIGURE 7.21
EXAMPLE 7.6
• AN ELASTIC CIRCULAR SHAFT IS SHOWN IN
FIGURE TRANSMITTING BENDING MOMENT MB,
AXIAL TENSILE FORCE P, & TWISTING MOMENT MT.
FIND THE STATE OF COMBINED STRESS.
STRAIN ENERGY DUE TO BENDING
• LONGITUDINAL STRESS GIVEN BY FOLLOWING EQ

(from eq.5.17), SO TOTAL STRAIN ENERGY IS GIVEN
BY,
1
2
x
U   x  x dxdydz   dxdydz
2 2E
M B2
U  2
dx  y 2
dydz
L 2 EI zz A
M B2
U  dx
L 2 EI
ZZ
BEAM SUBJECTED TO TRANSVERSE SHEAR &
BENDING
2
 2
  2
U   dxdydx  

x xy xz
dxdydz
2E 2G
The onset of yielding in Bending

Chapter 7 - 2

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Chapter 7 - 2

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EXAMPLE 7.

21.11.2018 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

OD ‘D’  (D4  d 4 ) D  (D4  d 4 )

Major axis ‘2a’  ab 3

21.11.2018 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

21.11.2018 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

I ZZ  1.875 108 mm4

Ans: 14.97  1006 mm4

Ans: 21.64  1006 mm4

Maximum bending moment

21.11.2018 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Cross-section of the beam

I ZZ  2.5 108 mm4

21.11.2018 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

21.11.2018 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Dividing both sides by x and taking the limit

21.11.2018 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

We may use following abbreviations for above equation

Suppose width of beam is b, then shear stress yx or xy is given

21.11.2018 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Our assumption says that shear

21.11.2018 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Shear stress is maximum at

Moment of inertia for given I section is

21.11.2018 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Shear stress distribution Cross-section of the beam

21.11.2018 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Cross-section of the beam

Moment of inertia for given T section is

21.11.2018 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Shear stress distribution Cross-section of the beam

21.11.2018 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Cross-section of the beam

Loading Diagram Cross-section of the beam

21.11.2018 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

21.11.2018 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

• SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT BOTH ARE

• LONGITUDINAL STRESS GIVEN BY FOLLOWING EQ

U   dxdydx  

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