PHYSICS PROJECT

Topic: To find Young's modulus by bending a beam

method

Submitted by: Abhigya Khandelwal

Class: 12th Sec: E
Roll No: 01
Board Roll No:
Session: 2019-2020
 CONTENTS:
1.) Certificate

2.) Acknowledgement

3.) Aim and Apparatus

4.) Theory

5.) Procedure

6.) Diagram

7.) Observation Table

8.) Observation

9.) Calculation and Table

10.) Applications
 CERTIFICATE: 

This is to certify that Abhigya

Khandelwal of class 12E has
proficiently completed his
physics investigatory project
work assigned for practical
examination conducted by CBSE
in the year 2019-20. It is
further attested that this is
the individual work of the
candidate .

Signature:
Mr. Dillip Srivastava Mr. P.L.Saini
(Subject teacher) (Lab in charge)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

I would like to thank my subject teacher

Mr. Dillip Srivastava as well as Mr.
P.l.Saini ( lab in-charge ) for their constant
support and guidance. Without their help
and assistance this project would not have
been a success
AIM:

To determine Young’s modulus of the material of the

given beam by non uniform bending.

APPARATUS:

1.) Wooden beam

2.) Weight hanger with slotted weights

3.) Knife edges

4.) Travelling microscopes

5.) Vernier calliper

6.) Screw gauge

7.) Meter scale
THEORY:

PREREQUISITE KNOWLEDGE:

1. STRESS:

Stress is a dimensional quantity defined as force per unit

area.

2. STRAIN:

Strain is relative change in shape or size of an object

due to externally applied forces. It is dimensionless
quantity and has no unit

3. YOUNG’S MODULUS:

Young’s modulus is defined as the ratio between linear

stress and linear strain.
PROCEDURE:
1.)Find the centre of gravity of the given bar and draw a
sharp transverse line at the position of the G. Mark point
C.G. at equal distances of 30-40 centimeters each.
Draw sharp line at these points as well

2.) Place the bar on two rigid knife edges as shown in

the figure so that it rests on the two marked line
equidistant from the C.G. make the horizontal and test
with a spirit level.

3.) Suspend the hanger for placing weights from the

stirrup resting on the bar midway between the knife
edges and also parallel to them.

4.) To connect the electric curcuit as shown in the figure

containing Leclanche cell, a shunted galvanometer(
voltmeter), a key, a micrometer screw (spherometer),
and the bar.

If galvanometer is used, it should be shunted and the

shunt should not be removed during the course of the
experiment. If a voltmeter is employed, care should be
taken to connect its positive marked terminal to the
positive electrode of the cell.

5.) When the key in the curcuit is inserted, bring the

micrometer screw in contact with the beam when it is
unloaded. A sudden deflection is indicated in the
galvanometer(voltmeter) as soon as the screw comes in
contact with the bar. Note the readings of the
micrometer screw .

6.) Place gently a half kg. on the hanger. The Contact of

the micrometer screw point with the bar will be broken.
Now turn the screw slowly in one direction till the contact
is made. Note readings of the micrometer screw.

In this way on loading the beam in equal steps of half

kg. weight and recording the micrometer readings till
the maximum permissable load is applied. The total
number of divisions, through which the disc is rotated,
multiplied by least count gives the depression
corresponding to the increased load.

7.) When the maximum load has been added and its
depression noted, turn the screw in the same direction a
little more thereby over touching the beam. Now slowly
turn the screw in reverse direction till the contact with
the beam is just broken and note the reading. Then
move up the screw through a distance which is less than
the depression corresponding to a half kgm. wt. from the
hanger. The beam would go up and make contact with
the screw. Now move up the screw slowly till the contact
is just broken and note the readings. Repeat this
process till one by one all the weights are removed.

( In moving the screw up and down care should be taken

to remove the backlash error for this purpose to continue
the motion of the screw in one direction only.)

8.) Next take the mean of two readings of the

micrometer screw for various loads.

9.) Measure with a screw gauge the thickness ‘d’ of the

bar at several places along its entire length in between
the knife edges and then find out the mean thickness
corrected for zero error of the instrument. Since in the
expression, “Y” depth of the beam occurs as d^3 and is
also a small quantity , hence it has to be measured very
accurately with a screw gauge.

10.) Measure the breadth ‘b’ of the bar with a vernier

calliper at least at 4 different points.

11.) Remove the bar carefully without disturbing the

position of the knife edges. Place a metro rod across the
knife edges with its graduated side vertical and measure
the distance ‘l’ between the knife edges accurately.
12.) Repeat the above experiment 2 times by taking
different lengths of the beam situated between the two
knife edges i.e. by taking different values of ‘l’ of the bar
and plot a graph between 13 and 8.

13.) Plot a graph between the loads and the mean of the
two readings of the micrometer screw ( on loading and
unloading ) for various loads and for a particular
distance between the two knife edges. Find from the
graph the mean depression for two kilograms.

14.) When the load on the hanger is changed, the bar

slides over the knife edges and its motion is opposed by
a horizontal force of friction and consequently the result
is affected by an error due to the presence of this
frictional force.

15.) The knife edges should be frigid.

16.) The weights should be increased or decreased

gradually in equal steps. The maximum load should be
such that which keeps the bar within the elastic limit.
CALCULATION:

The young’s modulus of the material is

given by:

Y=​mgl^3
4bd^3e

RESULT:

The young’s modulus of the given material

is Y= x10^10 N/M
APPLICATIONS:

1.) Thin film application.

2.) It helps to predict the directional and

orientation properties of metals and
has application in ceramics.

3.) Measurement of soft tissues, early

detection, elasticity imaging, etc.

4.) It is used to test equipment like

ultrasonic transducers and ultrasonic
sensors.
Precaution:

1.) Beam must be kept horizontal.

2.) While taking readings, the

microscope must be rotated in the
same direction, so as to avoid the
back-lash error.

3.) After loading or reloading weights,

Some time should be given before
taking the readings.