Unit III.
The Nursing Theories
Filipino Nursing Theories
SISTER LETTY G. KUAN
● Born: Nov. 19, 1936 in Katipunan-Dipolog,
Zamboanga del Norte.
● Master degree in Nursing and Guidance and
Counseling
● Holds a Doctoral degree in Education
● Has a vast contribution to the University of
the Philippines College of Nursing Faculty and
Academic achievements.
● A Professor Emeritus, a title awarded only to a
few who met the strict criteria.
● HAs 2 Masters Degrees, M.A in Nursing and
M.S in educ, Major in Guidance and
Counseling, culminating in Doctor of
Education (Guidance and Counseling)
● Has a Clinical Fellowship Specialization in
Neuropsychology in University of PAris, France
● Neuro Gerontology in watertown, New York
and Syracuse University, New York.
● She authored several books giving her insights
in the areas of Gerontology, care of Older
Persons and Bioethics and Essence of Caring
○ Concepts of illness and health care
intervention in an urban community
○ Understanding the Filipino elderly: a
textbook for nurse and related health
professional
○ Essence of Caring
○ Pag-aaruga Sa Mga Taong May Edad
Na
○ Bioethics in Nursing
● Her theory is about “Graceful Aging” purpose
of knowing the reasons and variables on how
to make a people happy at retirement.
○ Graceful Aging is dependent on
positive childhood acquisitions (the
quality of what the person have
acquired from the beginning)
● Acquisitions are past experiences, upbringing,
and recognition in childhood.
○ Starts from the womb of the pregnant
mother, the love and support of the
father to his family reflects good
acquisitions to the person.
○ This acquisition comprises how we
acquired the manner of speaking,
talking, and attitudes. The kind of
acquisition from education also plays
a major role.
● The importance of a good school for better
education which develops perseverance and
hard work in an individual and equips him or
her when trials, crisis or life struggles come in.
○ Struggles are challenges of daily living
in mid-life. If struggles are met.
○ She said “If you have a very happy and
nice childhood, you will have very
fruitful aging, happy retirement and
ultimately Legacy.”
● Legacy as an act of giving, sharing, emblem of
honesty and feeling of fulfillment and
motivation.
○ Without positive acquisitions during
childhood, the person (patient) will be
“in a pathological state” to
delinquency where discontinuities in
retirement roles will be present.
● Therapeutic Nurse–patient interactions can
lead to the change of elder’s life leading to
fruitful retirement and aging.
● The elderly person may have problems or
hindrances to attain fruitful retirement or
aging. These include:
○ Health status- physiological and
mental state of the respondents,
classified as either sickly or healthy.
○ Income–refers to the financial
affluence of the respondent which can
be classified as poor, moderate, or
rich.
○ Work status–status of an individual
according to his/her work.
○ Family constellation–the type of
family composition described either
 close knit or extended family where
three or more generations of family
NURSING APPROACH
members live under one roof; or
distanced family, whose members live
in separate dwelling units; or nuclear
Presence-being with another person during
type of family where only husband, the times of need. This includes therapeutic
wife and children live together. communication, active listening, and touch.
○ Self-Preparation–it is preparing of self
to the possible outcomes in life.
Reminisce Theory- recall of past experiences,
feelings and thoughts to facilitate adaptation
Sister Letty Kuan’s Metaparadigm
to present circumstances.
NURSING - putting back what the elders have missed
during childhood and filling these gaps through
therapeutic interaction towards fruitful retirement Prayer - spiritual communion with God
and aging process.

HEALTH- referred to as attaining “graceful aging” in

-

consideration with the determinants of healthy aging. Relaxation-Breathing–techniques to encourage

ENVIRONMENT-“Graceful Aging” is dependent on
positive childhood acquisitions (the quality of what
the person have acquired from the beginning) and the
external support system.
PERSON-Taking care of gerontologic persons towards
fruitful retirement and aging.
and elicit relaxation → decreasing undesirable
signs and symptoms such as pain, muscle
tension, and anxiety.
Meditation–encourages an elicit form of
relaxation altering patient’s level of awareness
→ focusing on an image or thought to
facilitate inner sight which helps establish
connection and relationship with God → use
of music and other relaxation techniques.

CARMENCITA ABAQUIN Values Clarification– assisting another

individual
● Master’s Degree in Nursing obtained from the
UP College of Nursing – clarify his own values
● Expert in Medical Surgical Nursing with about health and illness in order to
subspecialty in Oncologic Nursing
Facilitate effective
● “Prepare Me” applies to a patients suffering
decision making skills
from cancer and other chronic diseases or
terminal illnesses –Open Mind–that will
facilitate acceptance of disease state or

enhance values.

Terminally Ill Cancer Patients –Process–helps one

become internally consistent by achieving
● Physical
● Social Closer between what we
● Psychological do and what we feel.
● Environment
● Religious / Spiritual
METAPARADIGM
● Level of Independence
 Person/Patient – patient in advance stages of
cancer → holistic being with physical,
psychological, social, religious, level of
independence, and environmental aspects.
Health – Concept→ revolves around illness,
particularly cancer and the provision of
holistic care to improve the quality of life
despite their terminal cases.
Environment– an aspect or a dimension
integrated to the cancer patient.
Nursing – Improve of quality of life for
advance stage cancer patients.
CARMELITA DIVINAGRACIA
● Filipino Nurse Theorist
● Association of the Deans Philippine
Colleges of Nursing (ADPCN) Former
President
● Dean of University of the East Ramon
Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center,
Inc.(UERMMMC) College of Nursing
● Member of CHED
● Technical committee on Nursing
Education
● Has been lauded for developing the
art and competency of teaching
nursing.
● Has been a clinic nurse, staff nurse,
head nurse, instructor, assistant dean
and dean
● Expert in Research and Education
● Has lectured and written about her
work as a nurse and has use her
hands-onexperience to develop better
ways to teach nursing.
● Her love for nursing and her
dedication to carve out learning tools
for nursing students has been a
commendable and rare field of
discipline
EDUCATION
● Bachelor’s degree in Nursing at the University
of the East Ramon mAgsaysay Memorial
Medical Center in 1962
● Master’s degree in Nursing at the UP in 1975
● Doctorate’s degree in Nursing at the UP in
2001
AWARD
● Recipient of the Anastacia Giron Tupas
Award given by the Philippine Nursing
Association (PNA) in 2008.
❖ Divinagracia assumes the “wellness outcome
of a patient will depend on the interventions
the nurse has when administering the client.
❖ After the identification of problems among
adult cardiac patients the nurse uses the
“COMPOSURE Behaviors to attain wellness
outcome through positive physiologic and
biobehavioral outcomes.
❖ Composure behaviors are set of nursing
measures that the nurse demonstrates to
selected cardiac patients.
METAPARADIGM
Nursing – It is quality care using COMPOSURE
behaviors
Health– It positive physiological and biobehavioral
outcomes
Person– Each individual needs humane, caring,
spirituality oriented intervention that can facilitate
wellness, regardless of creed, social class, age,
nationality.
MA. IRMA C. BUSTAMANTE

★ Finished her BSN and her MAN major in MCH UNIT IV: The Non Nursing theories
both at the UST with highest honors and
Doctor of Philosophy in Nursing at the
University of the Philippines. Commonly used non-nursing theories
★ She is an educator, counselor, consultant and
a researcher, both nationally and  Basic Human Needs Theory
internationally.  Health and Wellness Models
★ She is a faculty of the UST Graduate School  Stress and Adaptation
and College of Nursing.  Developmental Theories
★ She has spoken in various international  Psychosocial Theories
conference in the USA, Armsterdam, Malaysia,
Bangkok, Hongkong, Beirut, South Africa,
among other. HUMAN NEEDS THEORY
★ Her theory enumerated the following findings  Are powerful source of explanation of human
and recommendations: behaviour and social interaction.
○ The essence of womanhood is being a  Social system must be responsive to individual
good mother and a good wife. needs or be subject to instability and forced
○ Roles that women play can either be change (Violence or conflict.
working or non-working mother,
however, whether women are
working or not, they should perform Human needs as presented by Various Theories
their responsibilities as mother and
ABRAHAM HAROLD
wife.
○ Mothers believed and felt that it is still  Maslow
the male who has the higher status in o Food, Water, Shelter
the Filipino society, although there o Safety and security
were other who felt that men and o Belonging or love
women are equal. o self-esteem
○ Abused was perceived wrong, o Personal Fulfilment
however wife felt they could do little JOHN
about the situation.
○ A number of women felt that they are  Burton
o Distributive Justice
to blame for the occurrence of the
o Safety and Security
abuse.
o Belongingness
○ As measured by the self-esteem scale,
o Self-esteem
women self-esteem was found to be
o Personal Fulfilment
moderate.
o Identity
○ That there was no relationship
o Cultural security
between the roles that women play
o Freedom
and their status in society to their
o Participation
levels of self-esteem.
o
○ When the study and control group
were taken together, the presence of MARSHALL
the intervention measure could
 Rosenberg
predict an increase in self-esteem. o Physical Nurturance
o Interdependence
o Love Integrity
o Autonomy
 o Play LEARNING THEORY
o Celebration and Mourning
 Major concepts and theories of learning
o Spiritual communion
including behaviourism learning theories,
cognitive learning theory.

BEHAVIORIST LEARNIN THEORY

 All behaviour is caused by a corresponding
stimulus using the human senses.

MANFRED

 Max Neef Some of the known proponents of learning theory

o Subsistence were the following:
o Protection
IVAN PAVLOV
o Affection
o Understanding
o Creation
o Identity EDWARD THORNDIKEI
o Leisure and Idleness Thorndike's Trial and Error Theory emphasized the
o Freedom role of experience in Strengthening and weakening of
o Participation stimulus response connections.

The learner, by trial and error, learns which methods

earn a positive response from the teacher and which
CHANGE THEORY
get a negative response.

CHILD DEVELOPMENT THEORY

 This theory depends on the presence of
driving and resistant forces.
 The Driving Forces are the change agents who
push employees in the direction of change.
The resistant forces are employees who do not want
the proposed change.
For this theory to be successful, the driving force
must dominate the resistance force.
The most common "Theories of Child Development"
include;
 Erikson's Psychosocial Development Theory
 Bowlby's Attachment Theory
 Fred's Psychosexual Development Theory
 Banduras Social Learning Theory
 Piaget's cognitive Development Theory

o Example of this theory is Lewin's Field Theory.

ERIKSON'S PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY  This places Dewey in the educational
philosophy of pragmatism.
 Pragmatists believe that reality must be
experienced.

This means that student must interact with their

environment in order to adapt and learn.

EDWARD JOHN BOWLBY'S ATTACHMENT THEORY

SIGMUND FREUD'S PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES

ALBERT BANDURA’S SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY

JOGN DEWEY’S EDUCATION THEORY

 Dewey believed that human beings learn

through a ‘hand-on’ approach.