FCE 431 - Lecture 16

FCE 431 – Structural Design IA 22/01/2024
UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING
FCE 431: Structural Design IA
1
MUTHOMI MUNYUA
muthomi@uonbi.ac.ke
22 January 2024
Course Outline
2
 Reinforced Concrete Design

1. Elements of concrete construction.
2. Principles of reinforced concrete design.
3. Serviceability and ultimate limit states.
4. Designing of reinforced concrete elements for bending, shear and compression loading.
5. Detailing of beams slabs, columns, staircases and walls.
6. Foundation and Retaining walls.
7. Bond and Anchorage.
8. Fire protection.
9. Reinforced concrete slabs and yield line analysis.
10. Codes of Practice.
11. Design Exercises.
muthomi@uonbi.ac.ke 1
Anchorage bond
3
Anchorage bond
4
Reinforcing bars are mostly subject to tension.

The bars must be firmly anchored not to be pulled out of the concrete.
Anchorage depends on:
the bond between the bar and the concrete,
The area of contact; and
Whether or not the bar is located in a region where good bond
conditions can be expected.
Anchorage bond
5
 𝑙 , 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑜𝑢𝑡.

 𝜙 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
 𝑓 𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
 𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑟
Anchorage bond
6
 Considering the forces on the bar

 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠.

 𝐴𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
 𝑙 , 𝜋𝜙 𝑓
Anchorage bond
7
 Equating the two:

 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒.
 𝑙 , 𝜋𝜙 𝑓
 Hence
𝑓
 𝑙 , 𝑓 𝑓 0.87𝑓
1.15
 𝑙 , .
Anchorage bond
8
𝑓 𝜙
𝑙 ,
4.6𝑓
 The value of 𝑓 is given in a table which is basically:

 𝑓 1.50𝑓
 𝑓 characteristic tensile strength of concrete
Anchorage bond
9
 Basic anchorage length

 The derived equation may be used to determine the basic anchorage length
which are either in tension or compression.
 For calculation of anchorage lengths, design value of ultimate anchorage bond
stresses are specified according to whether the bond conditions are good or
otherwise.
Anchorage bond
10
 Good bond conditions are considered to be when a bar are inclined at an

angle of between 45 and 90 to the horizontal or b Zero to 45 provided that
additional requirements are met.
 These additional requirements are that bars are:
 1. either placed in members whose depth in the direction of concreting does
not exceed 250mm or
 2. embedded in members with a depth greater than 250mm and either in the
lower 250mm of the member or at least 300mm from the top surface when
the depth exceeds 600mm.
10
Design anchorage length

11  The basic anchorage length discussed above must be further modified to give
the minimum design anchorage length taking into account factors not
covered by the formula derived
 .
11
Design anchorage length

12  Example
 Using the expression for 𝑙 , determine the anchorage length of H25
longitudinal bars with good bond conditions. The concrete class of the
column is C30/37.
 𝑙 , .
 𝑓 30 𝑀𝑃𝑎
 From Table 𝑓 3 MPa
∗
 𝑙 , 905𝑚𝑚
. . ∗
 Anchorage length 905mm
12
Laps in reinforcement
13
 Lapping of reinforcement is often necessary to transfer the forces

from one bar to another.
 Laps between bars should be staggered and should not occur in
regions of high stress.
 The length of the lap should be based on the minimum anchorage
length modified to take into account factors such as cover.
 Usually used 50d
13
Laps in reinforcement
14
14
Other Eurocode Design Issues

15
 Moment designed at the face of the support
 Shear is designed at a distance d from the support
 Rare to design for torsion – shear links serve that purpose as well
 Load combinations are more elaborate.
15
Other Eurocode Design Issues

16
 Moment designed at the face of the support

 Shear is designed at a distance d from the support
 Rare to design for torsion – shear links serve that purpose as well
 Load combinations are more elaborate.
The Concrete
Society (2009)
Designed and
Detailed –
Eurocode 2
16
Idealisation of the Structure

17
17
Course Outline
18
Prestressed Concrete Design

1. Elements of precast prestressed concrete construction.
2. Principles of prestressed concrete design.
3. Tendon profiles.
4. Design of statically determinate prestressed concrete elements
5. Applications.
6. Codes of practice
7. Design exercises.
22 January 2024
18
19
Prestressed Concrete
19
20 Principle of Superposition
 Principle of superposition asserts that the resultant stress or stain in a system

subjected to several forces is the algebraic sum of their effects when
applied separately.
 This is true only if each strain is directly or linearly related to the stress
causing it.
 strains in most situations are small hence permitting application of principle
of superposition.
20
Principles of prestressed concrete design

21
 consider members subjected to an axial force 𝑁, and a bending moment 𝑀. The

strains on a unit length of the member are shown below where:
 𝑁 –causes strains in direction parallel to the beam longitudinal axis.
 𝑀 –cause strains in a plane section to rotate.
22 January 2024
21
Elements of precast prestressed concrete

22
Used where one member is used severally

Bridge girders
Railway sleepers
22 January 2024
22
Tendon profiles
23
Pretensioned prestressed concrete members have straight tendons

since the tension in the cable is applied before the concrete is cast.
Post-tensioned prestressed concrete members have curved tendon

profiles. The curve of the profile loosely follows the shape of the
bending moment diagram.
22 January 2024
23
Design of statically determinate prestressed

24
concrete elements
Most prestressed concrete beams are simply supported and thus the
analysis, the determination of the shear force diagram and the
bending moment diagram is done as in reinforced concrete beams
22 January 2024
24
25 Prestress Losses
 LOSS OF PRESTRESS

(a) Relaxation of tendons - 5%
(b) Elastic deformation of concrete - 5%
(c) Shrinkage and Creep of concrete – 4%
(d) Slip of tendons during anchoring
(e) Friction between tendon and duct in post tensioned beam . – 3%
25
Applications
26
Traffic bridges
Railway sleepers
Large span slabs
Large span beams
22 January 2024
26
Codes of practice
27
Prestressed concrete design is covered in Eurocode 2
22 January 2024
27
28
 A pretensioned concrete beam is simply supported over a 10m span. The

characteristic imposed load is a 100kN force at the mid-span. There is no
allowable tensile stress in the beam 𝑓 , 0. The concrete strength is
C40/50. The maximum allowable stress 𝑓 , 16.5𝑀𝑃𝑎
 Calculate the moment due to the imposed load?

 𝑀 , 250𝑘𝑁𝑚
 𝑀 , 0
28
29
 Determine the minimum required section modulus 𝑊 , for the service

condition?
 From the fundamental equation of bending:
 according to Eurocode convention;
 thus f but 𝑊 , =
 𝑓 therefore 𝑊 ,
,
 𝑊 , 15.15 10 𝑚𝑚
.
29
30
 If the section adopted is of area 120 000 m2 and the minimum required
section modulus 𝑊 , is provided (15.15 10 𝑚𝑚 ). Determine the effective
prestressing force Pe required under service condition and tendon
eccentricity es at midspan.
 𝑊 , 15.15 10 𝑚𝑚
 Design dead load = 𝑚 25𝑘𝑁/𝑚 = 3𝑘𝑁/𝑚
 𝑀 37.5𝑘𝑁𝑚
30
31
 Maximum tensile stresses occur at the bottom of the beam when the beam
is fully loaded. Calculations are done to ensure the prestressing stress at the
bottom 𝑓 is large enough such that when the beam is loaded the
combined stresses exceeds 𝑓 , 0
,
 𝑓 0
,
.
 𝑓 0
.
 Solving: 𝑓 18.98𝑀𝑃𝑎
31
32
 Maximum compressive stresses occur at the top of the beam when the
beam is fully loaded. Calculations are done to ensure the prestressing stress
at the top 𝑓 is small enough such that when the beam is loaded the
combined stresses exceeds 𝑓 , 16.5 MPa
,
 𝑓 16.5𝑀𝑃𝑎
,
.
 𝑓 16.5𝑀𝑃𝑎
.
 Solving: 𝑓 2.48𝑀𝑃𝑎
32
33
 The prestressing force causes compression stresses throughout the entire

cross-section. However, because of tendon eccentricity, the prestress force
also causes more compression at the bottom of the beam than the top.
 Hence,
 𝑓 18.98 .
…i
,
 𝑓 2.48 .
… ii
,
 Where 𝑃 effective prestressing force and 𝑒 is tendon eccentricity

 Solving eqns (i) and (ii) simultaneously:
 16.5
 𝑷𝒆 𝟗𝟗𝟎𝒌𝑵
 𝒆𝒔 𝟏𝟔𝟒𝒎𝒎
33
Feedback
34
feedback
muthomi@uonbi.ac.ke
22 January 2024
34

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FCE 431 – Structural Design IA 22/01/2024

FCE 431: Structural Design IA

 Reinforced Concrete Design

Reinforcing bars are mostly subject to tension.

 𝑙 , 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑜𝑢𝑡.

 Considering the forces on the bar

 Equating the two:

 The value of 𝑓 is given in a table which is basically:

 Basic anchorage length

 Good bond conditions are considered to be when a bar are inclined at an

Design anchorage length

Design anchorage length

 Anchorage length 905mm

 Lapping of reinforcement is often necessary to transfer the forces

Other Eurocode Design Issues

 Load combinations are more elaborate.

Other Eurocode Design Issues

 Moment designed at the face of the support

Idealisation of the Structure

Prestressed Concrete Design

 Principle of superposition asserts that the resultant stress or stain in a system

Principles of prestressed concrete design

 consider members subjected to an axial force 𝑁, and a bending moment 𝑀. The

Elements of precast prestressed concrete

Used where one member is used severally

Pretensioned prestressed concrete members have straight tendons

Post-tensioned prestressed concrete members have curved tendon

Design of statically determinate prestressed

Prestressed concrete design is covered in Eurocode 2

 A pretensioned concrete beam is simply supported over a 10m span. The

 Calculate the moment due to the imposed load?

 Determine the minimum required section modulus 𝑊 , for the service

 Design dead load = 𝑚 25𝑘𝑁/𝑚 = 3𝑘𝑁/𝑚

 The prestressing force causes compression stresses throughout the entire

 Where 𝑃 effective prestressing force and 𝑒 is tendon eccentricity

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