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II Yr PHYSICS 4 MARKS For a distant observer light appears to come
1. Define critical angle? Explain total
internal reflection using a neat diagram.
Ans: Critical angle: Critical angle is the angle
of incidence in denser medium for which the
angle of refraction becomes 90° in rarer
medium.
As the light ray is travelling from denser
medium to rarer medium the refracted ray
moves away from the normal drawn at the
point of incidence of light ray. As the angle
of incidence in denser medium increases, the
angle of refraction in rarer medium
increases. At one particular angle of
incidence in denser medium the refracted
light ray just grazes out the interface of the
two media. For this the angle of incidence in
denser medium is called critical angle. When
the light ray is traveling from denser to rarer
medium and the angle of incidence is greater
than critical angle ( > ) then the light ray is
reflected back to the same denser medium.
This phenomenon is called total internal
reflection.
2. Explain the formation of a mirage.
On hot summer days the air near the ground
becomes hotter. Hence it becomes less
dense. Light ray from a tall object passes
through air with decreasing refractive index
towards ground. So, the angle of incidence
near the ground exceeds critical angle, as a
result total internal reflection takes place.
a point where interference of light like "=
() $%
from somewhere below ground. So the occurs. Arrive at the condition for maximum
*+ → Permittivity of free space,
observer assumes that the light reflected and zero intensity.
8. Define intensity of electric field at a point.
from the ground like by a pool of water. This Ans: y₁ = acos , y₂ = acos ( t+ )
Derive an expression for the intensity due to
forms an inverted image of tall object and y = y₁ + y₂ = acos + acos ( t + )
a point charge?
causes optical illusions to the observers. This Y =2acos( ) cos ( t + ) Ans: Intensity of electric field: It is defined as
phenomenon is known as 'mirage'.
3. Explain the formation of a rainbow Amplitude of the resultant A = 2acos( ) the force on a unit positive charge when
placed in the electric field.
Intensity = A² = 4a² cos²( ) .
∴ =
Condition for maximum intensity: &
= 0, ± 2π, ±4π,............. ±2nπ Proof: Consider a point charge ! at 0 electric
n =0,1,2,3............ field will exist around that charge.
= 4a²
Condition for minimum intensity:
Rainbow is the dispersion of sunlight by the = ± π, ±3π, ±5π,............. ±(2n+1)π P = point at a distance r from the charge !
water drops in the atmosphere. This is a n = 0,1,2,3........ !+ = test charge placed at that point.
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phenomenon due to combined effect of =0 From Coulomb’s inverse law " = %
() $
dispersion, refraction and reflection of sun 6. State Gauss's law in electrostatics and ' 22
. /01 3%
light by spherical water droplets of rain. The explain its importance. Intensity of electric field = =
& &
sun should be shining near western horizon Ans: Statement: The total electrical flux &
⇒ =
while it is raining in the opposite part of the through a closed surface is equal to times () $%
9. Derive the expression for couple acting on
sky (say eastern horizon). Sunlight is first
the total charge enclosed by the surface. an electric dipole in a uniform electric field.
refracted as it enter a rain drop and get
dispersed, red light bent least while violet ɸ =∮ . = ! Ans: A dipole of dipole moment 567 in a
bent most. These component rays strike the Importance: uniform electric field 67 . A force +qE on +q
inner surface with the angle greater than the 1. Valied for any closed surface of any shape and a force −qE on −q charge.The forces act
critical angle (48°) and get internally and size. at different points, resulting in a torque on
reflected. The violet light emerges at an 2. Applicable to any distribution of charges the dipole.
angle of 40°, red light emerges at an angle of within the closed surface.
42°, related to the incoming sunlight. Hence 7. State and explain coulomb’s inverse law
rainbow is formed. in electricity.
4. Define Doppler Effect in light. Explain Red Ans: Coulomb’s inverse law: the force of
Shift, Blue Shift. What is its importance? attraction or repulsion between two charges
Ans: Doppler Effect in light: when there is a is directly proportional to the product of the
relative motion between source and two charges and is inversely proportional to
observer then there is a change in frequency square of the distance between them. This Magnitude of torque = magnitude of each
of light received by the observer force acts along the line joining the two force x perpendicular distance between two
Red Shift: When source and observer away charges. forces.
from each other apparent wavelength Explanation: let are two point charges and AB
9 = ! × 2< sin ? (∵ ΔABC ⇒ sin ? =
increases. This is called Red Shift. separated by a distance r in vacuum.
Blue Shift: When source and observer ⇒ CD = 2< sin ?)
approach each other apparent wavelength 9 = 2<! sin ?
decreases. This is called Blue shift. "∝! ! 9 = 5 sin ? (∵ 567 = 2<!)
Importance: Radial velocities of distant "∝ % 9 = 567 × 67
$ 10. Derive an expression for the capacitance
galaxies measured in astronomy. & &
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5. Derive the expression for the intensity at $
of a parallel plate capacitor. = + + CR = C + C + CO = 2 + 3 + 4 = 9["
B B' B% BP
Charge on each capacitor
12. Explain parallel combination of
q = C V =2× 10X\ × 200 = 400[D
capacitors. Derive the formula for equalent
q = C V =3× 10X\ × 200 = 600[D
capacitance in parallel combination of
qO = CO V =4× 10X\ × 200 = 800[D Imagine a long straight current carrying
capacitors.
15. State and explain Biot-Savart’s Law. conductor emerging out of the perpendicular
A is a area of each plate, d is separation Ans: If number of capacitors is connected in
Ans: Biot-Savart’s Law: The magnitude of the to the plane of the paper. The magnetic lines
between the two parallel plates +! and −! such a way that the potential deference
magnetic field dB is proportional to the are in the form of concentric circles centered
are charges on each plate between the plates of every one of them is
& current i, the element length dl and inversely on the wire.
Surface charged density on 1st plate = E = same, then the capacitors are said to be
proportional to the square of the distance r. Consider some closed paths around the
A
connected in parallel.
Surface charged density on 2nd plate = −E Its direction is perpendicular to the plane conductor as shown. Path 1 is circular and
&
=− containing dl and r. path 2 and 3 are of general shaped dl is an
A
The electric field strength between the two Explanation: elementary path on the path 1 of radius 'r'.
F F F
plates of the capacitor = + = Let be the current.
& &
GH GH GH
∴_ 67 ∙ 6667a = _ a cos ? (∵_
67 & 6667a are
= (∵ E = )
GH A A parallel)
potential deference between the two plates 67 ∙ 6667a = _ a = g p ?
_
& )$
of the capacitor V = ⇒ V= Let the capacitors of capacities D , D and DO g
GH A
& (i) The magnitude of the magnetic field dB is (∵ _ = , a=p ?)
)$
Capacity of a parallel plate capacitor D = connected in parallel as shown. g g g
&
I
The potential deference across each
proportional to the current ∮_ 67 ∙ 6667a = ∮ ?= ∮ ?= × 2q
D= 2 ∴ _` ---------- (1) ) ) )
JH K
L capacitor is same and equal to V
(ii) Magnetic field dB is proportional to length (∵ ∮ ? = 2q)
D=
GH A Effective capacitance of parallel combination
of current carrying element ∴ ∮_ 67 ∙ 6667a = [+
L &
D= ⇒ !=DM ∴ _` a ---------- (2) Similarly for other Path _ 67 ∙ 6667a = g ?Ar
11. Derive the formula for equivalent I )
! = D M, ! = D M, !O = DO M (iii) Magnetic field dB is proportional to sin of 67 ∙ 6667a = g ?Bs and so on
capacitance in series combination of _
capacitors. ∴ ! = ! + ! + !O the angle between the current carrying )

Ans: If number of capacitors is connected in D M = D M + D M + DO M element and line joining the midpoint of the ∴∮ _ 67 ∙ 6667a = g (?Ar + ?Bs + … ) = g ×
) )
such a way that the charge on the plates of D = D + D + DO element and given point 2q
every one of them is same, then the 13. Three capacitors of capacitances 2PF, ∴ _ ` sin ? --------- (3) ∴ ∮_ 67 ∙ 6667a = [+
capacitors are said to be connected in series. 3PF and 4PF are connected in parallel. What (iv)Magnetic field dB is inversely proportional 17. Derive an expression for the magnetic
Let the voltages across three capacitors be is the total capacitance of the combination? to the square of the distance r of given point dipole moment of a revolving electron.
V1, V2 and V3 respectively. In series charge q Determine the charge on each capacitor if from the current carrying element Ans:
the combination is connected to a 100V
is same on any capacitor. ∴ _` % --------- (4)
supply. $
Lb cde f
Ans: total capacitance in parallel From eqns (1),(2),(3),(4) ⇒ _ `
$%
CR = C + C + CO = 2 + 3 + 4 = 9PF _=
g Lb cde f
() $% Consider an electron of charge (−e)
Charge on each capacitor g Lb×$
q = C V =2× 10X × 100 =2× 10X + C In vector notation _ = revolving around a stationery heavy nucleus
() $ P
q = C V =3× 10X × 100 =3× 10X + C 16. State and explain Ampere's Law. of charge +Ze. This constitutes a current is
X
Effective capacitance of series combination qO = CO V =4× 10 × 100 =4× 10X + C Ans: Ampere's Law: The line integral of the given by
u
D=
&
⇒ M=
&
14. Three capacitors of capacitances 2YZ, magnetic field B around any closed curve in ∴ = --------- (1)
v
I B air or vaccum is equal to [+ times the net
& & & 3YZ and 4YZ, connected in parallel. (I) what Where w is Time period of revolution, let r be
M = , M = , MO =
B' B% BP is the total capacitance of the combination? current through the area bounded by the the orbital radius and v the orbital speed
Total potential deference across the series curve. )$
(ii) Determine the charge on each capacitor, ∴w= ----------- (2)
combination is if the combination is connected to a 200V ∴ ∮_ 67 ∙ 6667a = [+ x
u
M = M + M + MO From (1) & (2) = y
supply. Proof: )$
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= + + Ans: total capacitance in parallel Magnetic moment associated with circulating
B B ' B % B
P
current is given by ˆ = 4H any orbit they electrostatic force is equal to or emitted energy is equal to the energy
ux
[= C= × qp (∵ C = qp ) 21. A pair of adjacent coils has a mutual centrifugal force. difference between two energy levels.
)$
ux$ inductance of 1.5 H. If the current in one coil "u = " ∆ = − = ℎ—
[= u% x%
changes from 0 to 20A in 0.5s, what is the = 25. What are the limitations of Bohr's
18. Describe the ways in which eddy change of flux linkage with the other coil? () $ % $ theory of hydrogen atom?
u%
currents are used to advantage.
Sol: M = 1.5H, di = 20 – 0 = 20A, •y = Ans: 1. Bohr's model is applicable to only
Ans: 1. Magnetic braking in trains () $
dt = 0.5 sec u% single electron system.
2. Electromagnetic damping |∅ |d ∴ Ž = •y = • •
() $
From ε = − & ε = −M 2. It does not explain the wave properties of
3. Induction furnace |~ |~ u%
|∅ |d Ž = electron.
4. Electric power meters − = −M ‘) $
3. This model explains only circular orbits but
|~ |~
19. Obtain an expression for the emf d∅ = Mdi Potential Energy: PE of an electron ’ = " ∙ p
u (Xu)
not elliptical orbits.
induced across a conductor which is moved d∅ = 1.5×20 = 30 Wb 5 = ∙p 4. This model does not explain the fine
() $%
in a uniform magnetic field which is 22. What is impact parameter and angle of u% structure of spectral lines.
perpendicular to the plane of motion. ’=−
scattering? How are they related to each () $ 5 It does not explain Zeeman and Stark
Ans: other? As n increases r increases from the formula effects
Ans: ’`− 26. Describe Rutherford atom model. What
$
∴ U increases are the draw backs of this model?
Total energy w = Ž + 5 Ans: Rutherford's Atomic model: 1) In
u% u% Rutherford's nuclear model of the atom, the
w = +−
‘) $ () $ entire positive charge and most of the mass
u%
Let a conductor of length a is moving with a w =− of the atom are concentrated in the nucleus.
‘) $
velocity y in a uniform and time independent 2) The electrons would be moving in orbits
24. State the basic postulates of Bohr's
magnetic field B. `- Particle scattering about the nucleus just as the planets do
theory of atomic spectra.
Consider a rectangular magnetic frame Impact parameter (b): It is the around the sun.
perpendicular distance of the initial velocity Ans: Bohr's Atomic Model Postulates:
PQRS in which the side PQ is free to move
1. Electrons revolve around the nucleus with 3) Rutherford's experiments suggested the
without friction. vector of `- particle from centre of nucleus. size of the nucleus to be about 10 X ‡
m to
definite velocities in circular paths of fixed
Let PQ move with a velocity y in a In case of head-on collision impact parameter 10 X (
m.
radius and energy. These paths are called
perpendicular magnetic field B. is minimum and `- particle rebounds back
(? = q). orbits. The energy of the electron in an orbit 4) Most of an atom is empty space.
magnetic flux in the loop z = _a{
remains unchanged, as long as the electron Rutherford's Atomic model Drawbacks:
where { = RQ a time changing quantity. For a large impact parameter `- particle goes 1. Rutherford atomic model could not explain
|∅ remains in that orbit. It neither emits nor
Induced emf ε = − undeviated. The chance of head on collision
absorbs energy. Hence, these orbits are why the electron was stable in its orbit.
|~ is very small. It in turn suggested that mass of
|(•€•) 2. Rutherford atomic model could not explain
ε=− atom is much concentrated in a small called as stationary orbits or states.
|~ the emission of line spectra from hydrogen
|• 2. The angular momentum of electron in
ε = −Bl volume. atom.
|~ circular orbit is quantized
|• Angle of scattering (Œ): It is defined as the ” 27. Write a short note on De-Broglie's
ε = −Blv (∵ =v) angle between the direction of incident `- •yp = “ , “ = 1, 2, 3, . . . . . . . ..
|~ ) explanation of Bohr's second postulate of
This is called motional emf particle and scattered `- particle. • = mass of electron, quantization?
20. Current in a circuit falls from 5.0A to 0A Relation between impact parameter and y = velocity of electron, Ans:
in 0.1 s. If an average emf of 200V is angle of scattering is, when Impact p = radius of the orbit,
induced, give an estimate of the self parameter is less then angle of scattering is ℎ = Planck's constant
inductance of the circuit. high. When Impact parameter is high angle of 3. The energy of the electron changes when
Sol: „ = 200V, di = 0.0 – 5.0 = – 5A, scattering is less. the electron moves from one orbit to
dt = 0.1 sec, L = ? 23. Derive an expression for potential and another. The electron will move from a lower
|d
ε = −L kinetic energy of an electron in any orbit of stationary orbit to a higher stationary orbit
|~
(X‡) a hydrogen atom according to Bohr's atomic by absorbing energy. The energy is emitted
200 = −L
+. model. when electron moves from higher stationary
++
ˆ= × 0.1 Kinetic Energy: For an electron to revolve orbit to lower stationary orbit. The absorbed
‡
 De-Broglie explained that the moving not flow through it. The current flows in ›œ Half wave rectifier Full wave rectifier NOR-gate: NOR-gate is combination of
electron in its circular orbit creates a only in one direction. Hence half wave 1. One diode is used. 1. Two diodes are OR+NOT
stationary wave with nodes and antinodes. In rectifies only one half cycle of the ac input. used The logic gate in which the output of OR gate
a stationary wave, the total distance Efficiency of half wave rectifier 2. Efficiency is40.6%. 2. efficiency is 81.2% is connected to the input of NOT gate is
L •žŸu$ ž ˜ • ˜ š
travelled by a wave is integral number of η= = ¡¢ 3. Efficiency 3. Efficiency called NOR gate.
•žŸu$ ž ˜ • ˜ š£¢
wavelengths. For an electron moving in “˜” +.(+\פ¥ η=
+.(+\פ¥
η=
+.‘ פ¥
η= $¦ §¤¥ $¦ §¤¥
circular orbit of radius r the total distance is $¦ §¤¥
the circumference of the orbit 2qp In half wave rectification a maximum of
4. . Efficiency is low. 4 Efficiency is high.
2qp = “™ --------- (1) 40.6% of a.c power is converted into d.c 31. Explain the working of LED and what are
Where n = 1, 2, 3 ...... its advantages over conventional Truth table for NOR gate:
power.
If speed of electron in “˜” orbit is v, then incandescent low power lamps? A B © = C + _ © = ªªªªªªªª
C+_
29. What is rectification? Explain the
momentum 5 = •y Where • is mass of working of a full wave rectifier. Ans: Working of LED: It is a heavily doped p- 0 0 0 1
electron. Ans: Rectification: The process of converting n junction diode which emits light in forward 0 1 1 0
” bias. When the diodes forward biased 1 0 1 0
According to de-Broglie wavelength ™ = an alternating current into direct current is
š electrons sent from n → p and holes sent 1 1 1 0
” called rectification.
⇒™ = --------- (2) from p → n. Due to this the concentration of 33. Explain the operation of a NOT gate and
x Working:
From equ (1) and (2) minority charge carriers increases at the give its truth table.
”
We have 2qp = “ junction boundary and they recombine with Ans: NOT gate: It has one input terminal and
x
” majority carriers as result energy is released one output terminal. When the input is low,
•yr = “ in the form of photons. The intensity of light the output is high and when the input is high,
)
”
ˆ=“ proportional to the forward current the output is low.
)
Hence Bohr's second postulate of Advantages of LED:
quantization, angular momentum of an 1. Low operational voltage and less power
” 2. Fast action and no warm-up time required
electron is integral multiple of is obtained
) 3. The bandwidth of emitted light is 100C+ to
by de Broglie. 500C+ .
28. Describe how a semi conductor diode is 4. Long life and ruggedness.
used as a half wave rectifier. A full wave rectifier consists of two diodes ¨ 5. Fast on-off switching capability
Ans: Rectification: The process of converting and ¨ . During the positive half cycles of ac 32. Define NAND and NOR gates. Give their
an alternating current into direct current is input, diode ¨ is forward biased and diode truth tables. Truth tables of NOT gate: The truth tables of
called rectification. ¨ is reverse biased. The current flows NOT gate in terms of low and high (0 and1)
Ans: NAND gate: NAND is combination of are as given below.
Working: through load resistance ›œ due to ¨ and ¨ AND + NOT
will not conduct. During the negative half The logic gate in which the output of AND Input Output
cycle of an ac input diode ¨ is reverse gate is connected to the input of NOT gate is 0 1
biased and ¨ is forward biased and current called NAND gate.
1 0
flows through load resistance due to ¨ and
¨ will not conduct. Hence current flows
through load resistance during both the half
cycles and in the same direction
Efficiency of full wave rectifier
L •žŸu$ ž ˜ • ˜ š
η= = ¡¢ Truth table for NAND gate:
•žŸu$ ž ˜ • ˜ š£¢
+.‘ פ¥ A B © = C ∙ _ © = ªªªªªª C∙_
η=
$¦ §¤¥ 0 0 0 1
During the positive half cycle, the diode is That means the maximum efficiency of full 0 1 0 1
forward biased and current flows through wave rectifier is 81.2% 1 0 0 1
the diode. During the negative half cycle, the 30. Distinguish between half-wave and full- 1 1 1 0
diode is reversing biased and current does wave rectifiers.