All Date & Time are always approximates,nothing is fixed,every thing

is in a state of motion.
DATES ARE APPROXIMATES DUE TO MOTION NOTHING IS FIXED
POLAR REGION [60 -90 DEG NORTH] SUN IN NORTHERN HEMISPHERE
ARTIC REGION 6 MONTHS DAY
SEASON SUMMER,
IN S. HEMISPHERE 6MONTHS ,NIGHT.
RAYS GRADUALLY BECOMES SLANT &
WEAK AS IT GOES FROM N. HEMISPHERE TO SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE
• 1]POLAR REGION [60 -90 DEG
SOUTH]
ANTARTICA 6 MONTHS DAY
2]SEASON SUMMER,
3]IN N HEMISPHERE 6MONTHS
,NIGHT.
4]RAYS GRADUALLY BECOMES
SLANT &
5]WEAK AS IT GOES FROM S.
HEMISPHERE TO
NORTHERN HEMISPHERE
SUN IN SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE
1]The troposphere is the lowest and thickest layer of the atmosphere.
In contact with Earth's surface, the troposphere is heated by solar energy and conduction.
2]The tropopause is the boundary layer between the troposphere and the stratosphere .
3]The lowest portion of the atmosphere is the troposphere, a layer where temperature generally decreases with height.
4]This layer contains most of Earth's clouds and is the location where weather primarily occurs.
THERMAL STRUCTURE OF THE ATMOSPHERE IS GIVEN BELOW IN THIS DAIGRAM
THERMAL STRUCTURE , IT’S EXTENT & VERTICAL
DIVISION

TROPOSPHERE CAN BE
DIVIDED INTO THREE PARTS:
1]LOWER TROPOSPHERE
• SURFACED TO 2.1KM
2]MIDDLE TROPOSPHERE
• 2.1 TO 7.6KM
3]UPPER TROPOSPHERE
• 7.6 TO TROPOPAUSE
Fluffy cotton –like appearance of atmosphere moving along with earth
NATURAL TROPOSHERE ZONE SEEN FM AIR-CRAFT
ñ The earth's atmosphere thins rapidly with
increasing altitude and is much closer to the
earth than most people realize.
EQUATORIAL REGION RECIEVES MAXIMUM SOLAR
RADIATION
DRY AIR & SATURATED AIR
• WATER VAPOUR EXISTS IN THREE STATES , IN SOLID- SNOW, HAIL STONES &
ICE, IN LIQUID- AS DRIZZLE & RAIN & GAS- AS WATER VAPOUR.[WV]
• THE AMOUNT OF WV LARGELY DEPENDS UPON TEMPERATURE.
• WARMER AIR HOLDS MORE AMOUNT OF WATER VAPOUR
• TROPICAL REGION HAS 4% OF VOLUME ,ON THE GLOBE.
• 4% of volume means relative humidity is 100 %,it is termed as
• saturated air.
• Relative humidity less than 100% means it is unsaturated air.
COMPOSITION EXTENT & VERTICAL DIVISION
1]THE BACK-BONE OF AVIATION MET,WHERE ATMOSPHERE HAPPENS.
2] THUS SEASON,CLIMATE,WEATHER, HAPPENS IN THE ATMOSPHERE.
APPARENT MOTION OF THE SUN [ CONTD FROM PREVIOUS
SLIDE]
 SOLAR ENERGY,WATER BODY, & LAND BODY,THEY GOVERN THE EARTH’S
ATMOSPHERE
• Solar energy, water bodies like oceans.seas,rivers,lakes,ponds etc and land bodies like mountains
forests,plateaus, plain lands urban areas etc are the fundamental sources generating atmosphere .
• The atmosphere is a’’ fluffy cotton ball like’’ appearance on the Earth’s periphery moving with the earth.
The atmosphere is also revolving & rotating,with the earth.
• The Sun warms our planet - namely WATER BODY, & LAND BODY,By this process the atmosphere is
generated. The weather is generated by the atmosphere
• The Sun gives solar energy to the atmosphere, & thus this atmosphere causes our climate or weather.
• DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ATMOSPHERE,CLIMATE & WEATHER.
• ATMOSPHERE is the ‘fluffy cotton circulation’ around the earth.It’s a gaseous envelope that surrounds the
globe.Thus it generates climate & seasons
• CLIMATE is the average value of weather over a long desired period.e.g. one month,three month,etc as
needed.
• WEATHER is a local phenomena in a given locality for a short period e.g one day one hour etc as desired.
• Let’s s start apparent motion of the sun in the S.HEMISPHERE from DEC 21-23 at tropic of capricon, then
coming to EQUATOR on MARCH 21-23
• Now it comes to N.Hemisphere on JUNE 21-23 to tropic of cancer, returning back on SEPT 21-23 on
equator, then DEC 21-23 on tropic of capricon .This apperent motion , moving up , & down gives seasons to
the earth.
3]THE ZONE WHERE THE TEMPERATURE DECREASE STOPS IS CALLED AS TROPOPAUSE.
4]THE DECREASE IN TEMPERATURE W.R.T HT IS CALLED AS +VE LAPSE.
5]THE INCREASE IN TEMPERATURE W.R.T HT IS CALLED AS -VE LAPSE.I.E FROM A GIVEN HEIGHT TO THE SURFACE.
6]AS THE LATITUE INCREASES TROPOPAUSE HT DECREASES.
7]AS THE LATITUE DECREASES TROPOPAUSE HT INCREASES.
8]TROPOSPHERE IS GENERALLY UNSTABLE.
9]75% AIR MASSES & 95% WV EXISTS IN TRPOSPHERE.IT CAN BE DIVIDED INTO THREE LAYERS
a] LOWER TROPOSPHERE HT SURFACE TO 2.1km b]MIDDLE TROPOSPHERE 2.1 TO 7.8km c] UPPER TROPOSPHERE 7.8 TO
TROPOPAUSE.
10]WARMER THE AIR MASSES GREATER THE HT OF TROPOPAUSE,COLDER THE AIR MASSES LOWER IS THE HT OF
TROPOPAUSE.
• 1]Most of the atmosphere’s moisture is found in the troposphere.
• 2]Temperature normally decreases with increasing altitude throughout the troposphere.
3] This decrease of temperature with altitude is called the lapse rate, expressed in degrees per thousand feet.
4] The standard lapse rate in the troposphere is 2 degrees C (3.6 degrees F) per 1,000 feet.
5] This value serves as the basis for calibrating aircraft instruments and preparing performance charts.
6]The troposphere extends from the surface up to an average height of 11 km. Within the layer, temperatures
generally decrease as altitude increases.
7]It is an area of relatively low stability where the over-turning of air is frequent. It holds all the water vapour in the
atmosphere and is the layer where most flying occurs.
8]The troposphere contains over 75% of the mass of the total atmosphere.
9]The upper boundary of the troposphere is known as the tropopause. It separates the troposphere from the
stratosphere.
10]The height of the tropopause varies with latitude, season of the year, and the weather conditions.
11]The tropopause is lowest over the poles i.e 8-10 km, and highest over the equator 16-18 km Its average height is 36
090 ft (11 km) at about 45° latitude.
12]The thickness of the troposphere is determined by the amount of solar energy and the vertical mixing of the air
masses.
, 13]The tropopause is lower over areas where the air is cold than where it is warm.
1]This image shows that the tropical tropopause height is greater than the polar tropopause height.
2]The right hand picture shows that, for a given region such as the poles, the summer tropopause is higher than the winter
tropopause.
3]Typically, the tropopause temperature is -50°C over the poles and -80°C over the equator.
4]Another feature of the tropopause is that, rather than show a gradual change in height between the equator and the poles,
there are breaks in the tropopause where large temperature differentials occur.
[REST PORTION NEED NOT STUDY]
SAND & ROCKS HEATS & COOLS MORE QUICKLY THAN LAND i.e
deserts & rocky mountains heats & cools more quickly than land &
water.
Read text, for theory.
• While conduction is the transfer of heat energy by direct
contact, convection is the movement of heat by actual
motion of matter; radiation is the transfer of energy with
the help of solar energy . The matter is present around
us, in three states, solid, liquid and gas.
Very important lesson

• Advection is the horizontal transfer of air masses both cold & warm air
masses from one place to another place.
• E.g. Advection transfers warm air masses in the oceans to land. Advection
transfers HUGE AMOUNT OF MOISTURE from the oceans by currents of
seawater.
• This gives rise to large-scale movement of moisture in the atmosphere
where humidity becomes another important property.
SUMMARY OF TROPOSPHERE & TROPOPAUSE
1]Troposphere and tropopause. The troposphere is the lowest and
thickest layer of the atmosphere.
2] In contact with Earth's surface, the troposphere is heated by solar
energy and conduction.
3]The tropopause is the boundary layer between the troposphere and
the stratosphere .
4]The troposphere contains almost all the water vapor and most of the
dust. This layer is subjected to intense mixing due to both horizontal
and vertical mixing. Temperature decreases with height upto
tropopause, at an average rate of 2 deg cel of height above sea level.
This is called the normal lapse rate.At certain level the decrease in the
temperature stops.”THAT LEVEL WHERE THE TEMPERATURE DECREASE
STOPS IS CALLED AS TROPOPAUSE.
THREE LAYERS OF TROPOSPHERE
1]Troposphere can be divided into three layers lower, middle & upper
troposphere.
2]Lower Tropopause is th most important layer, it contains nearly 50%
of all gasous elements.
3]Apart all vertical & horizontal mixing of airmasses happen here,
turbulence is maximum here.
4]Gradually, from the middle to upper troposphere the turbulences &
gaseous elements decreases & upper troposphere we have maximum
winds more or less parallel to the isobars.
5] Upper troposphere has Jet streams of very high winds, C.A.T. &
turbulences ,which are found here only.
JET STREAM LESSON WILL BE DONE LATER ON
The sudden increase in temperature with height,at a given layer
is called INVERSION
 LAPSE RATE & INVERSION GO HAND IN HAND……..
• Temperature normally decreases with increasing altitude throughout
the troposphere.
• This decrease of temperature with altitude is called the lapse rate,
expressed in degrees per thousand feet.
• The standard lapse rate in the troposphere is 2 degrees C (3.6
degrees F) per 1,000 feet.
• This value serves as the basis for calibrating aircraft instruments and
preparing performance charts
. Variation in the lapse rate may change with altitude.
Truthfully speaking rarely does the temperature decrease at an orderly
rate.
In fact, there are locations where the temperature increases with
height called as inversion. These are quite common in the
troposphere.
{Note: Inversion graph is given in slide 21
 SUMMARY OF TROPOSPHERE
• The troposphere extends from the surface up to an average height of 11 km. Within the layer, temperatures
generally decrease as altitude increases.
• It is an area of relatively low stability where the TURBULENT MIXING of air is frequent. It holds virtually all
the water vapour in the atmosphere and is the layer where most flying occurs.
• The troposphere contains over 75% of the mass of the total atmosphere.
• a]The upper boundary of the troposphere is known as the tropopause. b]It separates the troposphere from
the stratosphere. c]The temperature decrease STOPS with height at the boundary of the tropopause.
d]THAT MEANS THE ZONE WHERE TEMPERATURE DECREASE STOPS IS KNOWN AS TROPOPOPAUSE
• The height of the tropopause varies with latitude, season of the year, and the weather conditions.
• The tropopause is lowest over the poles (approximately 26 000 ft or 8 km) and highest over the equator
(approximately 52 000 ft or 16 km). Its average height is 36 090 ft (11 km) at about 45° latitude.
• Since the thickness of the troposphere is determined by the amount of solar energy and the vertical mixing,
the tropopause is lower over areas where the air is cold & higher where it is warm.
• The tropical tropopause height is greater than the polar tropopause height. Next, any given
location,terrain, or a place the summer tropopause is higher than the winter tropopause.
• E.g in this slide given below there is comparison between1] Tropical tropopause & Polar tropopause.
• 2] Summer tropopause & Winter tropopause
• Typically, the tropopause temperature is -50°C over the poles and -80°C over the equator.
• Another feature of the tropopause is that, rather than show a gradual change in height between the equator
and the poles, there are breaks in the tropopause where large temperature differences are seen.
Polar jet stream, planetary boundary layer we will study later on
TROPOPAUSE BREAKS-reason will be given later on,when
we do ‘’WIND’’ chapter
•opopause where large temperature differentials occur.

opopause where large temperature differentials occur.

images
 LOWER,MIDDLE , UPPER TROPOSHERESPHERE
HEIGHTS • INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
1) LOWER TROPOSPHERE[L.T.] IS ATMOSPHERE { I.S.A.}
00-2.1KM,
2} MIDDLE TROPOSPHERE[M.T.] IS
2.1KM TO 7KM,
3} UPPER TROPOSPHERE [U.P.]IS
7-11KM APPROX IN A TROPICAL
COUNTRY LIKE INDIA.
1) WHILE L.T. HAS MAXMIMUM
NUMBER OF TURBULENCES
2) M.T.LITTLE LESSER,
3) U.P. HAS LEAST
COMPARITIVELY.BUT EACH LAYER
HAS UNIQUE TURBULENCES OF IT’S
OWN.
SOLAR ENERGY Vs EARTH’S ENERGY
contd
SOLAR ENERGY Vs EARTH’S ENERGY
TEMPERATURE CURVE FOR 0000 TO 2400 HRS IS CALLED DIURNAL
TEMPERATURE i.e the same day [ given in red colour ].
This covers the syllabus of aviation meteorology serial no 1, & sub-topics a } & b } of THE
ATMOSPHERE NO’ 1.1 AS PER D.G.C.A. CIVIL AVIATION REQUIREMENT

• diurnal temperature variation is the variation between a high

temperature and a low temperature that occurs during the same day.
• [effect of cloud, & wind are separate subjects,will be done later on]
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ATMOSPHERE.[I.S.A]
• 1] ISA is a standard against which to compare the actual atmosphere at any point and
time.
• The ISA is based on the following values of pressure, density, and temperature at
mean sea level each of which decreases with increase in height:
• Pressure of 1013.2 millibar
• Pressure is taken to fall at about 1 millibar per 30 feet in the lower atmosphere (up
to about 5,000 feet).
• Temperature of +15 °C - Temperature falls at a rate of 2 °C per 1,000 feet until the
tropopause is reached at 36,000 feet above which the temperature is assumed to be
constant at -57 °C. (The precise numbers are 1.98 °C, -56.5 °C and 36,090 feet)
• Density of 1,225 gm/m3.
• The real atmosphere differs from ISA in many ways. Sea level pressure varies from
day to day, and there are wide extremes of temperature at all levels.
• Variation in pressure, vertically and horizontally, affects the operation of the
pressure in altimeter