Cheryl KSSM Form 4 Biology Chapter 7

Science
Education
018-262 7220

Respiration
KSSM Form 4 Chapter Seven vers2020

CHAPTER 7  RESPIRATION
1. Differences between breathing and respiration
Breathing Respiration

Physical process

Exchange of gases between respiratory

surfaces of an organism and its surrounding

2. Metabolism includes (a) anabolism [e.g. photosynthesis]

 synthesize complex molecules from simple molecules
 anabolism absorbs energy
(b) catabolism [e.g. respiration]
 breakdown complex molecules into simple molecules
 catabolism releases energy

3. Energy is required for







4. Cellular respiration is a series of biochemical reactions which breakdown nutrient molecules to

release energy
 Main substrate of cellular respiration is
 In animals, glucose is obtained through of carbohydrate
 In plants, glucose is obtained from
 in glucose is used to synthesize ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
 Two types of cellular respiration: aerobic respiration & anaerobic respiration / fermentation

Prepared by Cheryl Lee 1

KSSM Form 4 Chapter Seven vers2020

AEROBIC RESPIRATION
1. Aerobic respiration involves the oxidation of glucose in the presence of oxygen to produce
carbon dioxide, water and energy.

2. Aerobic respiration is divided into two stages:

Glycolysis
 One glucose molecule is broken down into
two pyruvate molecules
 Involves respiratory enzymes
 Does not require oxygen
 Occurs in cytoplasm

Oxidation of Pyruvate
 Pyruvate is oxidised into carbon dioxide,
water & energy
 Involves respiratory enzymes
 Requires oxygen
 Occurs in mitochondrion (2898kJ/ 38 ATP)

3. The synthesis of ATP

 An ATP molecule is synthesised when an inorganic phosphate group is added to a molecule
of ADP (adenosine diphosphate)
 The synthesis process (anabolism) requires energy, as chemical bonds are
 Energy is provided by the oxidation of glucose

4. The hydrolysis of ATP

 Each ATP molecules consists of three phosphate groups
 Phosphate bonds can be to release energy to power daily activities

Prepared by Cheryl Lee 2

KSSM Form 4 Chapter Seven vers2020

ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION / FERMENTATION

1. Anaerobic respiration / fermentation is the partial breakdown of glucose when there is limited
/ no oxygen.

2. Glucose is broken down into pyruvate in the cytoplasm of organism during fermentation. After
glycolysis, pyruvate will undergo either alcohol fermentation or lactic acid fermentation.
 alcohol fermentation – carried out by
 lactic acid fermentation – carried out by

** Yeast, Lactobacillus & plant can undergo both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. They only carry out
anaerobic respiration when there is lack of oxygen.

ALCOHOL FERMENTATION
Glucose is partially broken down into ethanol, carbon dioxide and energy during absence of /
limited oxygen.

Alcohol Fermentation by Yeast

 Alcohol fermentation in yeast is catalysed by zymase.
 produced during fermentation is used in wine and beer making.
 In bread making, yeast is used as it produces which causes the
dough to rise. Alcohol during baking and gives the aroma of bread.

Alcohol Fermentation by Plants

 Although paddy can grow in dry conditions, it is often planted in paddy fields where the ground
is intentionally flooded, as most weeds that might compete with paddy are not able to grow
well in flooded ground.
 Plant roots do not get enough oxygen for aerobic respiration because of low solubility of gases
in water + large population of aerobic bacteria which use up most oxygen available in water.
 Hence, paddy plants growing in waterlogged areas carry out alcohol fermentation and produce
ethanol which is normally to most plant.
 Paddy plants are able to adapt in waterlogged condition as their root cells produce large amount
of which breakdown ethanol into non-toxic carbon dioxide.

Prepared by Cheryl Lee 3

KSSM Form 4 Chapter Seven vers2020

LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION

Glucose is partially broken down into lactic acid and energy during absence of / limited oxygen.

Lactic Acid Fermentation by Lactobacillus

 Milk contains milk sugar (lactose) and milk protein (casein)
 Yoghurt is sour as Lactobacillus bacteria converts lactose into lactic acid during fermentation
 Yoghurt is harder because lactic acid

Lactic Acid Fermentation by Animal Muscle

 The rate of breathing & heartbeat increases rapidly during vigorous exercise. However, the
rate at which oxygen are used by muscles exceeds the amount of oxygen supplied by blood.
 The energy released by aerobic respiration is not sufficient for vigorous exercise. Hence,
muscle cells undergo anaerobic respiration to supply enough ATP.
 An is incurred as the partial breakdown of glucose occurs in the absence of
oxygen and produces lactic acid.
 As glucose is not completely broken down, the
energy released is lesser than aerobic respiration.
 Accumulation of lactic acid causes muscle
cramp. Breathing rate remains high right after
exercise as the ‘extra’ oxygen is used to oxidise
the lactic acid. This condition is also known as
repayment of oxygen debt
 A portion of the lactic acid is in
the liver, while the remaining is converted into
glycogen (stored in liver & muscle cells)

Prepared by Cheryl Lee 4

KSSM Form 4 Chapter Seven vers2020

COMPARISON BETWEEN AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

Similarities
Both occurs in all living organisms
Both involve breakdown of glucose into pyruvate
Energy is released / ATP is synthesized in both processes
Both processes are catalyzed by enzymes
Both processes begin with glycolysis
Both processes begin at cytoplasm
Aerobic Respiration Differences Anaerobic Respiration

oxygen is present availability of oxygen

complete oxidation of glucose oxidation of glucose

CO2, H2O & ATP products

release large amount of energy

amount of energy
(2898kJ / 38 ATP)

place where the

cytoplasm & mitochondrion
process takes place

Tricky Essay Questions

Explain why the athlete has a high breathing rate after the exercise has finished. [8 marks]
Explain the effect of exercise on the student’s breathing. [8 mark]

Prepared by Cheryl Lee 5

KSSM Form 4 Chapter Seven vers2020

Experiment – to investigate the aerobic respiration of organisms

Observations

Interpretation of Results

Experiment – to investigate the products of anaerobic respiration in yeast

Observations

Interpretation of Results

Prepared by Cheryl Lee 6